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INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................3
i. GENERAL..........................................................................................................................................3
ii. WHAT IS WASTE?............................................................................................................................3
iii. TYPES OF WATERWASTES?..........................................................................................................4
iv. WHAT IS SEWAGE?.........................................................................................................................4
v. WHAT IS NON-SEWAGE?...............................................................................................................5
vi. WASTEWATER IN YOUR HOME...................................................................................................5
vii. WHAT IS BLACKWATER?..........................................................................................................5
viii. WHAT IS GREYWATER?.............................................................................................................5
ix. WHAT IS YELLOW WATER?..........................................................................................................5
2. WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION....................................................................................6
i. WHAT IS WASTEWATER AND WHAT IS IT MADE UP OF?......................................................6
ii. WASTE WATER COMPOSITION....................................................................................................6
iii. SOURCE OF WASTE WATER..........................................................................................................7
iv. EFFECT OF WASTE WATER...........................................................................................................8
v. WATER AND HABITAT CONTAMINATION.................................................................................9
vi. SQUALOR..........................................................................................................................................9
vii. SOIL DEGRADATION..................................................................................................................9
viii. IT CONTAINS HARMFUL SUBSTANCES..................................................................................9
ix. WASTEWATER EFFECTS ON WATER BODIES...........................................................................9
x. OTHER HARMFUL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER..................................................10
xi. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO TREAT HUMAN WASTE OR EXCRETA?...................................10
xii. DECIDING WHICH TREATMENT OPTION TO USE..............................................................10
xiii. WHAT IS WASTEWATER TREATMENT?................................................................................11
xiv. LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT.............................................................................11
1) SEPARATION OF SOLIDS..........................................................................................................12
2) SCREENING.................................................................................................................................12
3) SEDIMENTATION.......................................................................................................................13
4) FLOTATION.................................................................................................................................13
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5) FILTRATION................................................................................................................................13
6) WHAT ARE AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCESSES?......................................................13
7) SLUDGE ACCUMULATION......................................................................................................14
8) ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN..................................................................................................14
9) ELIMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS............................................................................................14
10) ELIMINATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES............................................................................14
11) REMOVAL OF PATHOGENS.................................................................................................15
3. METHOD OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL...............................................................................16
i. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL..................................................16
ii. WHY IS CORRECT LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL SO CRITICAL? HERE ARE A FEW
REASONS:................................................................................................................................................16
iii. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIQUID DISPOSAL................................................................................17
iv. LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS.......................................................................................17
1. Dewatering........................................................................................................................................17
2. Sedimentation....................................................................................................................................18
3. Composting.......................................................................................................................................18
4. Incineration........................................................................................................................................18
5. Root-Zone Treatment.........................................................................................................................19
6. Solidification.....................................................................................................................................20
7. Disposal.............................................................................................................................................21
v. Considerations When Choosing Your Liquid Waste Disposal Method.............................................21
4. Field Study.......................................................................................................................................23
i. ABOUT BHADBHUT......................................................................................................................23
ii. EARNING SOURCE OF VILLAGE.................................................................................................25
iii. HOW TO REACH Bhadbhut.............................................................................................................25
iv. COLLEGES NEAR BHADBHUT:...................................................................................................25
v. Schools in Bhadbhut..........................................................................................................................25
vi. Govt Health Centers near Bhadbhut..................................................................................................25
vii. INDUSTRY NEAR VILLAGE.....................................................................................................26

1. INTRODUCTION
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i. GENERAL

In general, the sanitation field seems to live the life of an orphan in many
Pacific Island Countries. In many cases this important sector of public health
has been left alone when major upgrading projects improved the water supply
systems in many countries and provinces. This basically ignored the
downstream effect of improved water supply, that of increased discharges into
rivers or aquifers. Two reasons appear to be the major cause for that: firstly,
wastewater collection and treatment is costly and their benefit often hard to
show; and secondly, even if low-cost solutions are being implemented many
projects fail to deliver the expected outcome. Without pretending to reflect the
complexity of sanitation projects three principal reasons may be held
accountable for the non-delivery problems:
 The technology was not appropriate,
 The beneficiary was not involved and consulted sufficiently, and
 The responsibilities within government were not resolved to ensure the
necessary support.

ii. WHAT IS WASTE?

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance
which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A
by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A
waste product may become a by-product, joint product or resource through an
invention that raises a waste product's value above zero.

FIG 1: WASTE
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iii. TYPES OF WATERWASTES?

There are two types of wastewater
First of all, wastewater can be broken down into two broad categories – sewage
and non-sewage.

iv. WHAT IS SEWAGE?

Sewage is wastewater that comes from domestic activities. That includes
houses, public toilets, restaurants, schools, hotels and hospitals. These buildings all
produce a lot of wastewater on a daily basis, which generally contains urine and
faeces.

FIG 2: SEWAGE

v. WHAT IS NON-SEWAGE?
Non-sewage covers all other types of wastewater. That includes rainwater and
stormwater from flooding, water from commercial activity like garages or
launderettes and water from industrial plants.

vi. WASTEWATER IN YOUR HOME

In a domestic sense – the kind we’re all most familiar with – wastewater is split
into three categories – black, grey and yellow.
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vii. WHAT IS BLACKWATER?

