Ix Bio Comp PDFS

IX BIOLOGY
SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD JAMSHOROO.
SOLVED EXERCISES
CHAPTER # 1-9
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 01
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
SOLVED EXERCISES
BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 CLASS IX
EXERCISE
1-Encircle the correct answer.
(i) Population
(ii) Fisheries
(iii) Paleontology
(iv) Biophysics
(v) Members of different species form population
(vi) Both B and C
(vii) Tissue
(viii) Rana tigrina
(ix) Atom → Molecule → Cell →Tissue →Organ
(x) Green algae
2- Fill in the blanks

(i) Biotechnology
(ii) Geography
(iii) Horticulture
(iv) Six
(v) Community
(vi) Bu Ali Sina
(vii) Biosphere
(viii) Chemicals
(ix) Proteins
(x) Age
3-Define the following terms.

1-Anatomy 2- Entomology 3- Animal husbandry
4-Histology 5- Biometry 6- Bio elements
7-Immunology 8- Biogeography
9-Pharmacology 10-Surgery
1-aNAtomy
The study of internal parts of living organisms
by cutting them open.
2-Entomology
The study of insects and how they interact with
their environment, other species and humans.
3-ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
It deals with the care and breeding of animals
which are beneficial for man.
4-HISTOLOGY
The study of structure of tissues of plants
and animals.
5-BIOMETERY
The branch of mathematics which collects
Data of living organisms.
6-BIOELEMENTS
Any chemical element that is found in the
molecules and compounds that make up a
living organism.
The most common bio elements are oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
7-IMMUNOLOGY
The branch of biology that concerned with
Immunity.
8-BIOGEOGRAPHY
It deals with the distributions of different
living organisms in different geographical
regions of the world.
9-PHARMACOLOGY
The study about action of drugs.
10-SURGERY
Surgery deals with repair, replacement
Or removal of affected organ.
4- Distinguish between the following in tabulated form.
(i) Colonial organization and multicellular organization.
(ii) Agriculture and Horticulture.
COLONIAL ORGANIZATION MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION

 Many unicellular organisms The organism formed by many
live together by forming cells , lives singly.
colonies.
 Each unicellular organism Each unicellular organism live its

live its own life in colony. own life independently.
 They carry out the processes They carry out specific function
of life as a single cell. to contribute to life processes.
 Volvox is a green alga an Frog and mustard plant are

example of colonial form of example of multicellular
organization. organization.
AGRICULTURE HORTICULTURE
 Agriculture is the practice of Horticulture is act of cultivating
farming and cultivation in a garden for fruits or vegetables
order to produce food. and also maintaining it.
 Usually agriculture costs Horticulture is normally less

more. expensive.
 Agriculture is mainly taken Horticulture is opted for

up as occupation by people. occupation as well as leisure.
 Agriculture has large scale of Horticulture has small scale of

operation. operation.
 Agriculture yields a higher less output as compared to

output. agriculture.
5-write short answers to the given questions.

(i) Why subject biology is named as multidimensional
subject?
BIOLOGY AS MULTIDIMENSIONAL SUBJECT.
Biology is named as multidimensional subject because it linked
with other sciences.
For example: The movement of animals follows laws of
motions of physics. It also considered as multidisciplinary
science, which is related with other sciences.
(ii) How farming profession helps mankind?

FARMING:
In this profession, the development of different kinds of
farms takes place, such as fish farm, cattle farm, poultry
farm, etc.
To create better crop diversity for human health and food
security, farmers are working to create markets for new
crops. Sustainable farming methods create better food
diversity, preserve water with more efficient facilities and
encourage better live stock health.
(iii) Why species is called as smallest taxonomic level?

SPECIES, THE SMALLEST UNIT:
The specie is the smallest unit of taxonomic level of
organization. All the individual members belonging to particular
specie shows all similar characters and produce similar type of
organisms.
(iv) How population is different from community?
POPULATION IS DIFFERENT FROM COMMUNITY:

A population is a group of single species living in a certain area
at a certain time. For example, a group of parrots living on a
tree, is called parrot population. While the members of
different species living in specific habitat are called as
community. For example, a group of different kinds of birds
living on a tree, is called as birds’ community.
(v) How new varieties of plant are produced?
PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS:

Horticulture is the part of agriculture, in which work is carried
out for the development of new varieties of plants and their
products.
(vi) Draw a labelled diagram of frog’s digestive system.

6. Write detailed answers of the following questions.
(i) Describe the role of Muslim scientists in the field of

biology.
ROLE OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS:
The Muslim scientists have played great role in the
development of biological science. They began experiments
and observations from the first Century of Hijra. Following are
some details about the important Muslim scientists, who
made significant contribution towards the development of
biology.
1. Jabir Bin Hayan (722-817 A.D):
He was born in Iran. He worked in the field of chemistry
but he also wrote a number of books on plants and animals.
“Al-Nabatiat” and “Al- Haywan” are his two famous books on
plants and animals, respectively.
2. Abdul Malik Asmai (741-828 A.D):
He was great zoologist and wrote many books on animals
like “Al- Kheil” on horse, “Al-Ibil” on camels, “Al-Shat” on
sheep, “Al-WA hoosh” on wild animals and “Khalqul Insan” on
the different parts of human body and their functions.
3. Bu Ali Sina (980-1037 A.D):
He was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and considered
as the founder of medicine. He identified many diseases like
tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations. He
also worked in the field of mathematics, astronomy, physics,
paleontology and music. He wrote book like “Al-Qanoon” and
“Fil Tib Al-Shafa”.
(ii) Describe the relationships of biology to other

sciences.
BIOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES:

Biology is a multidimensional subject and linked with other
sciences. For example, the movement of animals follows the
laws of motion in physics. Biology is considered as
interdisciplinary science, which is related with other
sciences. Some of these are mentioned below:
Biophysics:
It is a branch of physics, in which laws and techniques of
physics are applied to explain the processes of life. The radio
physics branch where radioactive isotopes are used to trace
the translocation of different materials within the
organisms. Radio-labeling and carbon-dating also show
some uses of radioactive isotopes in determining the age of
fossils, uses of sound waves as ultrasound and laser
technology show relation of physics with biology.
Biomathematics/Biometry:
The branch of mathematics which collects data of living
organisms. It plays very important role in research.
Biochemistry:
It is branch of biology which deals with the study of
molecules which form living organisms or cell and requires
authentic knowledge about biology and chemistry to explain
the synthesis of biomolecules and function of different
molecules in the body of an organism.
Biogeography:
It deals with the distribution of different living
organisms in different geographical regions of the world.
Many living organisms are restricted to particular
geographical regions due to environmental conditions.
Bio-economics:
This deals with the economically important organisms
involved in production, e.g. meat production, etc. are
calculated for cost value and profit value.
(iii) Describe the level of organization.
THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
The levels of organization in living world are based on

chemical foundation. All the living organisms are made up
of cells and the protoplasm of cell is the physical as well as
chemical basis of life. These levels are as follows:
1. Atomic level of organization:
All the matter is made up of elements, which is composed
of atom (a: not, form: cut). Each atom is made up of sub-
atomic particles, such as electrons, protons and neutrons.
In nature, there are more than 100 kinds of elements and
among these 16 elements are called as bio-elements, which

are vital for life. Only six elements such as C, H, O, N, S and
P are called basic elements of life.
2.Molecular level of organization:
Molecules are formed by the binding of atoms. These
organic molecules of cells are called as bio-molecules. These
are constructed in great variety and complexity. They are
classified as micro-molecules and macro- molecules.
Glucose, amino acid and fatty acids are micro-molecules,
whereas carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are macro-
molecules. The units of micro-molecules combine together to
form macro-molecules.
3.Cellular level of organization:
The biomolecules when work together in the form of
suspension, it is called Protoplasm. Protoplasm is the
combination of organic and specific inorganic substances.
When protoplasm work in the form of a unit, this is called
Cell. Cell is the basic unit of living organisms. When similar
type of cells organizes together in a group, called tissues.
The different types of tissues arranged in a particular
manner to work together are called Organs.
Organs of different types work in a coordinated manner
to perform a function is called Organ-system. When
different organ-system function in co-ordination in as a
unit, they form a body or Multicellular Organism.
4. Taxonomic level:
There is another level of organization which is related
with living organisms. The Species is the smallest unit of
taxonomic level of organization, which includes
morphologically similar living organisms which inter-breed
and produce fertile offspring.
5. Population level:
All the members of a species, living in specific habitat are
called
Population. A group of parrots living on tree, is called parrot
population.
6. Community level:
The members of different species living in specific
habitat are called as Community. A group of different kind
of birds, living on tree, is called as bird community.
7. Ecological system:
Communities always depends upon their non-living
environment in a reciprocal interaction for their survival.
For example, oxygen for respiration is obtained from
environment and in turn given out CO2. This interaction is
called Ecosystem or Ecological system.
8. Biosphere level:
The part of earth where life exists is called biosphere. It
consists of different kinds of eco systems.
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 02
SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL
PROBLEM
SOLVED EXERCISES
BIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 CLASS: IX
EXERCISE
1-Encircle the correct answer.
(i) Hypothesis → Reasoning → Theory → Law
(ii) Ratio
(iii) Mathematical biology
(iv) Proportion
(v) Inductive
(vi) Equipment
(vii) Proportion
(viii) Ratio
(ix) A tentative explanation that can be tested and is
falsified.
(x) Both a and b
2-Fill in the blanks.
(i) Biological method
(ii) Observation
(iii) Hypothesis
(iv) Deductive
(v) Conclusion
(vi) Scientific law
(vii) Mathematical
(viii) proportion
(ix) two
(x) plasmodium
3-Define the following terms.

(i) Ratio (vi) Inductive reasoning
(ii)Biological method (vii) Conclusion
(iii)Graph (viii) Proportion
(iv) Hypothesis (ix) Observation
(v)Law (x) Mathematical models
RATIO:
Ratio is a comparison of two values expressed
as a quotient (1st/2nd). Example: A flower has 4
sepals and 12 petals. The ratio of sepals to petals
is 4:12. This ratio can also be expressed as an
equivalent fraction 1:3.
BIOLOGICAL METHOD:
A biological problem is a question related to
living organisms that is either asked by someone
or comes in biologist’s mind by himself. e.g. What
is the cause of malaria?
GRAPH:
A diagram showing relationship between two or
more things.
HYPOTHESIS:
An intelligent guess made by a scientist in the
form of statements.
LAW:
A scientific law is a uniform or constant fact of
nature.
INDUCTIVE REASONING:
A logical process used to draw conclusion.
it moves from specific to general.
CONCLUSION:
The final step of scientific method, where all
the results from the experiment are analyzed
and a determination is reached about the
hypothesis.
PROPORTION:
A proportion is an equation stating that two
ratios are equal.
For example: 4:12::1:3
OBSERVATION:
An observation is a statement of knowledge
gained through the senses (qualitative) or
through the use of scientific equipment
(quantitative).
MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
Mathematical models are mathematical
description of system using mathematical
concepts and language.
4- Distinguish between the following in tabulated form.

(i) Theory and Law
(ii) Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning
THEORY LAW
 Theory is based on Law is based on facts.
Observations.
 Testable explanations that Testable explanation have

Have not been proven. been proven.
 Theory is explanatory. Law is descriptive.
 Theory have evidence to back Have evidence and results

the claim. to support the proof.
 It answers ‘what happens?’ It answers ‘how does it

Happen?’
DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING
 Reasoning flows from general Derives general principles from

to specific specific observation.
 Conclusion is more special Conclusion is more general than

than the information. information.
 More difficult to use mainly in Use often in every day life, fast
logical problems. and easy.
Example; Example;
If all organisms are made of All organisms are made of cells
cells and humans are based on years of findings
organisms then humans are from biologists.
made of cells.
5-Write short answers of following questions:

(i) Theory is highly reliable scientific explanations, why?
THOERY:
Scientists use the word ‘theory’ in a very different way
than non-scientists. When many people say ‘I have a
theory’, they really mean ‘I have a guess’.
Scientific theories on the other hand are well-tested and
highly reliable scientific explanation of natural
phenomena. They unify many repeated observations and
data collected from lots of experiments.
(ii) Why biological sciences need mathematical models?

