GRAMMAR REFERENCE 7.2. Past modals of deduction on729 1 tesawfulyquletup there thnk te eden must have fallen asleep. 2-0 you tink he could have heard us? He does’ ook very pleased 3 Go.back and look for. You might have dropped it inthe car. ‘We can use may/must’can'/might/could + have + past participle to ‘make deductions about something inthe past. ‘We use must have + past participle when we feel we are certain, something happened ors true. James isnt in his office. He must have just lft. {dict know Olivia led in Berlin, She must've moved there ‘quite recently. In speaking and informal writing we generally use ‘ve instead of the ful form have. He must've been mistaken They mightve got ios. ‘+ We use can't/couldn’t have + past participle when we feel we {are certain something didn’t happen or wasn't true Jim wasn't atthe meeting tis morning which isn't ke him, ‘He can’t have known about it: You couldn't have seen Alice earlier, She's In Dube a the ‘moment, Wie can sometimes use must not have in the same way. However, we do not usualy use the contracted form musinewe They must not have read the notice. ‘We use might/could/may have + past participle when we think something possibly happened or was possibly true, We do not use can have. ‘She's late. She might've missed the bus. ‘ve looked everywhere for my phone. I suppose | could've left itn the tax. They don't know what to do. They may not have understood the instructions correcty. ‘Complete the sentences with words from each box. ‘A canithave couldhave mighthave must have (x2), B been finished had handed in met 1 You already! You only started a few minutes ago. 2. The new accounts manager Silvia looks familiar. think. we before, But 'm not sure, 3 Isaw Catlos driving a new sports cat. He ‘pay rise! 4 Someone yourkeysat reception. Let’s go and ask, 5, You were still in the office when the burglars broke in? You tertified! ‘Complete the conversations using an appropriate modal verb of ded 1A Where on earth are Olga and Bogdan? They should've been here halfan hour ago. B Well, they (ged) lost. ‘They've never been here before, I don't think. 2 A Thebillis £75! B That cant be right. [think they (overcharge) us. 3A Brica hasnt been in touch yet. B Well she. message asking her to cal you. 4A Thad a drink with Andrew Horton lastnight. B That (be) fun! He just ‘seems to talk about work all the time, doesn't het 5 A Ididn'tsee you at the reception lastnight. B Ob, we (just/miss) each other, left quite early -atabout 7.30 a.m, (not/get) your ‘Complete the second sentence using an appropriate modal, verb of deduction so the meaning is the same. 1 Maybe she missed the bus. might've missed 2. Ymsure there was some mistake. ‘There 3. Pethapshe didn’t understand. He 4. Pmsure they didn't realize. They 5 It’s possible Karen went home eatly. Karen.