Blackwater is wastewater that comes from your toilet, kitchen sink and
dishwasher. It contains all the contaminants you would expect from these
appliances and fixtures. Faeces, urine and toilet paper, bits of discarded food and
plenty of cleaning liquids and chemicals are found in blackwater. As a result, the
water is highly contaminated and could potentially cause disease.

viii. WHAT IS GREYWATER?

In simple terms, grey water is black water without urine, faeces or food waste.
It comes from baths, bathroom sinks and washing machines (for clothes). While it
does contain chemicals and cleaning liquids, it’s much more suitable for re-use
because it’s not pathogenic.

ix. WHAT IS YELLOW WATER?

Finally, yellow water is essentially pure urine. It’s urine from specific sources
which doesn’t have any of the contaminants found in greywater or blackwater like
chemicals, toilet paper, fasces and food particles.

2. WASTEWATER
CHARACTERIZATION
i. WHAT IS WASTEWATER AND WHAT IS IT MADE UP OF?

Human waste or more technically referred to as ‘excreta’ is defined by

Chamber’s Concise 20th Century Dictionary as “useless matter discharged by
animal alimentary”, animals being humans in this context. Excreta is made up of a
solid matter, faces, and a liquid matter, urine and is essentially an organic
compound. The constituents making up the compound are carbon, nitrogen,
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phosphorous, sculpture and hydrogen. Also present are fats, carbohydrates,

enzymes, proteins, trace elements, pathogens and many different bacteria.

ii. WASTE WATER COMPOSITION

The composition of wastewater is 99.9% water and the remaining 0.1% is what
is removed. This 0.1% contains organic matter, microorganisms and inorganic
compounds. Wastewater effluents are released to a variety of environments, such
as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries and oceans. Wastewater also includes
storm runoff, as harmful substances wash off roads, parking lots and rooftops.
General types of water pollutants include pathogenic organisms, oxygen-
demanding wastes, plant nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals, inorganic
chemicals, microplastics, sediments, radioactive substances, oil, and heat. Sewage
is the primary source of the first three types. Farms and industrial facilities are also
sources of some of them. Sediment from eroded topsoil is considered a pollutant
because it can damage aquatic ecosystems, and heat (particularly from power-plant
cooling water) is considered a pollutant because of the adverse effect it has on
dissolved oxygen levels and aquatic life in rivers and lakes.

GRAPH 1: WASTE WATER COMPOSITION

here are three types of wastewater, or sewage: domestic sewage, industrial sewage,
and storm sewage. Domestic sewage carries used water from houses and
apartments; it is also called sanitary sewage. Industrial sewage is used water from
manufacturing or chemical processes. Storm sewage, or storm water, is runoff
from precipitation that is collected in a system of pipes or open channels.
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Domestic sewage is slightly more than 99.9 percent water by weight. The rest, less
than 0.1 percent, contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.
Although amounting to a very small fraction of the sewage by weight, the nature of
these impurities and the large volumes of sewage in which they are carried make
disposal of domestic wastewater a significant technical problem. The principal
impurities are putrescible organic materials and plant nutrients, but domestic
sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes. Industrial
wastewater usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds,
depending on the nature of the industrial process. Storm sewage carries organic
materials, suspended and dissolved solids, and other substances picked up as it
travels over the ground.

iii. SOURCE OF WASTE WATER

Sources of wastewater include homes, shops, offices and factories, farms,
transport and fuel depots, vessels, quarries and mines.

Water used in toilets, showers, baths, kitchen sinks and laundries in homes and
offices is domestic wastewater.

Wastewater from manufacturing and industrial operations such as food

processing or metal refining is industrial or trade waste. This includes liquid waste
from any process (e.g. water used to cool machinery or clean plant and equipment).

Storm water, a form of wastewater, is runoff that flows from agricultural and
urban areas such as roofs, parks, gardens, roads, paths and gutters into storm water
drains, after rain. Storm water flow untreated directly to local creeks or rivers,
eventually reaching the ocean.

iv. EFFECT OF WASTE WATER

It’s not a secret that there’s a real problem in the form of pollution. Many
experts estimate that if we are unable to limit global warming to 34.7 degrees
Fahrenheit, the consequences may become irreversible. And while it’s easy to
simply leave the responsibility to the higher powers in society, the indispensable
truth is that this requires a collective effort in order to successfully avert this
impending disaster.

It’s not about drastic change, but rather a gradual and consistent correction of
bad habits and the reinforcement of good habits. True change often starts at the
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base level and works its way up. One of the less covered pollutants comes in the
form of wastewater. But before we delve further into its effects on the
environment, there’s one question that needs to be answered first.

This ultimately affects the extent to which post-water treatment

wastewater affects the environment. Pollutants include any chemical that
homeowners flush down their drains: paints, solvents, hormones, oils, herbicides,
pesticides, human waste, etc. A combination of all these products poses a risk to
both humans and wildlife alike.