MATHEMATICAL MODELS:
Key role of mathematics in biology is the creation of
mathematical models. There are equations or formulas
that can predict or describe natural occurrences, such as
organism’s behavior pattern, population changes over
time, structure of protein, height of living organisms,
population of an endangered species, bacterial growth and
so on.
Finally, we can say that mathematics plays a critical role in
better understanding the natural world.
(iii) Draw a chart showing steps involved in biological method.
BIOLOGICAL PROBLEM
Related observations and previous knowledge
HYPOTHESIS NEW
INDUCTIVE TO EXPLAIN DEDUCTIVE

REASONING HYPOTHESIS REASONING
EXPERIMENT
DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS
IF DATA SUPPORTS IF DATA DOESN’T

HYPOTHESIS SUPPORT HYPOTHESIS
THEORY
(iv) Why table or graph is necessary for data organization?
TABLE OR GRAPH:
Table or graph will be prepared for data organization. To
support or refuse your hypothesis of the recorded data, you
need to perform a mathematical analysis.
Table and graph allow the investigator to get visual image
of the observations, which simplifies interpretations and
drawing conclusions.
(v) Why experiment is necessary for theory?
EXPERIMENT IS NECESSARY FOR THEORY:
Experiment plays many roles. One of its important roles to

test theories and to provide the basis for scientific
knowledge. It can also call for a new theory, either by
showing that an accepted theory is incorrect, or by
exhibiting a new phenomenon that is in need of
explanation.
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 03
BIODIVERSITY
SOLVED EXERCISES
1. Encircle the correct answer:

(i) Which of the following is the correct way of writing a scientific
name of an organism?
(a) Houbara bustard (b) E. coli
(c) Alium Cepa (d) canis lupis
(ii) Select the mismatched
(a) Plantae → Pteridophyta (b) Fungi → Mucor
(c) Protista → Paramecium (d) Animalia → Amoeba
(iii) Identify the correct sequence of classifying an organism.
(a) Species → Genus → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order →
Family
(b) Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus →
Species
(c) Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Family → Order → Genus →
Species
(d) Species → Genus → Class → Phylum → Order → Kingdom →
Family
(iv) All are involved in classification except
(a) Analogous (b) Homologous
(c) Cytology (d) Genetics
(v) In the taxonomic hierarchy choose the term which

encompasses all other in the list
(I) Genus (II) Species (III) Order (IV) Class
(a)I and II (b) II (c) II and III (d) IV
(vi) In four kingdom classification, kingdom Metaphyta includes all of
the following except.
(a) Algae (b) Angiosperm
(c) Gymnosperm (d) Bryophyta
(vii) In five kingdom system viruses placed in
(a) Monera (b) Protista
(c) Plantae (d) None of these
(viii) Biological name of cat is
(a) Felis catus (b) Azadirachta indica
(c) Alium Cepa (d) Canis lupis
(ix) Members of which kingdom have cell wall and are all
heterotrophic
(a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Plantae (d) Fungi
(x) Biodiversity is affected with
(I) Pollution (II) Deforestation (III) Over hunting
(a) I only (b) II only
(c) I and II (d) I, II and III
2. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Degree of variation within or among the species exists on
different regions of the earth called biodiversity .
(ii) Each Species are given scienti c names.
(iii) Analogous Structures have different functions
(physiology) but having similar internal architecture.
(iv) Science of classi cation is called taxonomy .
(v) Most protists are aquatic .
(vi) Fungi are achlorophyllous and absorptive living organism.
(vii) Virus is non-cellular obligate parasite.
(viii)Scienti c name of any organism should be italicized when
printed.
(ix) Cutting down of trees called deforestation .
(x) Animals which are at the risk of extinction in future
called endangered .
1. Define the following terms:

(i) Analogous (ii) Classification (iii) Species
(iv) Family (v) Metazoa (vi) Mycelium
(vii) Hyphae (viii) Genus (ix) Endangered species
(x) Kingdom
ANALOGOUS:
Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to
body parts that have a similar function but differ
in structure.
CLASSIFICATION:
Organizing the living organisms into groups
according to a certain set of characteristics is
called classification.
SPECIES:
Species is a group of organisms that can reproduce
with one another in nature and produce fertile
offspring.
FAMILY:
Family is a taxonomic group containing one or
more related genera.
e.g. Family hominidae contains Apes, Monkeys and
Man.
METAZOA:
Animals having the body composed of cells
differentiated into tissues and organs and usually
a digestive cavity lined with specialized cells.
MYCELIUM:
The vegetative part of fungus, consisting of a
network of fine thread like structure called
hyphae.
HYPHAE:
Each of the branching filaments that make up the
mycelium of a fungus.
GENUS:
A taxonomic rank below family and above species.
A related group of families make genus.
ENDANGERED SPECIES:
A species of animal or plant that is seriously at risk of
extinction.
KINGDOM:
The largest group of living organisms.
1. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:

(i) Plant kingdom and Animal kingdom
(ii) Monera and Protista (iii) Fungi and Plantae
PLANT KINGDOM ANIMAL KINGDOM
 They are not mobile. They are mobile.
 They contain chlorophyll to They need to feed themselves.

make their own food.
 Their cell-wall is made up of They lack cell-wall.

cellulose.
 Cellulose synthesized by cells Cellulose not synthesized.
 Their growth is unlimited. Their growth is limited

MONERA PROTISTA
 Monera are prokaryotes. Protista are eukaryotes.
 They are less complex. They are comparatively complex
 They consist of unicellular They consist of both unicellular

microorganisms. and multicellular organisms.
 They do not consist of well- They consist of well define

define nucleus in their cell. nucleus.
 Doesn’t consist of Consist of a membrane bound

membrane-bound organelle. organelle, like Golgi bodies, ER
and plastids.
KINGDOM FUNGI KINGDOM PLANTAE
 Fungi have several nuclei Plants have one nucleus per

Per cell. cell.
 Fungi are heterotrophic. Plants are autotrophic.
 Fungi have few or no Starch is main storage

storage molecules. molecule in plants.
 Their body consist of Plants have true roots, stem

thread like structure leaves as their body parts.
called mycelium.
 The cell-wall of fungi is The cell-wall of plants is

made up of chitin. made up of cellulose.
5- Write short answers of following questions:

(i) Why scientific naming is necessary?
SCIENTIFIC NAMING:
Scientific names are used to describe various species of
organisms in a way that is universal so that scientists
around the world can easily identify the same animal. This
is called binomial nomenclature, and many of the
scientific names are derived from the Latin names of the
organism.
(ii) How living organisms are classified into two kingdom

classification?
TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION:
The two-kingdom classification was proposed by Carolus
Linnaeus. He categorized and classified the living
organisms on the basis of nutrition and mobility. The living
organisms were classified into Kingdom plantae and
Kingdom Animalia.
(iii) Why virus is not placed in any kingdom?
VIRUS AS LIVING OR NON-LIVING:
Virus is a very different organism. It doesn't consist of
cells. It can't said to be living or non-living. Because, it is
living while in livings. (as it uses human machinery for its

life). and non-living while out of living body. So,
characteristics of a virus doesn’t match with the any
kingdom of livings. That is why. It is not included in any
kingdom.
(iv) Draw chart showing three kingdom classification
(v) Why amoeba is not placed in animal kingdom?

AMEOBA IS NOT CONSIDER AS ANIMAL:
Amoeba is a unicellular, made up of only one cell, thus it
cannot be an animal.
Because animals are multicellular, means that organisms
consist of more than one cell.
(vi) Why cyanobacteria are placed in Monera?

CYANOBACTERIA BELONGS TO KINGDOM
MONERA:
Monera are prokaryotic unicellular bacteria whose genetic
material is dispersed loosely in the cell. On the other hand,
the genetic material of plants and other eukaryotes is held
in the cell nucleus. Therefore, blue green algae are placed in
Kingdom Monera and not in Kingdom Plantae.
6-Write detailed answers of the following questions:

(i) Describe in detail five kingdom classification.
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION:
Robert Whittaker in 1969 classified the organisms into
Five kingdoms which clearly categorized fungi into a separate
kingdom. This system of classification was based on;
 Cellular structure and body organization; unicellular
Prokaryote, Unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.

 Mode of nutrition; autotrophs (plants), Ingestive heterotrophs
(animals) and absorptive heterotrophs (fungi).
(i) Kingdom Monera:
It includes all the prokaryotes i-e Bacteria and cyanobacteria.
(ii) Kingdom Protista:

It is the place for all the eukaryotic unicellular organisms,
except yeast which some of them have the features of both
plant and animal like. Most protists are aquatic. It includes
protozoa and unicellular algae.
(iii) Kingdom Fungi:
It includes all the multicellular eukaryotic fungi. They are
Achlorophyllous, absorptive heterotrophs. They have cell
wall made up of mainly chitin. They have a body called
Mycelium which is made up of a thread like structure called
hyphae.
(iv) Kingdom plantae:
It includes all the multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
organisms. They have cell wall mainly made up of cellulose.
It includes multicellular Algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes,
gymnosperm and angiosperms.
(v) Kingdom Animalia:

All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic which are
ingestive heterotrophs without cell wall. It includes all
vertebrates and invertebrates except protozoa.
(ii) What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain aims of

classification.
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
The groups into which organisms are classified are known as
taxonomic categories or taxa (singular taxon). The taxa are
arranged in ascending order and form a ladder, called
taxonomic hierarchy. All organisms are classified into five
kingdoms, so the kingdom is the highest taxon of classification.
Aims of Classification:
Biologists classified the organisms in order to make them
study easily, so the science of classification is called
Taxonomy.
The main aims of this branch are;
 To determine similarities and dissimilarities among
organisms so that they can be studied easily.
 To find the evolutionary relationship among organisms.
(iii) Describe effect of deforestation on biodiversity.
DEFORESTATION:
“The cutting down of trees for the conversion of
forest into non forest land is known as
Deforestation”.
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION:
1 – The Effects of Deforestation on
Biodiversity
The most known consequence of deforestation is its threat
to biodiversity. In fact, forests represent some of the most
veritable hubs of biodiversity. By destroying the forests,
human activities are putting entire ecosystems in danger,
creating natural imbalances, and putting Life at threat.
3 – Deforestation for Food May Lead to Food
Insecurity in the Future
Today, 52% of all the land used for food production is
moderately or severely impacted by soil erosion. In the
long term, the lack of healthy, nutritious soil can lead to
low yields and food insecurity.
4 – Soil Erosion is One of the Consequences
of Deforestation
Deforestation weakens and degrades the soil. Forested
soils are usually not only richer on organic matter, but
also more resistant to erosion, bad weather, and
extreme weather events. This happens mainly because
roots help fix trees in the ground and the sun-blocking

tree cover helps the soil to slowly dry out. As a result,
deforestation will probably mean the soil will become

increasingly fragile, leaving the area more vulnerable to
natural disasters such as landslides and floods.
5 – Deforestation Affects and Contributes to

Climate Change
Deforestation also has a very strong contribution to

climate change. Firstly, taking down trees means they’ll
release back into the atmosphere the CO2 they were
keeping. Secondly, fewer trees available means reducing
the planet’s overall ability to capture and store CO2. Both
these effects negatively contribute to the greenhouse
effect and to climate change.
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 04
CELLS AND TISSUES
SOLVED EXERCISES
CELL AND TISSUES

(i) What is responsible for the high resolution of the
electron microscope?
(a) High magnification
(b) Short wavelength of the electron beam
(c) Use of heavy metals strains
(d) Very thin section
(ii) What is a function of the rough endoplasmic

reticulum?
(a) Aerobic respiration (b) Intracellular digestion
(c) Synthesis of steroids (d) Synthesis of protein
(iii) Which statement about the fluid mosaic model of

membrane structure is correct?
(a) The less unsaturated the fatty acid, the more fluid
nature.
(b) The more unsaturated the fatty acid, the more fluid
nature.
(c) Higher the temperature, less fluid nature.
(d) The lower the temperature, more fluid nature
(iv) Which process allow movement in and out of cell

I. Osmosis
II. Diffusion
III. Active transport
(a) I only (b) I and II only
(c) II and III only (d) I, II and III
(V) All are postulates of cell theory except

(a) New cell is derived from pre-existing cells.
(b) Cell does not contain the hereditary material.
(c) All living organisms are made up of one or more
cells.
(d) Cell is the fundamental unit of life
(vi) Secondary wall is made up of

(a) Pectin and cellulose (b) Cellulose and
protein
(c) Cellulose and lignin (d) Lignin and pectin
(vii) Select the odd one

(b) Active transport (b) Diffusion
(c) Facilitated diffusion (d) Osmosis
(viii) Trace the correct pathway of protein produce

from protein factories
(c) RER → Ribosome → Golgi body → Lysosome
(d) Ribosomes → RER → Golgi body → Lysosome
(e) Golgi body → RER → Ribosome → Lysosome
(f) RER → Ribosome → Lysosome → Golgi body
(ix) Cell organelle found in animal cell and help

intracellular digestion
a. Lysosome (b) Ribosomes
(c) Mitochondria (d) Golgi apparatus
(x) Select the mismatched

a. Plastids → Storage of chemicals
b. Centriole → Help in cell division
c. Ribosomes → Synthesis of steroids
d. Mitochondria → Synthesis of ATP
(i) Microscopes are instrument designed to produce

magnified visual image.
(ii) Resolution of a microscope is de ned as the
smallest distance between two points.
(iii) Magni cation of a light microscope is formed by
using mixture of the power of the eyepiece and the
objective lens.
(iv)Electron has a much shorter wavelength than
visible light, and this allows electron microscopes to
produce high resolution images.
(v) In plants, the cell wall is composed mainly of strong
bers of cellulose.
(vi) Cell membrane is composed of double layer.
(vii) Diffusion is a passive process, which does not require
energy input.
(viii) Plant cell loses water and cytoplasm shrinks in a
process called plasmolysis.
(ix) Special type of movement of speci c substances
through carrier protein is facilitated.
(x) The microtubules arranged in a very particular pattern
to form centriole are 27 in number.