The fact that we are making water unusable means that we are literally
draining water supplies. Despite the fact that the Earth’s surface is mostly made
up of bodies of water, consider the fact that we are dumping out waste into
those bodies of water. We are literally polluting the water that we could
potentially use. But that’s not the full extent of the damage that wastewater
causes to the environment.

v. WATER AND HABITAT CONTAMINATION

The most immediate effect of wastewater on the environment is when it
contributes toward the contamination and destruction of natural habitats and the
wildlife that live in those habitats by exposing them to harmful chemicals that
would otherwise not be present over the natural course of things.

vi. SQUALOR
Wastewater is one of the worst sources and carriers of diseases. According to
a report from the World Health Organization, more than 3.4 million people die
each year from a waterborne disease. Besides the diseases wastewater carries, the
combination of human waste, solvents, and paints create fumes that aren’t only
putrid but they also expose people to harmful fumes. There’s a real danger when
you inhale sewage gas.

vii. SOIL DEGRADATION

Wastewater is often treated and repurposed for use in irrigation. As if that
wasn’t bad enough on its own, water treatment processes are not completely
effective. Chemicals that are harmful to crops may find their way to the soil when
the wastewater isn’t properly treated. These chemicals will cause the soil to yield
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fewer crops at a slower rate. Consider also the fact that these crops will eventually
be eaten, which can also harm humans.

viii. IT CONTAINS HARMFUL SUBSTANCES

The composition of wastewater may include heavy metals, pathogens, salts,
toxic chemicals, oil and grease, solids, nutrients, sludge, acids and bases, toxic
organic compound, organic and inorganic materials. This effluent poses
numerous hazards for humans, animals and the environment as a whole. It can be
toxic, corrosive, reactive, acidic and ignitable. Therefore, it must undergo
treatment before being reused or redirected into the water supply.

ix. WASTEWATER EFFECTS ON WATER BODIES

Waterways are generally most at risk to the harmful effects of wastewater.
Toxic compounds in the effluent disrupt aquatic ecosystems. When a large
amount of biodegradable substances end up in the water, organisms will start to
break them down, and they use a lot of dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen is
critical for marine life to thrive, and as it becomes depleted, it can be life-
threatening for fish. Wastewater also contains oil and grease that are harder to
break down and can settle on the surface of the water. This blocks that light the
photosynthetic aquatic plants need. It can also suffocate fish and get caught in
birds’ feathers. Like heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, these are toxic to
both humans and animals. If someone drank from or ate fish from a
contaminated water source, they could also suffer from serious health effects. The
same happens with the animals and plants living in the water.

x. OTHER HARMFUL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER

When untreated wastewater gets dumped, it’s often warm or even hot, which
can elevate the temperature of the water, further disrupting the ecosystem. Fish
are cold-blooded, so they rely on the water to regulate their own body
temperature. If the water is too warm, it can increase respiration, feeding and
movement. Additionally, the temperature of the water also affects the amount of
oxygen in it.
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xi. WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO TREAT HUMAN WASTE OR

EXCRETA?
It is necessary to treat human waste or excreta for many reasons, but the most
important reason is to preserve health. Untreated human excrement contains a
variety of pathogenic organisms, which include protozoa, bacteria, viruses and
eggs of helminthes that are disease-causing organisms. The presence of these in the
environment transmits various types of diseases. They could be:
 Water borne where pathogens are present in water supplies
 Soil–based where the excreted organism is spread through the soil
 Insect-vector borne where the pathogen is spread by insects that feed or
breed in water e.g. flies and mosquitoes.
 Faucal-oral transmission routes by which pathogens from faces reach the
mouth by either hand, clothes food etc.

xii. DECIDING WHICH TREATMENT OPTION TO USE.

Once excrements have been produced, it is necessary to decide what to do with
the waste and determine the wastewater treatment option. There is a general
distinction : Waste being treated on-site via various treatment options e.g. VIP
latrines, water seal toilets, composting toilets etc. or by the use of water to carry
the waste off-site to be treated someplace else either not too far from the
compound as with septic tanks or to specialized treatment plants through sewer
lines. This form of waste often is referred to as wastewater or sewerage. The total
management of wastewater can be separated into four categories:
 wastewater collection, wastewater treatment, treated
 wastewater disposal, sludge management Waste only becomes non-
hazardous to human health after treatment.

xiii. WHAT IS WASTEWATER TREATMENT?