(i) Exocytosis (ii) Vesicles (iii) Cartilage
(iv) Nucleoplasm (v) Cyclosis (vi) Plasmolysis
(vii) Resolution (viii) Tissue (ix)Magnification
(x) Cisternae
EXOCYTOSIS:
Exocytosis is the process of moving materials
from within a cell to the exterior of the cell.
This process requires energy and is therefore
a type of active transport.
VESICLES:
A bubble-like membranous structure that
stores and transports cellular products, and
digests metabolic wastes within the cell.
CARTILAGE:
Firm, rubbery tissue that cushions bones at
joints. A flexible kind of cartilage makes up
other parts of the body, such as the larynx
and the outside parts of the ears.
NUCLEOPLASM:
It is a protoplasm type substance that is
present throughout the cell body outside the
nucleus. It is composed of a thick fluid and
chromatin fibers.
CYCLOSIS:
The circulation of protoplasm within a cell.
PLASMOLYSIS:
A shrinking of the protoplasm of a living cell due to
loss of water by osmosis.
RESOLUTION:
The resolution of a microscope is defined as the
smallest distance between two points on a
specimen that can still be distinguished as two
separate objects.
TISSUE:
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar
structure and act together to perform a specific
function.
MAGNIFICATION:
The enlargement of an image is called
magnification.
CISTERNAE:
Cytology One of the saclike vesicles that
comprise the endoplasmic reticulum.
4. Distinguish between the following in

tabulated form:
(i) Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
(ii) Mitochondria and Chloroplast
(iii) Lysosome and Ribosomes
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

 prokaryotic cells don’t Eukaryotic cells possess
possess membrane membrane bound
bound organelles. organelles.
 Have no true nucleus no Consist of a true nucleus

Nuclear membrane. With nuclear
membranes.
 Consist of single circular Consist of multiple linear

DNA. chromosomes in nucleus
 Small in size. Large in size.
 Cell division occur Cell division takes place

through binary fission through mitosis.
MITOCHONDRIA CHOLOROPLAST
 Mitochondria are found in all Chloroplast are found in
eukaryotic cells. plant and algal cells.
 Usually colorless Green in color.
 Its shape is like bean. Its shape is like a disc.
 Store solar energy in the Convert sugar into

chemical bonds of glucose. chemical energy as ATP
 Use carbon dioxide and Breakdown glucose into

water to build glucose. Water and carbon dioxide.
LYSOSOMES RIBOSOMES
 Lysosomes can be found Ribosomes can be found in
both prokaryotic and
only in eukaryotic animal cells eukaryotic cells.
 Enclosed by a membrane. Not enclosed by a

Membrane.
 Composed of membrane Composed of rRNA and

proteins and digestive ribosomal proteins.
enzymes.
 Equally distributed in Found either bound to ER

cytoplasm. or remained scattering in
cytoplasm.
 Involved in intracellular Involved in the translation

digestion. Of mRNA.
1. Write short answers of following questions:

(i) Why mitochondria is also called power house of
cell?
POWER HOUSE OF CELL:

Mitochondria are cell organelles present in the
eukaryotic cells. They are involved in the cellular
respiration. They release energy from food. They
generate energy rich molecules, ATP from cellular
respiration which is later used for other process.
Hence, mitochondria are called as the powerhouses
of the cell.
(ii) Why iodine used to stain the onion peel?
IODINE AS STAIN:
Iodine can stain not only starch, but also enters the
cell wall-cell membrane pores and can facilitate the
staining of the nucleus, rendering it more visible
under the microscope. Iodine can work as a stain on
animal cells as well, causing the cell membrane and
nucleus to appear more visible.
(iii) How electron microscope is different from simple

compound microscope?
Compound Electron microscope
microscope
1. Uses glass lenses 1. Uses electromagnets
2. Uses a beam of light to 2. Uses a beam of electrons

illuminate the object to illuminate the object
3. Internal vacuum is not 3. Internal vacuum is

required essential
4. Magnifies the object about 4. Magnifies the object over
2000 times 200,000 times
(iV) Why cell membrane is semipermeable in nature?

SEMIPERMIABLE MEMBRANE:
All living cells are surrounded by a double-layered
membrane. This membrane is semi-permeable. It
allows the movement of only selected molecules
across it.
(v) How facilitated diffusion is different from active

transport?
Active transport is an active process. Thus, it requires

energy. Whereas facilitated diffusion is a passive
process and does not require energy.
Active transport uses carrier proteins. Energy is used to
change the shape of the carrier protein. Facilitated
diffusion uses both gated channel proteins and carrier
proteins in transport.
Facilitated diffusion is used for mainly large, polar
molecules which can not cross the phospholipid bilayer
as they are hydrophilic (polar molecules, that is!). Active
transport is used to transport molecules against their
concentration gradient.
(vi) Why cell is considered as the structural and

functional unit of living things?
BASIC UNIT OF LIFE:

A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is
responsible for all of life’s processes. Cells are the
structural, functional, and biological units of all living
beings. A cell can replicate itself independently. Hence,
they are known as the building blocks of life.
6- Write detailed answers of the following questions:

i- Describe structure and function of nucleus with the
help of diagram.
NUCLEUS:
A nucleus is defined as a double-membraned
eukaryotic cell organelle that contains the
genetic material.
STRUCTURE:
The nucleus is the command center of a cell. This is
because it contains the genetic material of the cell.
Therefore, it consists of a number of structural
elements which facilitate its functions.
The nucleus of a cell has a spherical shape. A nucleus
diagram is very useful for studying its structure. Its
structure consists of the following important parts:
The nuclear membrane- This is an aspect of the nucleus

that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic
cells. Furthermore, it is a structure of double layers.
Moreover, it contains phospholipids.
This forms the lipid bilayer nucleus envelope. Also, it
contains nuclear pores. Nuclear pores are made up of
proteins and through them, substances enter and exit
the cell.
Nucleoplasm- It is a type of protoplasm. Furthermore, it
consists of enzymes, organic molecules, and dissolved
salts.
Moreover, it acts as a cushion to protect the nucleolus and
chromosomes. Also, it helps maintain its shape.
Nucleolus- This is the most important organelle. It is a
dense structure which lacks its own membrane.
Moreover, it breaks up during cell division but then reforms
after mitosis. Its size depends upon the level of
production of the ribosome.
Chromosomes- These are thread-like structures.
Moreover, they are made up of strands of DNA as well
as histone proteins.
FUNCTIONS:
Nucleus performs many important functions. They
are as follows:
 Nucleus helps in maintaining the security of the

genes
 It controls the functions of the cell by regulating
gene expression
 It controls the hereditary traits of the organism
Furthermore, it stores DNA strands and
proteins
 The nucleus is the site of RNA transcription
 It governs gene expression and also facilitates
DNA replication.
 It also controls the synthesis of enzymes.
ii-What is microscope? Describe types of microscopes
.MICROSCOPE:
Microscopes are instruments designed to produce
magnified visual or photographic images of objects too
small to be seen with the naked eye.
TYPES OF MICROSCOPE:
There are two microscopes are used in
microscopy i.e. light microscope (LM) and electron
microscope (EM).
(a) Light microscope:

In a light microscope, visible light passes through the
specimen (the biological sample you are looking at). A
photograph of an image taken through a microscope is
called micrograph.
The magnification of a light microscope is formed by
using a mixture of the powers of the eye piece and the
objective lens.
(b) Electron microscope:
Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes,
that they produce an image of a specimen by using a
beam of electrons rather than a beam of light.
Electrons have a much shorter wavelength than visible
light, and this allows electron microscopes to produce
higher-resolution images than standard light
microscopes.
Electron microscopes can be used to examine not just
whole cells, but also the subcellular structures and
compartments within them. A live cell cannot be
imaged by electron microscope.
There are two major types of electron microscopes.
1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
In scanning electron microscopy, a beam of electrons
moves back and forth across the surface of a cell or
tissue, creating a detailed
image of the 3D surface.
In transmission electron microscopy, in contrast,

the sample is cut into extremely thin slices before
imaging, and the electron beam passes through the
slice rather than skimming over its surface. TEM is
often used to obtain detailed images of the internal
structures of cells.
(iv) Describe fluid mosaic model of cell membrane also

draw the diagram.
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL:

S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson proposed the
Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane in 1972.
This model describes that phospholipid acting like
matrix and conjugated glycoproteins (glucose and
protein together) may float freely in this matrix.
This model describes the structure of the cell

membrane as a fluid structure with various protein
and carbohydrate components floating freely in the
membrane. All the exchanges between the cell and
its environment have to pass through the cell
membrane. The cell membrane is selectively
permeable to ions (e.g. hydrogen, sodium), small
molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and larger
molecules (glucose and amino acids) and

controls the movement of substances in and out of
the cells.
It performs many important functions within the cell

such as osmosis, diffusion, transport of nutrients into
the cell, processes of ingestion and secretion.
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 05
CELL CYCLE
SOLVED EXERCISES
CELL CYCLE
Encircle the correct answer:
(i) Which processes involve mitosis?
(a) Growth, reduction division and asexual
reproduction.
(b) Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
(c) Growth, repair and semiconservative replication.
(d) Growth, reduction division and repair
(ii) What occurs in metaphase of mitosis?
(a) Chromosome line up on the equator of the cell.
(b) Chromatids reach the poles of the spindle.
(c) Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
(d) Chromosomes start to coil up and become visible.
(iii) Select the mismatched
(a) Anaphase → Chromatids move
(b) Prophase → Centriole move
(c) Telophase → Nuclear membrane disappear
(d) Metaphase → Chromosome line up.
(iv) Which process occurs during prophase of mitosis
in an animal cell?
(a) Division of centromeres (b) Formation of
chromosomes
(c) Replication of DNA (d) Separation of
centrioles
(v) Sequence of physiological changes by which

CELL CYCLE
cell commit suicide.
(a) Apoptosis (b) Necrosis
(c) Autophagy (d) Both “a” and “b”
(vi) Choose the incorrect statement regarding meiosis.

(a) Maintain chromosome number from generation to
generation.
(b) Reduces the diploid number of chromosomes to
half
(c) Takes place in germ cell to produce gametes
(d) Production of new somatic cells from germ cells.
(vii) A type of cell division in which spore mother cell
produce spores.
(a) Amitosis (b) Mitosis
(c) Meiosis (d) Both “a” and “c”
(viii) Stage of mitosis in which chromatids reach the
poles and their movement ceases.
(a) Prophase (b) Metaphase
(c) Anaphase (d) Telophase
CELL CYCLE
(ix) Stage of meiosis in which centromeres shorten and
the paired chromatids are pulled away from one
another.
(a) Anaphase-II (b) Metaphase-II
(c) Telophase-II (d) Prophase-II
(x) Phenomenon in which pair of homologous
chromosome fails to separate called.
(a) Non-disjunction (b) Terminalization
(c) Synapsis (d) Linkage
2-FILL IN THE BLANKS.

(i) Chromosomes are thread like structures appear at the
time of cell division.
(ii) Sequence of changes which occurs between one cell
division and the next is called cell cycle.
(iii) The two chromatids are attached to each other at
centromere.
(iv) Chromosomes in the cell which are similar to each
other in shape and size are called homologous
chromosomes.
(v) Chromosome with one arm very small and other arm
very long called acrocentric or sub-telocentric.
(vi) Chromosomes consist of genetically identical copies of
thread called sister chromatids.
(vii) Period of extensive metabolic activity, in which cells
CELL CYCLE
grow, enzymes are synthesizes G1 phase.
(viii) In animals meiosis produces gametes.
(ix) During metaphase homologous chromosomes arrange
themselves on the equator.
(x) Cell death which is caused by external factor called
necrosis.

(i) Pachytene (ii) Cytokinesis (iii) Bivalent
(iv) Chiasmata (v) Chromatids (vi) Diakinesis
(vii) Terminalization (viii) Necrosis (ix) Crossing over
(x) Centromere
PACHYTENE:
The stage of prophase in meiosis in which pairing
of homologous chromosomes is complete.
longitudinal cleavage occurs in each chromosome
to form two sister chromatids so that each
homologous chromosome pair becomes a set of
four chromatids the tetrad.
CYTOKINESIS:
Changes occurring in the cytoplasm of the cell outs
ide the nucleus during cell division.
CELL CYCLE
BIVALENT:
A structure consisting of two paired homologous
chromosomes, each split into two sister
chromatids, as seen during the pachytene stage
of prophase in meiosis.
CHIASMATA:
The cross-shaped connection produced by the
crossing over of pairing chromosomes during
meiosis.
CHROMATIDS:
The two strands into which a chromosome
divides during mitosis. They separate to form
daughter chromosomes at anaphase.
DIAKINESIS:
The final stage of the prophase of meiosis, during
which homologous chromosomes start to separate
after crossing over.
TREMINALIZATION:
Diakinesis is characterised by chiasmata shift
towards the chromosome ends, and this process
is called as terminalisation.
CELL CYCLE
NECROSIS:
Type of cell death which is caused by external
factors i.e. infection, toxin and tumor i.e.
accidental cell death.
CROSSING OVER:
An exchange of equivalent genetic material
between homologous chromatids during meiosis.
CENTROMERE:
The centromere is the point on a chromosome
where mitotic spindle fibers attach to pull sister
chromatids apart during cell division.
CELL CYCLE
.4- Distinguish between the following in tabulated

form:
(i) Prophase and Prophase-I (ii) Prophase and Telophase
(iii) Apoptosis and Necrosis
PROPHASE PROPHASE-I
It occurs in mitosis It occurs in meiosis.
It is shorter phase It is longer phase of meiosis.
No pairing of homologous Pairing of homologous

chromosomes occur. chromosomes take place.
No recombination and crossing over, recombination

crossing over takes place. and synapsis occur.
CELL CYCLE
PROPHASE TELOPHASE
It is the first stage of mitosis It is the last stage of mitosis.
Chromatin condenses to Chromosomes move towards

form chromosomes. opposite poles.
Nucleolus nuclear envelope Nucleolus nuclear envelope

disappear. reappear.
Parent nuclei is present. Two daughter nuclei are

present.
CELL CYCLE
APOPTOSIS NECROSIS
It is programmed cell death. It is premature cell death.
A naturally occurring A pathological process

physiological process. Caused by external agents
like toxins, accident etc.
Death of single cell occurs. Death of many adjacent cells

takes place.
No inflammatory reaction. Stimulate inflammation.
Cellular shrinkage. Cellular swelling.

CELL CYCLE

(i) Why meiosis-I is called reduction division?
REDUCTION DIVISION:
Meiosis is called reduction division because it reduces
the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid i.e
it gets reduced from 2N to 1N (46 to 23) so as to
maintain the species-specific number 46 chromosomes
(23 pairs) from generation to generation.
(ii) Why mitosis is necessary for growth?
IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS:
Mitosis plays an important role in the life of an organism.
It is responsible for development and growth of
organisms by increasing exact copies of cells. With few
exception all kinds of asexual reproduction and
vegetative propagation take place by mitosis. The
production of new somatic cells, such as blood cells
depends on mitosis. The healing of wounds, repair of
wear and tear within organism is also dependent upon
the mitotic division.
CELL CYCLE
(iii) How number of chromosomes remains constant
from generation to generation?
CONSTANT NO. OF CHROMOSOMES:

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes. which are constant.
The chromosome number is kept constant from
generation to generation because of process of mitosis
and meiosis.
While mitosis is equational division which ensures the
chromosome number remains same in somatic cells,
meiosis is reductional division which takes place in
reproductive cells.
The chromosome number is reduced to half in the
gamete cells so that fertilization restores it back to the
original number.
(iv) Why interphase is called as phase of high metabolic

activities?
INTERPHASE:
The period of cell cycle between two consecutive
divisions is called Interphase. It is a period of
growth and synthesis of DNA. During this period
the cell prepares itself for the M- phase.
It is the period of extensive metabolic activity. Cell grows
CELL CYCLE
in size, specific enzymes are synthesized and DNA

base units are accumulated for the DNA synthesis.
(v) Why interphase between meiosis-I and meiosis-II

is short?
REASON:
DNA replication does not occur between meiosis-I and
meiosis-II. Replication of DNA is unnecessary because
each chromosome already has two chromatids. That is
why it is short between meiosis-I and meiosis-II.
3. Write detailed answers of the following questions:

(i) Describe various stages of mitosis with suitable
diagrams.
MITOSIS
In this type of cell division, a parent cell divides into two
daughter cells in a way that the number of
chromosomes in the daughter cells remains the same
as in the parent cell.
Although mitosis is a continuous process, but for the
study point of view we can divide it into two phases;
(a) Karyokinesis - nuclear division
(b) Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division.
CELL CYCLE
 The karyokinesis: It can divide further for convenience
into four phases which are Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase and Telophase.
(i) Prophase:
 During early prophase chromatin material condenses
and become visible as thick coiled, thread like
structures called chromosomes.
 The nuclear membrane gradually disappears.
 Centrosome divides to form two centrioles, each moves
towards the opposite pole of the animal cell and forms
the spindle fibres.
 The centrioles are absent in plant cells.
(ii) Metaphase:
 During this phase each chromosome arranges itself
on the equator of the spindle.
 Each chromosome is attached to separate spindle
fiber by its centromere.
(iii) Anaphase:
 In this phase the spindle fiber contract, centromere
of a chromosome divides and the chromatids of each
chromosome separates from each other and begin to
move towards the other poles.
 In this way one set of the chromatids move towards one
CELL CYCLE
pole while the other set towards the other pole.
(iv) Telophase:
 This is a stage when the chromatids (now called
chromosomes) reach at the respective poles and their
movement ceases.
 Each pole receives the same number of chromosomes
as were present in the parent cell.
 The nuclear membrane is reformed around each set of
chromosomes.
 The two daughter nuclei formed in each cell.
 Cytokinesis:
 The cytoplasm of the cell also divides and two daughter
cells are formed.
 In animal cell cytokinesis takes place by developing a
constriction.
 This constriction become deep to divide cytoplasm in
two equal halves and two daughter cells are formed.
 In plant cells it occurs by developing cell plate. In this
way the daughter cells become the exact copies of their
parent
CELL CYCLE
(ii) Describe stages of meiosis-I with suitable

diagrams.
MEIOSIS (Reduction Division)

Meiosis is a type of cell division in which single cell
divides into four daughter cells and number of
chromosomes becomes half in each daughter cell.
CELL CYCLE
MEIOSIS I (FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION)

First meiotic division is the reduction division during
which the chromosomes number is reduced to half.
Meiosis I consists of Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I and Telophase I.
PROPHASE I:
It consists of the longest phase of meiosis. It can be
subdivided into following sub stages:
(i)Leptotene (ii)Zygotene (iii)Pachytene
(iv)Diplotene (v)Diakinesis
(i) LEPTOTENE:
During this sub stage following changes occur; The
chromatin network break into specific number of long
thin beaded thread called leptotene. Each thread has
two morphologically similar leptene in each cell called
homologous structure.
(ii) ZYGOTENE:
During this sub stage the Homologous (Similar
structure) chromosomes, which comes from the female
and male are attracted towards each other and their
lengthwise pairing takes place. The pairing of
homologous chromosomes is known as synapsis, while
the paired homologous chromosomes are known as
bivalent.
CELL CYCLE
(iii) PACHYTENE:
The synaptic forces of attraction between each bivalent
decrease and the chromosomes uncoil and separate.
The separation is however incomplete and paired
chromosomes are in contact with each other at one or
more points, called Chiasmata. Each homologous
chromosome split longitudinally except in the centromere
region. Now each bivalent is composed of four
chromatids and therefore is known as bivalent tetrad.
(iv) DIPLOTENE:
The homologous chromosomes exchange their parts of
chromatid at Chiasmata. This exchange of segments of
chromatids at chiasmata between the homologous
chromosomes is called Crossing Over.
(v) DIAKINESIS:
During this sub stage; nucleoli and nuclear
membrane are disappeared, whereas Mitotic
Apparatus (spindle) is completed. Chiasmata moves
from the centromere towards the ends of the
chromosomes like a zipper.
METAPHASE I:
Following changes occur in this phase:
The bivalent line up at the equatorial plane. The
centromere of each chromosome attaches with same
bres of spindle.
CELL CYCLE
ANAPHASE I:
At this stage one chromosome from each member of
homologous pair (bivalent) begins to separate and move
towards its respective pole by the contraction of spindle
bers.
The actual reduction occurs at this stage because half the
number of chromosomes moves to each pole. Moreover,
as a result of crossing over the two chromatids of a
chromosome do not resemble with each other in the
genetic terms.
TELOPHASE I:
The nuclear membrane form around the chromosomes at
each pole and chromosomes become uncoil. The
nucleolus reappears and thus two daughter nuclei
formed.
CYTOKINESIS: Telophase may or may not be
accompanied by cytokinesis and daughter cells
formation.
INTERPHASE: Following Telophase I (If this stage
occurs), there is a short period called Interphase before
meiosis II. It is similar to Interphase between Mitotic
divisions except that DNA replication does not occur.
Replication of DNA is unnecessary because each
chromosome already has two chromatids.
CELL CYCLE
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 06
ENZYMES
SOLVED EXERCISES
ENZYMES
(i) All are characters of enzymes except.
(a) Enzyme speed up a biochemical reaction.
(b) Enzymes are sensitive to minor change in pH
(c) Enzyme activity enhanced by inhibitors
(d) Enzyme portion where substrate attach called active
site
(ii) Enzymes are
(a) Steroid in nature (b) Protein in nature
(c) Lipid in nature (d) Carbohydrate in nature
(iii) Metabolic reactions are
(I) Constructive reactions
(II) Destructive reactions
(III)Inhibiting reactions
(a) I only (b) I and II only (c) I, II and III (d) II and III
only
(iv) The point where the enzyme is most active is
known as
(a) Neutral pH (b) Acidic pH
(c) Basic pH (d) Optimum pH
(v) Active site continuously changes it shapes until the
substrate do not bind to it, is statement of.
(a) Induce fit model (b) Lock and key model
(c) Fluid mosaic model (d) Both “a” and “b”
ENZYMES
(vi) Select the mismatched
(a) Proteases → Carbohydrate (b) Lipases → Lipids
(c) Trypsin → Protein (d) All are correctly
matched
(vii) Chemical reaction requires particular
conditions to carry down at proper rate,
especially.
(a) Temperature and Nature (b) Nature and Pressure
(c) Nature and Structure (d) Temperature and Pressure
(viii) All are factors affecting enzyme activity except.
(a) pH (b) Substrate concentration
(c) Organic solvent (d) Temperature
(ix) Rate of reaction will increase when temperature
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Below 10°C (d) Both “a” and “c”
(x) Choose the correct statement regarding lock and
key model.
(a) Enzyme and substrate posses' specific complementary
geometric shapes.
(b) Active site of enzyme is flexible
(c) Active site continuously changes
(d) All above statements are correct.
ENZYMES
Fill in the blanks:
(i) There are two types of metabolic reactions.
(ii) Enzymes catalyze chemical reaction by lowering the
activation energy.
(iii) Presence of enzymes does not affect the nature of
properties of end product.
(iv) In constructive reaction large molecules are formed.
(v) Activity of enzymes can be enhanced by activator.
(vi) Small portion of enzymes where substrate attach with
enzyme called active site.
(vii) Enzyme activity decreased by inhibitors.
(viii) As temperature increases, initially the rate of
reaction will increases.
(ix) Extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to
denature.
(x) In the human body there are more than 1000 known
enzymes.
Define the following terms:

(i)substrate (ii) Active site (iii) Inhibitor
(iv) Activator (v) Anabolism (vi) Catabolism
(vii) Activation energy
(viii) Co-factor (ix) Prosthetic group
(x) Co-enzymes
ENZYMES
SUBSTRATE:
The reactant of the reaction that undergoes
a chemical alteration to give products of the
reaction.
ACTIVE SITE:
The region where a substrate binds with the
enzymes before it undergoes a chemical
reaction.
INHIBITOR:
A substance that decreases the rate of or
stops completely a chemical reaction.
ACTIVATOR:
A substance used to induce or accelerate a
chemical reaction.
ANANOLISM:
A metabolic process in which complex
molecules are synthesized from simpler ones
with the storage of energy; constructive
metabolism.
CATABOLISM:
A metabolic process in which complex
molecules are broken down into simple ones
with the release of energy; destructive
metabolism.
ENZYMES
ACTIVATION ENERGY:
Activation energy is the minimum energy
required to cause a process (such as a
chemical reaction) to occur.
COFACTOR:
Cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound
that tightly and loosely binds with an enzyme
or other protein molecules.
PROSTHETIC GROUP:
A tightly bound no polypeptide structure
required for the activity of an enzyme or other
protein, for example the haem of
haemoglobin.
COENZYMES:
A nonprotein organic molecule that forms a
complex with certain enzymes and is essential
for their activity.
ENZYMES
Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:
(i) Activator and Inhibitor.
(ii) Anabolism and Catabolism.
ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR
A molecule that binds to an A molecule that binds to
enzyme, increasing an enzyme, decreasing the
activity. the activity.
Can be either proteins, Two types of inhibitors,

peptides, lipids, small reversible or irreversible.
organic molecules or ions.
For example: calcium and For example: pharmaceutical