“The term treatment means separation of solids and stabilization of pollutants.
In turn stabilization means the degradation of organic matter until the point at
which chemical or biological reactions stop. Treatment can also mean the removal
of toxic or otherwise dangerous substances (for e.g. heavy metals or phosphorous)
which are likely to distort sustainable biological cycles, even after stabilization of
the organic matter.”
General Parameters to measure organic pollution.
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COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is said to be the most general parameter to

measure organic pollution. COD describes how much oxygen is required to oxides
all organic and inorganic matter found in the wastewater sample. BOD (Biological
Oxygen Demand) describes what can be oxidized biologically, with the help of
bacteria and is always a fraction of COD. Usually BOD is measured as BOD5
meaning that it describes the amount of oxygen consumed over a five-day
measurement period. It is a direct measurement of the amount of oxygen consumed
by organisms removing the organic matter in the waste. SS (Suspended Solids)
describes how much of the organic or inorganic matter is not dissolved in water
and contains settle able solids that sink to the bottom in a short time and non-settle
able suspended solids. It is an important parameter because SS causes turbidity in
the water causing clogging of filters etc. The mentioned parameters are measured
in 'mg/l'.

xiv. LEVELS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Wastewater treatment options may be classified into groups of processes
according to the function they perform and their complexity:
Preliminary Treatment – includes simple processes that deal with debris and
solid material. The purpose of preliminary treatment is to remove those easily
separable components. This is usually performed by screening (usually by bar
screens) and grit removal. Their removal is important in order to increase the
effectiveness of the later treatment processes and prevent damages to the pipes,
pumps and fittings.
 Primary Treatment – is mainly the removal of solids by settlement. Simple
settlement of the solid material in sewage can reduce the polluting load by
significant amounts. It can reduce BOD by up to 40%. Some examples of
primary treatment is septic tanks, septic tanks with up flow filters, Inhofe
tanks.
 Secondary Treatment – In secondary treatment the organic material that
remains in the wastewater is reduced biologically. Secondary treatment
actually involves harnessing and accelerating the natural process of waste
disposal whereby bacteria convert organic matter to stable forms. Both
aerobic and anaerobic processes are employed in secondary treatment. Some
examples of secondary treatment are UASB, reed bed systems, trickling
filters and stabilization ponds.
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 Tertiary treatment – is the polishing process whereby treated effluent is

further purified to acceptable levels for discharge. It is usually for the
removal of specific pollutants e.g. nitrogen or phosphorus or specific
industrial pollutants. Tertiary treatment processes are generally specialized
processes. Some examples of tertiary treatment are bank’s clarifiers, grass
plots, etc.
The majority of secondary treatment processes are biological in their nature
– i.e. they use the natural activity of the bacteria to break down polluting
material. Biological treatment processes can themselves be divided into two
general sub-divisions – aerobic and anaerobic processes.
1) SEPARATION OF SOLIDS
Wastewater treatment also relies on the separation of solids, both before and
after stabilization. The choice of method of solid removal will depend on the size
and specific weight of pieces and particles of suspended solids.
2) SCREENING
For the larger pieces of solids for e.g. diapers, cloth, etc. in wastewater
treatment. Screens require cleaning at very short intervals. Materials captured
through screening require a safe place to be disposed of. Below is a diagram of
waste stabilization ponds showing screening as the first stage.
3) SEDIMENTATION
Separation of solids happens primarily by gravity, predominantly through
sedimentation. Coarse and heavy particles settle within a few hours or minutes
while smaller and lighter particles may need days and weeks to sink to the bottom.
4) FLOTATION
Flotation is the predominant method to remove fat, grease and oil. Unwanted
flotation occurs in septic tanks and other anaerobic systems where floating layers
of scum are easily formed. Accumulated scum could be removed manually or left
purposely to seal the surface of anaerobic ponds to prevent bad odor. Below is a
diagram of a septic tank showing scum floating on the surface.
5) FILTRATION
Filtration becomes necessary when suspended solid particles are to be removed
that cannot be forced to settle or float within a reasonable time. Most filters have a
double function, they provide a fixed surface for treatment of bacteria and they
form a physical obstacle for the smaller solid particles by creating adhesion of
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particles to their surfaces. Filtration can be both on the upstream and the
downstream. E.g. Upstream Anaerobic Sludge Blanket. Anaerobic filters direct
flow upwards through the filter material. Trickling filters allow the wastewater to
descend in a downward direction through the filter material. The speed at which
filtration occurs depends on the type of filter material used. Smaller grain sizes and
fine mesh sizes would cause filtration to be slower than larger, wider-spaced
material, but would cause the retention of many more solids and clog faster.
6) WHAT ARE AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PROCESSES?
With aerobic processes, bacteria use oxygen to feed on the organic material
(which is a food source) to produce carbon dioxide and water, with the production
of quantities of extra bacterial mass (sludge). Most aerobic processes require the
mechanical addition of oxygen and that can be expensive.
Anaerobic processes take place in the absence of oxygen and bacteria break
down the organic wastes to produce carbon dioxide and methane. This mixture of
gases, called Biogas, can potentially be harnessed as an energy source. Anaerobic
process produces much less excess sludge than aerobic processes however the
treatment efficiency is not as high as it is for aerobic processes.
The aerobic process happens much faster than anaerobic digestion and for that
reason always dominates when free oxygen is available. The high speed at which
decomposition occurs is caused by the shorter reproduction cycles of aerobic
bacteria as compared to anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria leave some of the
energy unused and it is this unused energy which is released in the form of biogas.
Aerobic bacteria use a larger portion of the pollution load for production of their
own bacterial mass compared to anaerobic bacteria, which is why the aerobic
process produces twice as much sludge as the anaerobic process. Aerobic treatment
is highly efficient when there is enough oxygen available.
7) SLUDGE ACCUMULATION
Sedimentation and particles that escape filtration lead to sludge accumulation at
the bottom of vessels. This sludge gets compacted over time, consequently older
sludge occupies less volume than fresh sludge. Sludge removal is important and
removal should be performed as specified for each technology.
8) ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN
Nitrogen is a nutrient that causes algal growth in receiving waters and needs to
be removed from wastewater before discharge. It is also poisonous to fish in the
 P a g e | 14