Magnesium ions. drugs.
ENZYMES
ANABOLISM CATABOLISM
Anabolism is chemical Catabolism is a chemical
process where simple process which breaks down
substances are synthesized large molecules into smaller
into complex molecules. Molecules.
It is constructive phase of It is destructive phase of

metabolism metabolism.
It requires ATP energy. It does not require ATP

Energy.
It does not utilize oxygen. It utilizes oxygen.
It is functional at resting or It is functional at body

sleeping. activities.
ENZYMES
Write short answers of following questions:

(i) Why enzymes are specific in nature?
ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC:
Enzyme is specific to a chemical reaction it will affect
because each enzyme contains an active site which is
an area of an enzyme that has specific shape and size
and differs from one enzyme to the another. The active
site is shaped in a way that only a specific substrate
can fit into the active site of an enzyme.
(ii) How enzyme reduces the amount of activation
energy?
REDUCTION OF ACTIVATION
ENERGY:
Enzymes are large proteins that bind small molecules.
When bound to an enzyme, the bonds in the reactants
can be strained (that is stretched) thereby making it
easier for them to achieve the transition state. This is
one way for which enzymes lower the activation
energy of a reaction.
(iii) Why presence of enzymes does not effect on the
nature and properties of end product?
EFFECT OF ENZYME:
That is, they don't change whether a reaction is
energy-releasing or energy-absorbing overall. That's
because enzymes don't affect the free energy of the
ENZYMES
reactants or products. Instead, enzymes lower the
energy of the transition state, an unstable state that
products must pass through in order to become
reactants.
(iv) How substrate concentrations affect enzyme

activity?
EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE
CONCENTRATION:
Increasing substrate concentration also increases the
rate of reaction to a certain point. Once all of the
enzymes have bound, any substrate increase will have
no effect on the rate of reaction, as the available
enzymes will be saturated and working at their
maximum rate.
(v) How enzymes are uses in industries?
USES OF ENZYMES:
Many enzymes are used commercially in industries. The
most common industries are:
Paper industry- To get cellulose for paper making.
Food industry- For making bakery products and pizza.
Brewing industry- For conversion of sugar into alcohol.
Bio-detergents- Use to remove different type of stains.
ENZYMES
Write detailed answers of the following questions:

(i) What are enzymes? Describes characteristics of
enzymes.
ENZYME:
An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living
organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical
reactions proceed without itself being altered in the
process. The biological processes that occur within all
living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are
regulated by enzymes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES:
 When an enzyme starts a chemical reaction, catalyzes
the reaction hence does not utilized itself which means
even a single or little amount of enzyme can start a
reaction and catalyze fastly.
 Their presence does not affect the nature or properties
of end products.
 Reactants of enzyme are called substrate.
 They are very specific in their action; a single enzyme
catalyzes only a single chemical reaction or a group of
related reactions.
 A small portion of enzyme where substrate attaches
with enzyme is called active site. The shape of active
ENZYMES
site is complementary to shape of the substrate.
 They are sensitive to even a minor change in pH,
temperature and substrate concentration.
 Some enzymes require cofactor for their functioning; a
cofactor is a non-protein substance which may be
organic or inorganic. Zn+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Fe+2, Cu+2,
K+1 and Na+1 the organic cofactors are NADP, NAD
and FAD are used in enzymes as cofactors.
 Many enzymes work in a sequential manner to produce
a specific product. This pathway is called metabolic
pathway.
 Activity of enzymes can be enhanced by activator and
can be decreased by inhibitors.
 An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an
enzyme and decreases its activity. Since blocking an
enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen.
(ii) Describe factors affecting enzyme activity.

FACTORS AFFECTING ACTIVITY OF ENZYME:
In nature, organisms adjust the conditions of their
enzymes to produce an optimum rate of reaction, where
necessary, or they may have enzymes which are
adopted to function well in extreme conditions where
they live.
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION:
It has been shown experimentally that if the amount of
enzyme kept constant and the substrate concentration
ENZYMES
is then gradually increased, the reaction velocity will
increase until it reaches a maximum after which further
increase in the substrate concentration produces no
significant change in the reaction rate.
TEMPERATURE:
The protein nature of the enzymes makes them
extremely sensitive to thermal changes. Enzyme
activity occurs within a narrow range of temperatures
compared to ordinary chemical reactions. Enzymes
catalyze by randomly colliding with substrate
molecules, increasing temperature and increases
collision which also increases the rate of reaction,
forming more product. However, increasing
temperature also increases the vibrations and structure
of enzymes is lost i.e. denature enzyme. These
changes decrease the rate of enzyme action or it may
seize completely.
pH:
Enzymes are also sensitive to pH due to their protein
nature. All enzymes work at their maximum rate at
narrow range of pH. The point where the enzyme is most
active is known as optimum pH.For example, pepsin
works at a low pH i.e. it is highly acidic, while trypsin
works at a high pH i.e. it is basic. Most enzymes work at
neutral pH 7.4. Small changes in pH above or below the
optimum do not cause a permanent change to the
enzyme, since the bonds can be reformed. However,
extreme changes in pH can cause enzymes to denature
ENZYMES
a n d permanently lose their function.
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 07
BIOENERGETICS
SOLVED EXERCISES
BIOENERGETICS
(i) In an oxidation process 14135KJ energy is release, how
many moles of glucose consume during this process.
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 10
(ii) Stage of aerobic respiration takes place at the cristae of
mitochondria called.
(a) Electron transport chain (b) Glycolysis
(c) Kreb's cycle (d) C3 cycle
(iii) In a process of cellular respiration 180 ATP molecules are
produced, how many moles of glucose consume during
this process.
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 10
(iv) Loss of electron and proton is called
(I) Oxidation reaction(II) Reduction reaction
(III) Redox reaction
(a) I only (b) I and II (c) II and III (d) I, II and III
(v) Each mole of ATP store energy
(a) 7.3 kcal/mole (b) 7.3kj/mole
(c) 17.3kcal/mole (d) 17.3kj/mole
(vi) Fundamental molecule produced during photosynthesis is

(a) Glucose (b) Amino acid (c) Fatty acid
(d) Nucleotide
BIOENERGETICS
(vii) Light dependent reaction takes place in
(a) Stroma (b) Thylakoid (c) Cristae (d) Cisternae
(viii) Reaction in which solar energy is transferred to glucose
from ATP and NADPH2, takes place in stroma called
(I) Light reaction (II) Dark reaction
(III) Light dependent reaction
(a) I only (b) II only (c) I and II (d) II and III
(ix) Splitting of water in presence of light called
(a) Hydrolysis (b) Glycolysis
(c) Photolysis (d) None of these
(x) Splitting of glucose (glycolysis) release small amount of
energy which is enough to generate
(a) 2ATP (b) 5 ATP (c) 18 ATP (d) 36ATP

(i) The only source of energy on earth is Sun.
(ii) Conversion of free energy into different forms by living
organisms is called Law of conservation of energy.
(iii) In living organisms’ energy is stored in a special molecule
called ATP.
(iv) Plant utilizes simple inorganic molecules (CO2
and H2O) to prepare glucose.
(v)Feeding sequences and relationships are called food chain.
(vi) Photosynthesis is the only process which produces free O2
by splitting water.
BIOENERGETICS
(vii) Chloroplast is double membrane bounded organelle have
semifluid protein containing membrane called stroma.
(viii) In chloroplast different pigments absorb light of different
wave length.
(ix) The breakdown of food molecules to release energy is called
respiration.
(x)Each mole of glucose produces maximum energy i.e. 2827
kj/mole.

(i) Bioenergetics (ii) Energy (iii) Oxidation reaction
(iv) Food chain (v) Granum (vi) Photolysis
(vii) Fermentation (viii) Stroma (ix) Aerobic respiration
(x) Pyruvic acid
BIOENERGETICS:
The study of energy transformation in living systems.
ENERGY:
Energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to
other objects or converted into different forms, but cannot be
created or destroyed. Organisms use energy to survive, grow,
respond to stimuli, reproduce, and for every type of biological
process.
BIOENERGETICS
OXIDATION REACTION:
Biological oxidation is an energy-producing reaction in living
cells, and it is coupled with a reduction reaction. When a
compound loses an electron, or is oxidized, another compound
gains the electron, or is reduced. Oxidation-reduction (redox)
reactions represent the main source of biological energy.
FOOD CHAIN:
A food chain is a linear sequence of organisms through
which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another.
GRANUM:
The collective term for the stack of thylakoids within the
chloroplast of plant cells.
PHOTOLYSIS:
The process of splitting of water by sunlight during light
reaction of photosynthesis is called photolysis in
photosynthesis.
FERMENTATION:
“Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which energy
can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not
available.”
STROMA:
The matrix of the chloroplast which is a thick fluid in between
grana where various enzymes, molecules and ions are found,
BIOENERGETICS
and where the dark reaction (or carbohydrate formation
reactions) of photosynthesis occurs.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Aerobic respiration is the process by which organisms use
oxygen to turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into chemical
energy.
PYRUVIC ACID:
A colorless, water-soluble, organic liquid produced by the
breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during glycolysis and
with a chemical formula of: CH3COCO2H.
BIOENERGETICS
1. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:
(i) Respiration and photosynthesis
(ii) Light reaction and dark reaction
(iii) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Respiration is the process The process that converts
that burns food in order to energy of the sun light into
produce energy in the form chemical energy of the
of ATP in living organisms. carbohydrates in plants ,
algae and cyanobacteria.
It occurs in mitochondria of It takesplace in chloroplast.

cell.
Respiration is catabolic Photosynthesis id anabolic
process. Process.
It take place in all living It occurs mainly in plants and

beings. algae.
Utilizes oxygen and produce Produce oxygen and consume
Carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide.
BIOENERGETICS
LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION
Light reaction occurs in the Dark reaction occurs in the

thylakoid membrane of the stroma of the chloroplast.
chloroplast.
Light reaction depends on Dark reaction is independent

the sunlight. of sunlight.
Chlorophylls are the pigments No pigments are involved in

involved in the light reaction. the dark reaction.
Oxygen is liberated during the Carbondioxide is fixed during
light reaction. dark reaction.
ATP and NADPH are Glucose is produced by using

produced during the light the energy from ATP and
reaction. NADPH, produced in the
light reaction.
BIOENERGETICS
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION RESPIRATION
Aerobic respiration occurs It occurs in absence of oxygen
in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration is found It usually found in micro-

in all higher plants and organisms.
animals.
Aerobic respiration occurs It occurs only in cytoplasm.
in the cytoplasm and
mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration It generates 2ATPs per

generates 36 ATPs per molecule.
glucose molecule.
Aerobic respiration is It is toxic to higher organisms.

non-toxic to the organism.
BIOENERGETICS
(i) How CO2 maintain the temperature of earth?
TEMPERATURE MAINTAINANCE:
It is significant that so much carbon dioxide stays in the
atmosphere because CO2 is the most important gas for
controlling Earth’s temperature. Carbon dioxide, methane, and
halocarbons are greenhouse gases that absorb a wide range of
energy—including infrared energy (heat) emitted by the Earth—
and then re-emit it. The re-emitted energy travels out in all
directions, but some returns to Earth, where it heats the surface.
Without greenhouse gases, Earth would be a frozen -18 degrees
Celsius
(ii) Why second phase of photosynthesis is called
dark reaction?
DARK REACTION:
Light is not required for dark reactions. Instead, dark reaction
uses ATP and NADPH to produce energy molecules. No
photosystem is required and photolysis of water does not occur.
So, the dark reaction in photosynthesis is called so because it
does not require light energy.
(iii) How respiration is different from breathing?
BREATHING:
It is a physical process.
It involves the inhalation and exhalation of air (oxygen and carbon
dioxide respectively) in and out of the lungs.
BIOENERGETICS
RESPIRATION:
It is a chemical process.
In this, oxygen is utilized to breakdown glucose in order to
generate energy which is later used by the cell for various
function.
(iv) Why acidic fermentation is harmful?
ACIDIC FERMENTATION:
In animals when aerobic respiration is not enough to
produced required energy they start anaerobic respiration.
During this process glucose breaks down into a substance
called lactic acid.
Glucose Lactic acid + Some energy
C6H12O6 2C8H6O8
A limited amount of energy is produced as compared to aerobic
respiration but this is enough to power the athlete's muscles
during start time of sprint. He experiences pain, this condition of
pain is called Muscle fatigue. The lactic acid is produced in his
muscles and bool stream.
(v) How glucose form secondary products in plants?
SECONDARY PRODUCTS IN PLANTS:
The fundamental molecule produced during photosynthesis is
simple sugar i.e. Glucose. Glucose utilizes in most of the
metabolism of plant to produce secondary products like starch
and other polysaccharides. Plants also use carbohydrates to
form fats, proteins and other chemical like Nucleic Acids.
This glucose is also used in respiration as reactant to
BIOENERGETICS
produce energy for the metabolism of living organisms.
6. Write detailed answers of the following questions:

(i) What is energy currency of cell? Describe chemical
process of energy transmission.
ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELL:

In our home we store energy in batteries when electricity is
available from usual source or when light energy is available we
capture it by solar plates. This energy of battery then is utilized
at the time of power shutdown (load shedding). Living
organisms also have similar type of system to store energy.
This energy is stored in a special molecule called Adenosine
Tri-Phosphate (ATP). In organisms, energy is liberated
during any oxidation reaction, this energy is utilized by
BIOENERGETICS
molecules called Adenosine Di-Phosphate (ADP) to form a
bond with phosphate (P). As a result the ADP become ATP,
energy of oxidation is now stored in ATP.
The amount of energy stored is 7.3 Kcal / mole, this stored

energy in ATP will be utilized by living organism for
performing any type of work e.g. transport of molecules
against the concentration gradient. The energy is now
become free (liberated) by breaking ATP molecule.
ATP ADP + P + Energy (7.3 K Cal / mole)
So the formation of ATP is endergonic (energy intake)
process and breakdown of ATP is exergonic (energy
liberating) process.
CHEMICAL PROCESS OF ENERGY TRANSMISSON:
In living organisms the energy is transferred through gain or
loss of electrons during formation and breaking of chemical
bonds. There are two chemical processes where it occurs,
known with the name of oxidation and reduction. The oxidation
reactions are those reactions in which loss of electron (e-) and
proton occurs. These electrons carry energy from the
molecules from where they release to the molecules where they
added e.g. iron reacts with oxygen to form a chemical called
rust, in this reaction iron (Fe) loses some e- which transfer to
oxygen. In this reaction Fe is oxidized and it transfers its energy
to oxygen through electrons. On the other hand, reaction occur
called reduction, where gain of e- and H+ occur. This
gain of electron also brings energy which is stored in it.
BIOENERGETICS
In living organisms these oxidation - reduction (Redox)

reactions occur continuously to transfer energy from one
molecule to other molecule, without these reactions energy
transfer becomes impossible in living system.
(ii) Describe phases of photosynthesis with suitable
diagram.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Plants utilize simple inorganic molecules carbon dioxide
(CO2) and water (H2O) which react by using light energy in
the presence of pigments like Chlorophyll to form glucose
and oxygen.
BIOENERGETICS
TWO PHASES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Processes of Photosynthesis is mainly divided into phases or
reactions.
1. Light Reaction or Light Dependent reaction.
2. Dark Reaction or Light Independent reaction
LIGHT REACTION:
The term light reaction or light dependent reaction is used
due to the reason that during this phase of photosynthesis light
energy is captured and converted into chemical energy.
Some of the light is utilized to split water into oxygen and H+ with
e- (electrons), this splitting of water is called Photolysis.
Oxygen which is produced during photolysis is released in the
environment where as H+ together with CO2 are used in building
Glucose.
In chloroplast, different pigments absorb light of different wave
lengths. Among them chlorophyll is the main light capturing
molecules in thylakoid membrane which absorbs violet, blue
and red light but re ects green therefore it appears green. In
the thylakoid membrane other pigments and electron carrier
molecules form highly organized assemblies in a series called
photosystems. Each thylakoid contains thousands of copies of
two different kind of photosystems called photosystems I and II.
Each consists of two major parts, a light harvesting
complex and an electron transport system.
The conversion of light energy takes places when the
chlorophyll of reaction center receives energy. One of the
BIOENERGETICS
electrons from chlorophyll “a” molecule leaves and jump over
the electron transport system. This energized electron moves
from one e- carrier to next. The electron releases energy, when
it comes down, this energy drives reactions and produces two
energy rich compounds. These are:
i) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ii) NADPH2 (Reduced Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide
Phosphate)
ADP is the compound which is already present in cell. It
combines with phosphate by using energy of photon
released from when moving through e - carriers in
photosynthesis.
NADP also present in chloroplast is reduced into NADPH2

by accepting Hydrogen ions (H+), released from splitting of
water.
ATP and NADPH2 both are energy rich compounds which

provide energy, Hydrogen (H+) and e- for the conversion of
atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates in chloroplast during
light independent Phase of photosynthesis.
DARK REACTION OR LIGHT INDEPENDENT
REACTION:
This phase of photosynthesis does not require energy of photon
but also takes place in day simultaneously with the light
reaction. The ATP and NADPH2 synthesized during the
BIOENERGETICS
light dependent reaction are dissolved in stroma there, they
provide energy to power the synthesis of Glucose from CO2
and H2O (i.e. H + and e -of water). This Phase occurs
independently, without light as long as ATP and NADPH2 are
available.
This phase of photosynthesis is cyclic phase. It occurs in set of
reactions also called Calvin – Benson Cycle due to it's discover
or the C3 (three Carbon Containing Compounds formed initially)
Cycle.
The C3 Cycle requires
1) CO2 - normally from air some of it also comes from
respiration.
2) CO2 Capturing Sugar - a Pentose Sugar.
3) Enzymes to catalyze all the reactions.
4) Energy from ATP and NADPH2 come from light dependent
reaction.
BIOENERGETICS
(iii) Describe aerobic respiration in living system.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
It is the process of cellular respiration that takes place in the
presence of oxygen gas to produce energy from food. This type
of respiration is common in most of the plants and animals,
birds, humans, and other mammals. In this process, water and
carbon dioxide are produced as end products.
BIOENERGETICS
MECHANISM OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Aerobic Respiration takes place in 3 steps at different places in
the cell.
(a) Glycolysis (Gr. Glyco = Sugar, Lysis = Break
down):
First stage is that stage where a molecule of glucose (Six carbon
sugar) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid (three
carbon acid). It does not require oxygen. It takes place in both
aerobic and anaerobic respiration. This splitting of glucose
releases small amount of energy of glucose which is enough to
generate 2 molecules of ATP. Glycolysis is a complex
sequence of reaction all occur in cytosol.
(b) Kreb's or Citric acid Cycle:
The second stage of aerobic respiration in which pyruvic acid
produced during glycolysis enters the mitochondria where O2
available. Cellular respiration uses this O2 to break pyruvic acid
completely into CO2 and H 2 O a cyclic manner. During Kreb's
Cycle some ATP produce and some coenzymes like NAD and
FAD are reduced to NADH2 and FADH2. It takes place in matrix
of mitochondria.
(c) Electron Transport Chain:
The last stage of aerobic respiration in which NADH2
(Nicotinamide Adenosine Di-nucleotide) and FADH2
(Flavinamide Adenosine Di-nucleotide) are oxidized to
produce ATP and H2O. It takes place at the cristae of
mitochondria.
BIOENERGETICS
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 08
NUTRITION
SOLVED EXERCISES
NUTRITION
(i) Select the mismatched
(a) Protein → Amino acid (b) Carbohydrate → Glucose
(c) Fats → Starch (d) Nucleic acid → Nucleotide
(ii) Deficiency of vitamin-k cause
(a) Rickets (b) Anemia
(c) Scurvy (d) Beriberi
(iii)Period of rapid growth and development called
(a) Childhood (b) Adult hood
(c) Adolescence (d) Both “a” and “b”
(iv)Deficiency of dietary protein, causes an imbalance in
the gastro- intestinal system
(a) Marasmus (b) Edema
(c) Diarrhea (d) Kwashiorkor
(v) An animal that migrates great distances would obtain
the greatest benefit from storing its energy as
(a) Fats (b) Carbohydrates
(c) Protein (d) Minerals.
(vi)Which of the following vitamins is correctly associated
with its use?
(a) Vitamin K → Production of white blood cells
(b) Vitamin C → Curing rickets
(c) Vitamin E → Protection of skin from cancer
NUTRITION
(d) Vitamin A → Incorporated into the visual pigment of the eye
(vii)Which of the following statements describes pepsin?
(a) It is manufactured by the pancreas.
b) It helps stabilize fat-water emulsions.
(c) It splits maltose into monosaccharides.
(d) It begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
(viii)Which of the following is true of bile salts?
(a) They are enzymes
(b) They are manufactured by the pancreas
(c) They emulsify fats in the duodenum
(d) They increase the efficiency of pepsin action.
(ix)In human digestive system trachea and oesophagus
both connect to the
(a) Large intestine (b) Stomach
(c) Pharynx (d) Rectum
(x) All are sources of calcium except
(a) Red meat (b) Green leafy vegetables
(c) Broccoli (d) Nuts
NUTRITION
(i) Sea food is an excellent source of protein because it's
usually low in fats.
(ii) Iron deficiency is associated with decreased cognitive
abilities and resistance to disease.
(iii) Wave of rhythmic movements of muscle contraction and
relaxation called peristalsis.
(iv) Liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of
Enzymes.
(v) Living organisms which derive their food from dead and
decaying organic materials called saprophytic.
(vi) Nutrients that are needed in the highest concentration called
macronutrients.
(vii) Fertilizers are substances containing chemical elements
such as manure or mixture of nitrates.
(viii) High solubility of fertilizers also degrades ecosystem
through eutrophication.
(ix) Carbohydrates which digested quickly are called sucrose.
(x) Each gram fat supplies the body with about 9 calories.
(i) Vitamins (ii) Malnutrition (iii) Goitre
(iv) Anaemia (v) Constipation (vi) Obesity
(vii) Starvation (viii) Ingestion (ix) Chyme
(x) Ulcer
NUTRITION
VITAMINS:
Vitamins are a group of substances that are needed for
normal cell function, growth, and development.
MALNUTRITION:
A term used to refer to any condition in which the body does
not receive enough nutrients for proper function. It is a condition
that results from nutrient deficiency or overconsumption.
GOITRE:
Goiter is a condition in which the thyroid gland grows larger.
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in
the neck, below the Adam's apple.
ANAEMIA:
The condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red
blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin.
CONSTIPATION:
Infrequent and frequently incomplete bowel movements.
Constipation is the opposite of diarrhea.
OBESITY:
An increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal
and physical requirement, as the result of an excessive
accumulation of fat in the body.
NUTRITION
STARVATION:
Starvation is the result of a severe or total lack of
nutrients needed for the maintenance of life.
INGESTION:
The process of taking a material (e.g. foodstuff) into the
mouth or body.
CHYME:
A semiliquid mass of partially digested food that made in
stomach.
ULCER:
A break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface
tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often
pus.
1. Distinguish between the following in tabulated

form.
(i) Fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins
(ii) Marasmus and kwashiorkor
(iii) Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion
(iv) Autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition
(v) Inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers
NUTRITION
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
They are soluble in fats They are soluble in water.
These requires bile salts These are easily absorbed.

and fats for their absorption.
These are generally stored These are not stored in body

in liver. except vitamin B12.
These do not act as These act as co-enzyme.
co-enzyme.
Examples: vitamin A, D, E Examples: vitamins B complex
and K. and vitamin C.
NUTRITION
MARASMUS KWASHIORKAR
Deficiency of proteins. Deficiency of both proteins and

calories.
There is some weight loss. There is severe weight loss.
The thinning of muscles The thinning of limbs.

and limbs.
There is an enlargement in There is no enlargement in the

the fatty liver cells. fatty liver cells.
It is common in infants under It occurs in children between

1 year of age. 6months and 3 years of age.
NUTRITION
CHEMICAL DIGESTION MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Physical breakdown of food Chemical breakdown of food.
Teeth tear the food to break Salivary amylase breaks

into pieces. complex carbs into simple.
Peristalsis muscles Pancreatic enzymes

contractactions breakdown breakdown fats, carbs and
food. proteins.
NUTRITION
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
Food is prepared from simple Food is obtained directly or
inorganic substances such as indirectly from autotrophs.
carbon dioxide water and
sunlight.
Presence of green pigment No pigment is required in this

(chorophyll) is necessary. nutrition.
Food is generally prepared Food can be prepared all the

day time. time.
All green plants and algae have All animals and fungi have this
this type of nutrition. type of nutrition.
NUTRITION
INORGANIC FERTILIZER ORGANIC FERTILIZER
They are more or less Complex mixture from animal,
chemical substances. human and plants residue.
They release nutrients more Release nutrients slowly.

rapidly.
They are highly water They are less water soluble

soluble.
They are expensive. They are cheap.
They decrease soil fertility. Increase soil fertility.