form of ammonia gases and also may become poisonous in the form of nitrite. The
basic process of nitrogen removal occurs in two steps, namely, nitrification
(aerobic conditions) followed by DE nitrification Small Scale Wastewater
Treatment Project, Phase 1 Page 13 [TR288 – Scholes & Bower] (anaerobic
conditions) with the result that pure nitrogen diffuses into the atmosphere. Nitrate
is the most stable form of nitrogen and its’ presence indicates complete oxidation.
9) ELIMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus is a nutrient that is water soluble, often recycled and is required to
support living plants and organisms. Bacteria cannot transform phosphorus into a
form in which it loses its fertilizer quality permanently. This implies that no
appropriate biological process either aerobic or anaerobic can remove phosphorous
from wastewater. Phosphorus removal from water normally takes place by removal
of bacterial mass (active sludge) or by removal of phosphate fixing solids via
sedimentation or flocculation. This process is normally performed in the tertiary
stage of treatment.
10) ELIMINATION OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Most heavy metals are toxic or carcinogenic and therefore should not remain in
the wastewater because they harm the aquatic life of the receiving water or could
enter the human nutritious cycle when wastewater or sludge is used in agriculture.
Since heavy metals settle easy their removal is not difficult however soluble toxic
substances may be difficult to remove. There are numerous methods for converting
toxins into non-toxic substances for e.g. ion exchange procedures.
11) REMOVAL OF PATHOGENS
Pathogens are present in many forms in excreta e.g. bacteria, viruses and
protozoa and accumulate in the sediment sludge and are largely retained inside the
treatment system where they stay alive for several weeks. Most bacteria and
viruses caught in the sludge die after shorter periods. Those bacteria, which are not
caught in the sludge but remain suspended in the liquid portion, are hardly
affected, meaning, these bacteria and viruses exit the plant fully alive. Exposure to
UV rays has a substantial hygienic effect. High pathogen removal can also be
experienced in shallow ponds with long retention times. Constructed Small Scale
Wastewater Treatment Project, wetlands with their multifunctional bacterial life in
the root zones can also be very effective. Using chlorination to kill pathogens is
only advisable for hospitals in the case of epidemics and other such special
circumstances as chlorine kills all forms of bacteria both beneficial and non-
 P a g e | 15

beneficial. Apart from this chlorine has an adverse impact on the environment.
Water is made unstable as chlorine itself has a high chemical oxygen demand
(COD)
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3. METHOD OF WASTE WATER

DISPOSAL
In an industry like manufacturing, construction or oil and gas, waste
generation is an inevitable part of your everyday operations. Correct disposal is
essential, and proper liquid waste management is particularly critical because of its
potential for unexpected leaks, discharges and runoff. 

Fortunately, many options exist for ensuring effective, responsible, compliant

liquid waste disposal. The guide below will discuss how to dispose of liquid waste
and evaluate your waste disposal options.

i. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL

Proper liquid waste disposal is essential — so much so that disposal is often
heavily regulated and tiny infractions could incur hefty fines. Your facility will
need to pay careful attention to the details of liquid waste disposal to ensure your
processes are correct and compliant.

ii. WHY IS CORRECT LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL SO

CRITICAL? HERE ARE A FEW REASONS:
 Environmental protection: Improper liquid waste disposal can inflict grave
damage on the surrounding environment. It can disrupt the balance of aquatic
ecosystems and kill marine organisms. Or it can seep into the soil, kill plants,
destroy natural habitats and cause biodiversity loss. 
 Human health protection: Inadequate liquid waste disposal can also make
people seriously ill. If waste fluids leak, spill or run off over the ground, they
can contaminate the groundwater and surface water sources that people use for
drinking. If treatment plant filters cannot address the contaminants, people may
ingest them. They may develop gastrointestinal illnesses, heavy metal
poisoning or other severe conditions depending on the composition of the
waste. 
 Aesthetic concerns: Improper disposal of liquid waste can give the disposal
area an offensive smell. Though it may not harm residents directly, it can make
their daily activities more unpleasant and lead to complaints. Proper waste
 P a g e | 17

disposal helps your company maintain good relationships with residential

neighbors and feel good about contributing to the excellent air quality they
enjoy. 

iii. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIQUID DISPOSAL

Liquid waste may come in a few different forms:
 Sanitary sewage: Sanitary sewage typically comes from a home or community
and contains human waste and wash water. It includes toilet, bath, laundry,
lavatory and kitchen sink wastes. Its composition is typically about 99.9%
water and 0.1% organic and inorganic impurities. 
 Industrial sewage: Industrial sewage comes from facilities involved in
manufacturing. The processes that produce industrial sewage span a range of
operations, such as pharmaceuticals manufacturing, paper and textiles
manufacturing, chemical processing and oil and gas refining. This sewage
usually has a high chemical concentration. 
 Storm sewage: Storm sewage consists of the surface runoff that flows into
municipal sewers during heavy rainstorms. Storm sewage often contains dirt,
twigs and other debris that screens at sewage treatment plants must filter out. It
may also contain suspended and dissolved solids, organic matter and other
substances it accumulates as it travels over the Earth’s surface. 
 Mixed sewage: Mixed sewage combines two or three of the single sewage
types. Storm sewage may mix with sanitary sewage on its way to the sewage
treatment plant, or a standard sewage treatment plant may receive an influx of
industrial wastewater from a nearby facility. 

iv. LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS

Below are seven of the most common liquid waste disposal processes:

1. Dewatering
Dewatering works well to compact nonhazardous waste and make it more
suitable for disposal. In this process, the facility generally pumps the liquid waste
into a sturdy bag and removes the water, leaving only solid waste. A landfill
typically does not accept free liquid, but the solid, nonhazardous waste can go to
the landfill for disposal. The water receives filtration and treatment as necessary.
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One common option for liquid waste dewatering, especially for sludge,
is centrifugal dewatering and thickening. This process uses a cylindrical vessel to
generate centrifugal force, which flings solids from the liquid and causes them to
form a soft substance known as cake. 

2. Sedimentation
Sedimentation is similar to dewatering in that it separates water from solid
waste. It uses gravity instead of centrifugal force to pull the two states of matter
apart. 

During sedimentation, a facility leaves its liquid waste in a sedimentation

basin. As long as liquid waste flows quickly, its velocity is often enough to keep
solid particles in suspension, so the design of a sedimentation basin reduces that
velocity. As the wastewater flows slowly through the basin, solid suspended
particles settle to the bottom in a layer of sludge. 

The facility can then remove the solids, leaving the solid sediment waste
behind. Once the water and solid waste have separated, the water can undergo
treatment, and the solid waste can go to a landfill. 

3. Composting
Alternatively, facilities can turn their liquid nonhazardous waste into
compost. The facility first removes the water from the waste, leaving behind
organic matter that contains nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and sodium. Using
naturally occurring microorganisms, the facility can then turn the material into
organic fertilizer that will also contain these beneficial nutrients to help crops and
other plants grow. 

Compared to many other methods of liquid waste disposal, composting is

relatively inexpensive. It is also exceptionally easy on the environment — even
advantageous for soil and plant growth. 
4. Incineration
Sometimes facilities dispose of their hazardous waste by incinerating it. The
heat from specialized furnaces can remove acids, chemicals, oils, rock tailings, slag
and other waste matter, leaving only water behind. There are two types of furnaces
used for this technique:
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 Fluidized-bed furnace: A fluidized-bed furnace is an industrial furnace that

uses pressure to cause a bed of solid particulate matter or solid-fluid mixtures
to behave like a fluid. These incinerators contain one heated, bubbling bed of
sand, ash or limestone with oxygen pumped in to facilitate heat combustion.
Their large size allows for complete, efficient burning. 
 Multiple-hearth furnace: A multiple-hearth furnace uses many stacked
chambers to incinerate large volumes of wastes at different stages, all at steady,
consistent rates. Because the chambers are stacked, they are compact and easy
to fit into cramped quarters, and they are also relatively inexpensive to build
and install. 
Incineration is not always an ideal method of liquid waste disposal. Unlike the
techniques laid out above, incineration is hard on the environment because it
releases toxic contaminants and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It can
reduce air quality, exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions and
contribute to climate change. Incinerators are also expensive to install, maintain
and run. In some cases, though, facilities turn to incineration because it is effective
and leaves little waste behind to require further disposal. 

5. Root-Zone Treatment
Root-zone treatment is most useful for relatively clean domestic wastewaters
like kitchen water and bathroom shower and sink water. This treatment is a
complex method that sends liquid waste through a sedimentation tank and then
through various additional filtration processes — including, ultimately, the roots of
growing plants. The result is water that meets the necessary standards for release
into the environment. 

Root-zone treatment may employ a succession of filtration processes like these:

 Pretreatment sedimentation: The water first sits in a sedimentation basin so that

some of its solid particles can precipitate out for easy removal. 
 Anaerobic reactor: During the next step, the liquid waste might pass through an
anaerobic reactor. The reactor typically contains a baffled design that creates
many internal compartments for the water to flow through. As the water passes
through, the microorganisms collected on the compartment surfaces digest
more of the suspended solids.
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 Anaerobic filter: An anaerobic filter contains a filter medium where

microorganisms can form colonies. These microorganisms digest more of the
suspended particles to make the liquid waste cleaner. 
 Plant-filled gravel filter: Once the water has undergone the initial treatments, it
flows through a gravel bed filled with live plant roots. The plants are often
sturdy reeds that offer resistance to the water’s flow. As the plants respirate,
they supply oxygen to the effluent and help remove the last remaining
contaminants.
Root-zone treatment offers many benefits. It typically uses gravity — the water
flows downhill from stage to stage, so pump and valve requirements are minimal.
It is also exceptionally environmentally friendly — root-zone technology uses
only 20% of the energy of a typical sewage treatment plant. And an established
plant bed typically requires very little maintenance. 
Because it contains so many elements, though, root-zone treatment can be
expensive to perform, and its complex installation means it may not be available in
some areas. 