NUTRITION
5. Write short answers of following questions.
(i) Why fertilizers are necessary for plant?
FERTILIZERS:
Plants need to be fertilized because most soil does not
provide the essential nutrients required for optimum
growth. plants have the food they need to flourish. There
are six primary nutrients that plants require in fairly large
quantities.
Carbon from CO2 in the air
Hydrogen from water
Oxygen from water and air
Nitrogen: It helps plants make the proteins they need to
produce new tissues.
Phosphorus: It stimulates root growth, helps the plant set
buds and flowers, improves vitality and increases seed
size.
Potassium: It helps the plants make carbohydrates and
provides disease resistance. It also helps regulate
metabolic activities.
NUTRITION
(ii) How stomach linings are protected from acidic
environment?
PROTECTION OF STOMACH FROM AUTODIGESTION:
The stomach is protected by the epithelial cells, which
produce and secrete a bicarbonate-rich solution that coats
the mucosa. Bicarbonate is alkaline, a base, and
neutralizes the acid secreted by the parietal cells,
producing water in the process. This continuous supply of
bicarbonate is the main way that your stomach protects
itself from autodigestion (the stomach digesting itself) and
the overall acidic environment.
(iii) Why nitrogen is essential for plants?
NITROGEN FOR PLANTS:
All plants utilize nitrogen (N) in the form of NO3- and NH4+.
It is most imperative element for proper growth and
development of plants which significantly increases and
enhances the yield and its quality by playing a vital role in
biochemical and physiological functions of plant.
The delicate balance of substances that is important for
maintaining life is an important area of research, and the
balance of nitrogen in the environment is no exception
When plants lack nitrogen, they become yellowed, with
stunted growth, and produce smaller fruits and flowers.
Farmers may add fertilizers containing nitrogen to their
crops, to increase crop growth. Without nitrogen fertilizers,
NUTRITION
scientists estimate that we would lose up to one third of the
crops we rely on for food and other types of agriculture.
(iv) Why fats are called most efficient form of food?
FATS ARE EFFICIENT FOOD:
Fats are the slowest source of energy but the most energy-
efficient form of food. Each gram of fat supplies the body
with about 9 calories, more than twice that supplied by
proteins or carbohydrates. Because fats are such an
efficient form of energy, the body stores any excess energy
as fat. The body deposits excess fat in the abdomen and
under the skin (subcutaneous fat) to use when it needs
more energy. The body may also deposit excess fat in
blood vessels and within organs, where it can block blood
flow and damage organs, often causing serious disorders.
(v) Why grinding and lubrication are necessary for
swallowing?
GRINDING AND LUBRICATION FOR SWALLOWING:
Grinding of food: Grinding of food by teeth is known as
chewing or mastication. It is useful because oesophagus
can pass only small pieces through it as well as enzymes
cannot act on large pieces of food.
Lubrication of food: Lubrication of food by mixing saliva
secreted by saliva. It has two main functions. (i) Adds
water and mucus to the food. (ii) Partial digestion of starch
by saliva which contains an enzyme salivary amylase.
NUTRITION
6. Write detailed answers of the following questions.
(i) Describe environmental hazards related to chemical
fertilizers.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS RELATED TO
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS:
An environmental hazard is a condition, which has the
potential to threat natural environment or adversely affect
people's health, including pollution and natural disasters.
The farmers apply fertilizer for better growth of their crops,
but on the other side these fertilizers pollute water and soil
as well.
1. SOIL NUTRIENT HOLDING CAPACITY:
The massive quantities of inorganic fertilizers affect the soil
nutrient holding capacity.
2. EUTROPHICATION:
The high solubility of fertilizers also degrade ecosystem
through eutrophication (means an increase in chemical
nutrients typically compounds containing nitrogen or
phosphorus in an ecosystem).
3. EMISSION OF GREENHOUSE GAS:
Storage and application of some nitrogen fertilizers may
cause emission of greenhouse gas, e.g. nitrous oxide.
NUTRITION
4. SOIL ACIDITY:
Ammonia gas (NH3) may be emitted from applied inorganic
fertilizers.
This extra ammonia can also increase soil acidity.
5. PEST PROBLEMS:
Excessive nitrogen fertilizers can lead to pest problem by
increasing their reproduction rate.
6. NUTRIENT BALANCE:
It is recommended that nutrient content of the soil and
nutrient requirement of crop should be carefully balanced
with application of inorganic fertilizers. It is critical to apply
no more than it is needed; any excess in nutrient will
definitely develop pollution of any kind.
(ii) Describe function of stomach and intestine with
suitable diagram of human digestive system.
FUNCTIONS OF STOMACH:
Stomach is j-shaped thick walled, expandable bag, located
in the left of abdomen just beneath the diaphragm. The
stomach has three regions: cardiac, just after the
oesophagus, fundus, the largest part of stomach and
pyloric, part located at the other end of stomach and opens
into small intestine.
The stomach muscles churn and mix the food with acids
and enzymes, breaking it into much smaller, digestible
NUTRITION
pieces. When food enters into the stomach the gastric juice
is secreted by gastric glands found in the stomach wall.
Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive enzyme
pepsinogen into active form called pepsin. HCI also kills
microorganisms present in food.
Pepsin partially digests the protein portion of the food into
polypeptides and shorter peptide chains. In stomach food
is further broken apart through a process called churning.
The churning action also produces heat which helps to
melt the lipid contents of the food. By the time food is
ready to leave the stomach, it has been processed into a
thick paste like liquid called chyme. Chyme is then squirted
down into the small intestine, where digestion of food
continues.
NUTRITION
FUNCTIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE:
The inner wall of the small intestine is covered with millions
of microscopic, finger- like projections called villi (singular,
villus). The villi are the vehicles through which nutrients
can be absorbed into the body. They increase the surface
area over which absorption and digestion occur. These
specialized cells help absorbed materials cross the
intestinal lining into the bloodstream.
NUTRITION
LARGE INTESTINE AND ITS FUNCTIONS:
From the small intestine, food that has not been digested
(and some water) travels to the large intestine through a
muscular ring, that prevents food from returning to the
small intestine. By the time food reaches the large
intestine, the work of absorbing nutrients is nearly finished.
The large intestine's main function is to remove water from
the undigested matter and form solid waste that can be
egested.
NUTRITION
(iii) What are vitamins? Describe types of vitamins.
VITAMINS
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of
molecules), an essential micronutrient that an organism
needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its
metabolism. They are for maintaining normal health and
development. Lack of vitamins can cause several
diseases. They are divided into two types:
(i) Fat-soluble Vitamins: Vitamin which can soluble in
organic solvent are called Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E
and K) are less excreted from the body as compared to
water-soluble vitamins.
(ii) Water soluble Vitamins: Vitamin which are soluble in
H2O. These are vitamins B and C. Cooking or heating
destroys the water-soluble vitamins more readily than the
fat-soluble vitamins.
(iv) Describe mineral deficiency diseases in human.
MINERAL DEFICIENCY DISEASE:
Diseases resulting from deficiency of a mineral are
relatively rare among humans some are given below;
1. GOITER:
Goiter is a condition in which thyroid gland becomes
enlarged and it results in swelling in neck. Goiter is
caused by an insufficient amount of “Iodine” in diet.
Iodine is used by thyroid gland to produce hormones
that control the body's normal functioning and growth.
NUTRITION
2. ANEMIA (MOST COMMON OF ALL
MINERAL DEFICIENCY DISEASES):
The term anemia literally means “a lack of blood”. The
condition is caused when number of red blood cells
reduced to a level lower than normal. Haemoglobin
molecule contains four atoms of iron. If body fails to
receive sufficient amount of iron, an adequate number
of haemoglobin will not be formed. So, there are not
enough functioning red blood cells. A person becomes
weak and there is shortage of oxygen supply to body's
cells.
3. OVER INTAKE OF NUTRIENTS:
It is a form of malnutrition in which more nutrients are
taken than the amount required for normal growth,
development and metabolism. The effects of over-intake
of nutrients are usually intensified when there is reduction
in daily physical activity (decline in energy expenditure).
High intake of carbohydrates and fats leads to obesity,
diabetes and cardiovascular problems. Similarly, high
dose of vitamin A causes loss of appetite and liver
problems. Excess dose of vitamin D can lead to
deposition of calcium in various tissues.
NUTRITION
(v) Describe effects of malnutrition on human.
THE EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition hurts people both mentally and physically.
The more malnourished a person is; the more nutrients
the person is missing, the more likely person will
experience health issues. Some of them are given below:
1. STARVATION:
It is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake. It is the
most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged
starvation can cause permanent organ damage and
eventually, death.
2. HEART DISEASES:
The term "heart disease" is often used interchangeably
with the term "cardiovascular disease." Cardiovascular
disease generally refers to conditions that involve
narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a
heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke. Heart
problems occur in those people who take unbalanced
diet. Fatty foods increase blood cholesterol level. It
obstructs the blood vessels leading to heart diseases.
3. CONSTIPATION:
People do not schedule their meals. This irregularity
causes many health problems like constipation. It can be
well defined, a condition in which there is difficulty in
emptying the bowels, usually associated with hardened
faeces.
NUTRITION
4. OBESITY:
It is a medical condition in which excess body fat has
accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative
effect on health. Obesity is most commonly caused by a
combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical
activity, and genetic susceptibility. Obesity is known as
mother- disease and may lead to heart problems,
hypertension, diabetes etc.
IX BIOLOGY
CHAPTER # 09
TRANSPORT
SOLVED EXERCISES
Transport
(i) The movement of organic materials (food) take place through
(a) Xylem (b) Vessels
(c) Tracheid(d) Phloem
(ii) What regulates the flow of water through the xylem?
(a) Passive transport by the endodermis
(b) The number of companion cells in the phloem
(c) The evaporation of water from the leaves
(d) Active transport by sieve-tube membrane
(iii) Phloem transport of sucrose can be described as going from “source to sink” which
of the following would not normally function as a sink?
(a) Mature leaf (b) Storage organ
(c) Growing root (d) Both 'b' and 'c'
(iv) Human plasma proteins include which of the following?
(I) Fibrinogen (II) Haemoglobin (III) Albumin
(a) I only (b) II only (c) I and II (d) I and III
(v) Which of these are involved in the clotting of blood?
(a) Platelets (b) Haemoglobin
(c) Albumin (d) Globulin
(vi) In human heart blood returning from lungs first drains into the
(a) Left atrium (b) Left ventricle
(c) Right atrium (d) Right ventricle
(vii) Root hairs are most important to a plant because they
(a) Store starch (b) Contain xylem tissues
(c) Provide a habitat for nitrogen fixing bacteria
(d) Increase the surface area for absorption.
(viii) A type of circulatory system blood flow through the spaces among tissues called.
(I) Open type circulatory system
(II) Close type circulatory system
(III) Pulmonary circulatory system
(a) I only (b) II only
Transport
(c) I and II (d) II and III
(ix) Part of root between epidermis and endodermis called
(a) Xylem (b) Root hair
(c) Phloem (d) Cortex
(x) Movement of water molecules from the area of higher water potential to the area of
lower water potential called
(a) Diffusion (b) Osmosis
(c) Active transport (d) Water potential
(i) Loss of internal water of plant in the form of vapours from aerial parts of plants is called
transpiration.
(ii) In flowering plants xylem is made up of two types of tissues
(iii) Root hair is long, thin and tubular structure, it increases surface area which increases the
rate of absorption.
(iv) Opening and closing of stomata is also regulated by transpiration.
(v) A type of cancer that affects the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system called
leukemia.
(vi) Pumping of blood by the rhythmic pulsation of heart throughout the body is called
heartbeat.
(vii) Relaxation of heart muscles and allowing the chambers to fill with blood called diastole.
(viii) Dead cells of xylem vessels arranged vertically have empty space inside called lumen.
(ix) Colourless, irregular in shape, nucleated and larger sized cell than RBC’s called WBC’s.
(x) Inherited condition that affects the blood haemoglobin called thalassemia.
3. Define the following terms
(i) Blood (ii)Water potential (iii) Diffusion
(iv) Stomata (v)Bifacial leaves (vi) Humidity
(vii)Sieve plates (viii)Sink (ix) Granulocytes
(x) Heart beat
BLOOD:
Blood is a special type of tissue, the fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries,
capillaries, and veins of a vertebrate animal carrying nourishment and oxygen to
and bringing away waste products from all parts of the body.
Transport
WATER POTENTIAL:
The measure of the relative tendency of water to move from one area to another.
DIFFUSION:
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient.”
STOMATA:
Stomata are the tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves, surrounded by two
kidney shaped guard cells.
BIFACIAL LEAVES:
Leaves that have stomata at lower epidermis called bifacial leaves e.g., leaves of
mango plant.
HUMIDITY:
Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air.
SEIVE PLATES:
A perforated wall or part of a wall at the end of one of the individual cells making up a
sieve tube.
SINK:
'Sink' refers to the part of the plant where the substrate can be stored (e.g., roots or
stem for starch).
GRANULOCYTES:
A type of white blood cell that is filled with microscopic granules, little sacs containing
enzymes that digest microorganisms.
HEART BEAT:
The regular movement or sound that the heart makes as it sends blood around your
body.
4. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form
(i) Pulmonary circuit and systematic circuit
(ii) Open type circulatory system and close type circulatory system
(iii) Xylem and Phloem
(iv) Arteries and Veins
(v) W.B. Cs and R.B.Cs
Transport
PULMONARY CIRCUIT SYSTEMATIC CIRCUIT
Pulmonary circulation refers to the passage of Systemic circulation refers to the passage of
blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the
lungs. rest of the body.
Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood

blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of
lungs through the pulmonary artery. the body by the aorta.
Pulmonary circulation is composed of pulmonary Systemic circulation is composed of inferior and

artery and pulmonary vein. superior vena cava, aorta, and other small blood
vessels.
Pulmonary circulation helps to release carbon Systemic circulation helps to provide nutrients
dioxide from the blood while dissolving oxygen in and oxygen to the metabolizing cells in the
the blood. body.
Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs. Systemic circulation carries blood throughout
the body.
OPEN TYPE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CLOSED TYPE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
An open circulatory system is a type of A closed circulatory system is a type of
circulatory system wherein the hemolymph circulatory system is a type of circulatory
bathes the organs and tissues directly, and system where blood circulates within
no interstitial fluid is found between blood closed vessels and is distinct from the
and tissues. interstitial fluid.
In an open circulatory system, blood is In a closed circulatory system, blood is
pumped into a body cavity. pumped by the heart through vessels.
A capillary system is not found in an open A capillary system is found in a closed
circulatory system. circulatory system.
In an open circulatory system, tissues are In a closed circulatory system, blood does
surrounded by blood not directly contact with tissues.
Mollusks and arthropods have open Vertebrates and annelids have closed
circulatory systems. circulatory systems.
Transport
XYLEM PHLOEM
Xylem carries water from roots to leaves. Phloem carries food from leaves to
growing parts and storage organs
Xylem is made up of dead cells. Phloem is made up of living cells
Cell walls of the xylem is thick. The cell walls of the phloem is thin
The cells in the xylem are impermeable to The cells in the phloem are permeable
water to food.
Xylem consists of xylem parenchyma, xylem Phloem consists of phloem parenchyma,
fibers, tracheid, and vessels. phloem fibers, sieve tubes, sieve cells
and companion cells.
ARTERIES VEINS
Blood vessels that transport blood away from Blood vessels that transport blood to the
the heart. heart for oxygenation.
Arteries look Red. Veins look Blue (But they aren’t actually
blue, blue lights are just reflected in our
eyes).
Usually positioned deeper within the body. Usually positioned closer or beneath the
surface of the skin.
Oxygen levels are quite high in arterial blood. The oxygen level is low comparatively.
Highly flexible Not very flexible
RBC’s WBC’s
RBCs are red in color due to the presence of WBCs are colorless
hemoglobin.
Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes White blood cells are also called
leukocytes
The production rate is about 2 million RBCs Fewer WBCs are produced per second
per second. compared to RBCs
RBCs are circular, biconcave disc-shaped WBCs are usually rounded in shape
RBCs are involved in transporting gases, WBCs are involved in the defense
mainly oxygen and minutely carbon dioxide mechanisms.
5. Write short answers of following questions

(i) Why capillaries are made up of single layer of endothelium?
CAPILLARIES ARE MADEUP OF ENDOTHELIUM:
Capillaries are much thinner than arteries and veins, because their walls are made up of
only a single layer of endothelial cells, the flat cells that line all blood vessels. Capillaries
are selectively permeable, which means they allow some substances through but not
others.
Transport
(ii) Why transpiration is necessary for plants?
TRANSPIRATION NECESSARY FOR PLANTS:
The evaporation of water or loss of water in vapor form, from the exposed parts of a plant
especially leaves is termed as transpiration.
Transpiration is important because:
It removes excess water
It develops root system
It gives a cooling effect
It absorbs and distributes salts
It facilitates ascent of sap
(iii) How water flow through xylem?
FLOW OF WATER:
The tension created by transpiration “pulls” water in the plant xylem, drawing the water
upward in much the same way that you draw water upward when you suck on a straw.
Cohesion (water sticking to each other) causes more water molecules to fill the gap in the
xylem as the top-most water is pulled toward the stomata.
(iv) Why veins contain semilunar valves in it?
SEMILUNAR VALVES:
Unlike arteries, veins contain valves that ensure blood flows in only one direction. But
Arteries don't require valves because pressure from the heart is so strong that blood is
only able to flow in one direction. Valves also help blood travel back to the heart against
the force of gravity.
(v) Why atherosclerosis causes myocardial infarction and stroke?
ATHEROSCLEROSIS CAUSES MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:
Atherosclerosis is a hardening and narrowing of your arteries. It can put blood flow at risk
as your arteries become blocked. A heart attack occurs when one of the heart's coronary
arteries is blocked suddenly or has extremely slow blood flow. A heart attack also is
called a myocardial infarction. The usual cause of sudden blockage in a coronary artery
is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus).
6. Write detailed answers of the following questions

(i) Describe structure of human heart with suitable diagram.
HEART:
Heart is the major organ of Circulatory system. It is a muscular pump which keeps the blood
circulating throughout the body. It is located in the thorax slightly at the left side. It is enclosed in
Transport
a fibrous bag like protective cover called Pericardium. It is conical in shape externally. The
space between pericardium and heart is pericardial cavity which is filled with a fluid called
pericardial fluid. This fluid reduces friction and Pericardium protects the heart, prevent it from
over extension.
STRUCTURE:
1. It consists of four chambers, the upper two are thin walled called atria.
2. The lower two are thick walled called ventricles.
3. Atria are completely separated from each other by a septum called inter- atrial septum.
4. The two ventricles are also separated from each other by a muscular partition called inter-
ventricle septum.
5. Each atrium is connected with its ventricle by an auriculo-ventricular aperture.
6. The right atrium and right ventricle are connected by Tricuspid Valve.
7. Left atrium and left ventricle are connected by bicuspid valve.
8. These valves prevent the backward flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
9. Two main blood vessels are arising from ventricles to carry blood from heart to all parts of the
body.
(ii) What is blood? Explain composition of blood and function of corpuscles.

BLOOD:
Blood is a special type of tissue, found in the form of fluid which circulates in the body. It transports
substances in the body of an organism.
It consists of two parts:
(i) Plasma
(ii) Corpuscles
Transport
(I) PLASMA:
• Plasma is the fluid part of blood and constitutes about 55% by volume of whole blood.
• It is pale yellowish liquid.
• About 90% of plasma is water in which complex mixture of various substances are dissolved.
• There are dissolved mineral salts like bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides and phosphates of
sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
• All these are found in the form of ions.
• Salts of calcium are also present in blood for clotting of blood.
CORPUSCLES:
There are two corpuscles are present in blood.
Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
Leucocytes (WBC’s)
Erythrocytes (RBC’s):
• They are Bi-concave, Circular like disc shaped.
• Non-nucleated, contain red pigment hemoglobin protein containing iron.
• They are produced in Bone marrow.
• Their life span is of 120 days on average.
• Their place of destruction is Spleen and liver.
• Transports O2 from lungs to body cell Transports CO2 from body cell to lungs.
Leucocytes (WBC’s):
• Leucocytes or WBCs are colorless, irregular in shape.
• Nucleated and lager sized cell than R.B.Cs.
• They protect the body by killing germs that enter the body.
(II) PLATELETS:
• Platelets are the fragments of cells which are formed from large precursor cells in the bone
marrow.
• On injury, exposure to the air stimulate the platelets at cut end to produce an enzyme in blood.
• This enzyme causes the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to form insoluble fiber of another
protein fibrin which forms a network of fibers around wound.
• It protects blood to flow, that is called clot, which prevents bleeding and stops the entry of
pathogen.
(iii) What is transpiration? Explain mechanism of transpiration and factors affecting

transpiration.
TRANSPIRATION:
. This loss of internal water of plant in the form of vapors from aerial part of plant is called
transpiration.
MECHANISM:
Transpiration mainly takes place through special pores guarded by specialized guard cells called
stomata.
• Stomata are the pores usually found in the leaf epidermis surrounded by two kidney shaped
guard cells; these cells contain chloroplast while other epidermal cells do not.
• The guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
• The inner wall of guard cells is thick and inelastic whereas the outer wall is thin, elastic and
permeable.
Transport
• The changes in the turgidity of guard cells controls the opening and closing of stomata.
• Stomata open when the guard cell become turgid and close when the guard cells become
flaccid.
• The turgidity of guard cell is regulated by concentration of solutes present in it which mainly
depends upon the rate of photosynthesis.
• Opening and closing of stomata is one of the important factors to control rate of transpiration.
• The stomata remain open during the sunny day, as a result rate of transpiration increases.
• But at night they are closed, hence transpiration also stops.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION:

The rate of transpiration is also affected by some of the following environmental factors.
(i) Temperature:
Rate of evaporation of water from cell surface increases with increase in temperature.
(ii) Humidity:
Transpiration takes place only when concentration of the vapors must be low outside than inside,
so dry atmosphere is also the condition for transpiration.
The rate of transpiration decreases with the increase in water vapors in atmosphere i.e., humidity.
(iii) Wind:
The increase in wind velocity increases the rate of transpiration. The wind decreases the water
vapors around plant and make the atmosphere dry.
(iv) Atmospheric Pressure:
Low atmospheric pressure increases the rate of transpiration through reduction in the density of
air.

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IX BIOLOGY

SINDH TEXTBOOK BOARD JAMSHOROO.

2- Fill in the blanks

3-Define the following terms.

COLONIAL ORGANIZATION MULTICELLULAR ORGANIZATION

 Each unicellular organism Each unicellular organism live its

 Volvox is a green alga an Frog and mustard plant are

 Usually agriculture costs Horticulture is normally less

 Agriculture is mainly taken Horticulture is opted for

 Agriculture has large scale of Horticulture has small scale of

 Agriculture yields a higher less output as compared to

5-write short answers to the given questions.

(ii) How farming profession helps mankind?

(iii) Why species is called as smallest taxonomic level?

(iv) How population is different from community?

POPULATION IS DIFFERENT FROM COMMUNITY:

(v) How new varieties of plant are produced?

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF PLANTS:

(vi) Draw a labelled diagram of frog’s digestive system.

6. Write detailed answers of the following questions.

(i) Describe the role of Muslim scientists in the field of

(ii) Describe the relationships of biology to other

BIOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES:

THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

The levels of organization in living world are based on

among these 16 elements are called as bio-elements, which

3-Define the following terms.

4- Distinguish between the following in tabulated form.

 Testable explanations that Testable explanation have

 Theory is explanatory. Law is descriptive.

 Theory have evidence to back Have evidence and results

 It answers ‘what happens?’ It answers ‘how does it

DEDUCTIVE REASONING INDUCTIVE REASONING

 Reasoning flows from general Derives general principles from

 Conclusion is more special Conclusion is more general than

5-Write short answers of following questions:

(ii) Why biological sciences need mathematical models?

(iii) Draw a chart showing steps involved in biological method.

Related observations and previous knowledge

INDUCTIVE TO EXPLAIN DEDUCTIVE

DATA COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS

IF DATA SUPPORTS IF DATA DOESN’T

(iv) Why table or graph is necessary for data organization?

(v) Why experiment is necessary for theory?

EXPERIMENT IS NECESSARY FOR THEORY:

Experiment plays many roles. One of its important roles to

1. Encircle the correct answer:

(v) In the taxonomic hierarchy choose the term which

2. Fill in the blanks:

1. Define the following terms:

1. Distinguish between the following in tabulated form:

PLANT KINGDOM ANIMAL KINGDOM

 They are not mobile. They are mobile.

 They contain chlorophyll to They need to feed themselves.

 Their cell-wall is made up of They lack cell-wall.

 Cellulose synthesized by cells Cellulose not synthesized.

 Their growth is unlimited. Their growth is limited

 Monera are prokaryotes. Protista are eukaryotes.

 They are less complex. They are comparatively complex

 They consist of unicellular They consist of both unicellular

 They do not consist of well- They consist of well define

 Doesn’t consist of Consist of a membrane bound