6. Solidification
Liquid waste solidification involves adding binding agents to wastewater
until the waste forms a compact, rigid, easily disposable solid. Many solidification
processes use lime ash, sawdust, cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, gypsum,
phosphate or fly dust to add bulk and rigidity to liquid waste, or they may use
asphalt or cement for added reinforcement. After solidification, companies can
ship the solid blocks of waste to approved landfills for disposal or waste-to-energy
facilities for incineration and energy generation. 
Solidification often combines with a process known as stabilization. Solidification
alters the waste’s physical properties, making it harder, stronger or less permeable
and enclosing any hazardous contents. Stabilization makes it less likely for
hazardous components to leak into the environment — for instance, by making
them less mobile, soluble or toxic. 

One well-known example of solidification and stabilization practices in action is

the Defense Waste Processing Facility in South Carolina, which is slowly
converting 36 million gallons of high-level liquid nuclear waste into glassified
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solid waste. This conversion process makes the waste more stable and manageable
until a secure federal repository can provide long-term storage. 
Some advanced, environmentally friendly solidification techniques can solidify
liquid waste without adding other substances to it. These innovative techniques
minimize waste and enable smaller landfill additions. 

Solidification is relatively cheap and easy to perform, but the extra solid material
tends to make for a tremendous amount of refuse. The excess weight and bulk can
sometimes lead to higher transportation and disposal costs, and it may require a
disproportionate amount of space in the landfill. 

7. Disposal
The remaining alternative is to dispose of the liquid waste as it is, often with the
assistance of a professional waste management company. In this case, the facility
collects its liquid waste in the appropriate drums. Then the waste management
company picks them up, transports them and disposes of them according to
applicable state and federal guidelines. This option is particularly appealing for
companies that wish to remain compliant with regulations without investing
significant time and energy into keeping up with them. 

v. Considerations When Choosing Your Liquid Waste Disposal

Method
No single waste disposal technique is most effective for every situation. When
you choose a liquid waste disposal method, you’ll need to weigh the pros and cons,
assess your waste generation patterns and disposal requirements and make a
decision that best suits your needs. Below are a few considerations to keep in mind
as you deliberate:

 Soil formation and stability: The disposal site you’re considering should have
stable soil that can hold waste in place. Softer, looser soils may permit shifting
and leaks. If this is the case in your area, you may need to choose a method like
incineration that bypasses land disposal. 
 Land space: The availability of adequate land for liquid waste disposal will
also inform your choice. If space is minimal, you may find your disposal
possibilities limited, so you may need to avoid solidification and other methods
that would create massive quantities of waste. 
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 Waste quantity: Similarly, if your facility produces high volumes of liquid

waste, you’ll need to choose a disposal method that can accommodate them.
Though composting is good for the environment, you may not be able to spare
the resources for it if your waste volumes are too high. 
 Necessary treatment: Some liquid wastes contain minimal impurities and need
only light treatment. Others are heavily contaminated and will require
aggressive treatment before they are ready for disposal. For sanitary sewage
and its high biosolid concentration, for instance, root-zone treatment would be
insufficient. Make sure the disposal method you have in mind is thorough
enough to keep you compliant with regulations. 
 Well water sources: Look into whether residents in your area use well water. If
so, find out the source of the water supply. You’ll want to make sure your
disposal site is safely far away from the water source. 
 Surface water sources: Similarly, if a proposed disposal site for your liquid
waste is close to surface water sources, you’ll also need to keep away from
those. A leak from the disposal site could cause contaminated runoff to flow
into the surface water sources and jeopardize locals’ health and well-being. 
 Water table level: The level of the water table for groundwater is also an
essential consideration. If the water table level is high, disposal sites will need
to remain shallow to avoid contaminating the water. 
 Cost: Apart from environmental concerns, the expense of liquid waste disposal
is also a significant factor. Evaluate the relative costs of the disposal
technologies you’re considering and determine which will fit best into your
facility’s budget. 
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4. Field Study
i. ABOUT BHADBHUT

Bhadbhut is a Village in Bharuch Taluka in Bharuch District of Gujarat State,

India. It is located 16 KM towards west from District head quarters Bharuch. 19
KM from . 202 KM from State capital Gandhinagar

Bhadbhut Pin code is 392012 and postal head office is Maktampur .

Bhuva ( 2 KM ) , Vadva ( 3 KM ) , Amdada ( 3 KM ) , Kasva ( 4 KM ) , Taria ( 4

KM ) are the nearby Villages to Bhadbhut. Bhadbhut is surrounded by Bharuch
Taluka towards East , Anklesvar Taluka towards East , Hansot Taluka towards
South , Amod Taluka towards North .

Bharuch , Ankleshwar , Karjan , Surat are the near by Cities to Bhadbhut.

MAP 1: MAP OF BHADBHUT

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Locality Name : Bhadbhut ( ભાડભૂત )

Taluka Name : Bharuch
District : Bharuch
State : Gujarat
Language : Gujarati and Hindi
Current Time 12:12 PM
Date: Saturday , Dec 24,2022 (IST)
Time zone: IST (UTC+5:30)
Elevation / Altitude: 20 meters. Above Seal level
Telephone Code / Std Code: 02642
Pin Code: 392012
Post Office Name: Maktampur
Bhadbhut Local Language is Gujarati. Bhadbhut Village Total population is 3835
and number of houses are 786. Female Population is 49.1%. Village literacy rate is
58.3% and the Female Literacy rate is 25.8%.
Population

Census Parameter Census Data

Total Population 3835
Total No of Houses 786
Female Population % 49.1 % ( 1882)
Total Literacy rate % 58.3 % ( 2234)
Female Literacy rate 25.8 % ( 990)
Scheduled Tribes Population % 27.0 % ( 1036)
Scheduled Caste Population % 3.0 % ( 115)
Working Population % 40.6 %
Child(0 -6) Population by 2011 474
Girl Child(0 -6) Population % by 2011 46.6 % ( 221)
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ii. EARNING SOURCE OF VILLAGE

There are the formal people living in the village, their source of income is the
river Narmada, with an economy based on catching fish and
harvesting seafood. Fising is one of the main source of income in the village.

iii. HOW TO REACH Bhadbhut

By Rail
There is no railway station near to Bhadbhut in less than 10 km.

iv. COLLEGES NEAR BHADBHUT:

 Iqra College
 Address : Dahej Road Bharuch
 Shri Manubhai Rambhai Amin B.ed College
 Address : Bayad Rd;pahadiya -- Velapura – 382315; Taluk: Dahegam;
Dist :: Gandhinagar A
 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar College Of Nursing
 Address : Near By Nilima Park Society; Dahegam; Dist: Gandhinagar A
 Shri. T.s. Patel College Of Pharmacy
 Address : ; Ambalyara; Dahegam; Bayad Rd; Ahmadabad

v. Schools in Bhadbhut
 Bhadbhut P. S.
 Address : bhadbhut , bharuch , bharuch , Gujarat . PIN- 392012 , Post -
Maktampur

vi. Govt Health Centers near Bhadbhut

1) Umalla CHC , , CHC Umalla , Near BoI
2) Panetha PHC , Primary Health Centre Panetha , Near B.S.N.L Office , Main
Road
3) Rajuvadiya , Rajuvadiya , Navi nagri ,
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vii. INDUSTRY NEAR VILLAGE

 BHARAT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

 GIRVAAN INDUSTRIES
 D TECH CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
 KALASH OIL INDUSTRIES
 QUILON REAL INDUSTRIES PVT. LTD.
 AG INDUSTRIES
 NARMADA INDUSTRIES BHARUCH
 ETC.
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5. Scope of the project

Traditionally, sanitation work in developing countries concentrates on research
on very rudimentary sanitation facilities such as stand-alone septic tanks,
composting toilets or pit toilets. Little is known about the viability of SSWTP.
Therefore this project has been designed to provide a comprehensive study to
establish guidelines for their application. It is anticipated that on completion of this
project, money will be available to implement pilot projects in the participating
countries. Consequently the objectives of the project can be summarised as
follows:
 To identify appropriate waste water treatment technologies for selected
villages in Fiji, Marshall Islands, Niue and Tonga (e.g. treatment by plants,
high-loaded treatment lagoons, community septic tanks).
 To identify conditions under which a certain number of toilets can be
connected to a single small-scale waste water treatment plant (economic,
technical and social viability).
 The formulation by participating countries of specific project proposals for
further implementation.
In the context of the project, these objectives mean that the project is not
necessarily trying to find the best sanitation technology for a given problem but
to list the conditions where SSWTP represents an efficient alternative to either
conventional sewage or on-site wastewater treatment/disposal technologies. To
detail these points is within the scope of the SSWTP project.
As the former point basically refers to technical points the project focuses also
on nontechnical problems. Here it is anticipated that the planning and
implementation framework for sanitation projects will be described in a way
that allows the future implementation of such projects.
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6. REFRENCE
 http://www.pacificwater.org/userfiles/file/TR0288.pdf , SOPAC
Technical Report 288, by NZAID

 https://www.goconqr.com/flowchart/14760922/waste-water-
treatment-gcse-chemistry, SCREENING, GoConqr.

 https://www.civilknowledges.com/method-of-water-treatment-
plant-diagram/,  Kunal gupta

 https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/wastewater-
initiative#:~:text=Wastewater%20can%20be%20treated%20up,for

%20other%20uses%20or%20preservation. BY IBRD.IDA, THE WORD

BANK.

 WSSE BOOK, BY MANOJ GUPTA