MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES

Course information:

• Code: MENG 322

• Cr. 3, Lec. 2, Tut. 1, Lab. 1.

• PR: MENG 321 - Electronic devices and applications,

𝐺𝐺2 : 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 12: 29 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 14: 20, 𝑆𝑆41

• Schedule: �
𝐺𝐺2 : 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 12: 29 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 14: 20, 𝑆𝑆44

B. L. Theraja , "Textbook of Electrical Technology"

• Textbooks: �
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

• Instructor: Raafat SHALABY, Dr.-Eng.

1 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND

DRIVES
Course Outlines
• Magnetic Circuits • AC Motors
• SINUSOIDS AND PHASORS • Power Semiconductor Switches
• Three Phase Power Systems • Dc-Dc Choppers (dc Motor Drives)
• Transformers • Ac-Dc Converters (Rectifiers)
• DC Generators • Dc-Ac converters (Inverters)
• DC Motors

Dr. R. Shalaby
rshalaby@nu.edu.eg

2 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

A lecture on:

SINUSOIDS AND PHASORS

Goals of the Lecture

Contents
SINUSOIDS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
PHASORS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
OPERATION ON PHASORS, given 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑟𝑟1∠𝜙𝜙1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗1 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟2∠𝜙𝜙2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗2..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
PHASE TRANSFORMATION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19

3 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

SINUSOIDS

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

Note that: 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛) = 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡),
where 𝑛𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …

A periodic function is one that satisfies𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡 + 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛), for all 𝑡𝑡 and for all integers 𝑛𝑛.
2𝜋𝜋 1
𝑇𝑇 = and 𝑓𝑓 =
𝜔𝜔 𝑇𝑇

Thus, 𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

4 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

PHASE ANGLE
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠0°
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙°
Given or

sin(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 ± cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵

The identities �
cos(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵

sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 ± 180° � = − sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 ± 90° � = ± cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

give � and �
cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 ± 180° � = − cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 ± 90° � = ∓ sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔

5 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Example: Find the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the sinusoid

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 12 cos�50𝑡𝑡 + 10° �

1 50
Solution: 12 𝑉𝑉, 10° , 𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
𝑓𝑓 2𝜋𝜋

ADDING SINUSOIDS

𝐴𝐴 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝐵𝐵 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 𝐶𝐶 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 𝜃𝜃)

𝐵𝐵
where, 𝐶𝐶 = √𝐴𝐴2 + 𝐵𝐵2 , 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1
𝐴𝐴

Example: 3 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 4 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 =?

Solution: 3 cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 4 sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 = 5 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 53.1° �

6 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Example:

Calculate the phase angle between 𝑣𝑣1 = −10 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 50° � and

𝑣𝑣2 = 12 sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 10° �. State which sinusoid is leading.

Solution: 𝑣𝑣1 = 10 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 130° � and

𝑣𝑣2 = 12 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 100° �.

Thus 𝑣𝑣2 leads 𝑣𝑣1 by 30°

7 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

PHASORS

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Regular (Cartesian) form

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟∠𝜙𝜙 Polar form
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 Exponential form

Where:
𝑦𝑦
Cartesian → Polar: 𝑟𝑟 = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝜙𝜙 = tan−1
𝑥𝑥

Polar → Cartesian: 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜙𝜙, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜙𝜙

Thus, z may be written as

𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟∠𝜙𝜙 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜙𝜙 + 𝑗𝑗 sin 𝜙𝜙) where 𝑗𝑗 = √−1

8 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

OPERATION ON PHASORS, given 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑟𝑟1 ∠𝜙𝜙1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑗𝑦𝑦1 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟2 ∠𝜙𝜙2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑗𝑦𝑦2

Thus: Subtraction: 𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = (𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 ) + 𝑗𝑗(𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑦𝑦2 )

Multiplication: 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟1 𝑟𝑟2 ∠(𝜙𝜙1 + 𝜙𝜙2 )
𝑧𝑧1 𝑟𝑟1
Division: = ∠(𝜙𝜙1 − 𝜙𝜙2 )
𝑧𝑧2 𝑟𝑟2
1 1
Reciprocal: = ∠ − 𝜙𝜙
𝑧𝑧 𝑟𝑟
𝜙𝜙
Square Root: √𝑧𝑧 = √𝑟𝑟∠ 2
Complex Conjugate: 𝑧𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = 𝑟𝑟∠ − 𝜙𝜙
PHASE TRANSFORMATION

Time domain representation Phasor domain representation

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙) 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠�𝜙𝜙 − 90° �
9 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors
1
Example Evaluate the complex number �40∠50° + 20∠−30° � 2

Solution:

Using polar to rectangular transformation,

40∠50° = 40�cos 50° + 𝑗𝑗 sin 50° � = 25.71 + 𝑗𝑗 30.64

20∠−30° = 20�cos�−30° � + 𝑗𝑗 sin�−30° �� = 17.32 − 𝑗𝑗 10

• Adding them up gives: 40∠50° + 20∠−30° = 43.03 + 𝑗𝑗 20.64 = 47.72 ∠25.63°

1
• Taking the square root of this: �47.72 ∠25.63° � = 6.91 ∠12.81°
2

10 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors
10∠−30° +(3−𝑗𝑗4)
Example Evaluate the complex number (2+𝑗𝑗4)(3−𝑗𝑗5)∗

Solution: Using polar-rectangular transformation, addition, multiplication, and division,

10∠−30° + (3 − 𝑗𝑗4) 8.66 − 𝑗𝑗5 + 3 − 𝑗𝑗4

=
(2 + 𝑗𝑗4)(3 − 𝑗𝑗5)∗ (2 + 𝑗𝑗4)(3 + 𝑗𝑗5)

11.66 − 𝑗𝑗9
=
−14 + 𝑗𝑗22

14.73∠−37.66°
=
26.08∠−122.47°
= 0.565∠−160.13°

11 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Example

Given 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) = 4 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 30° � 𝐴𝐴 and 𝑖𝑖2 (𝑡𝑡) = 5 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 20° � 𝐴𝐴 find their sum.

Solution:

𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) = 4 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 30° � = 4∠30° = 3.464 + 𝑗𝑗2 𝐴𝐴

𝑖𝑖2 (𝑡𝑡) = 5 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 20° � = 5∠−20° = −1.71 − 𝑗𝑗4.698 𝐴𝐴

𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑖𝑖1 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑖𝑖2 (𝑡𝑡)

= 1.754 − 𝑗𝑗2.698 = 3.218∠ − 56.97°

= 3.218 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 − 56.97° �

12 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

PHASOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Resistor:

𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° � or

𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙 ° 𝐴𝐴

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° �

𝑉𝑉 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙 ° 𝑉𝑉

13 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Inductor:

𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° � or

𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙 ° 𝐴𝐴

𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡)
𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° � = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° + 180° �

= 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° + 90° � or

𝑉𝑉 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 ∠�𝜙𝜙 ° + 90° � 𝑉𝑉

𝑉𝑉 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿

14 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Capacitor:

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° � or

𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠𝜙𝜙 ° 𝐴𝐴

𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)
𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= −𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° � = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 sin�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° + 180° �

= 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos�𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙 ° + 90° � or

𝐼𝐼 = 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 ∠�𝜙𝜙 ° + 90° � 𝐴𝐴

1
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 → 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

15 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE:

The impedance 𝒁𝒁 of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage 𝑽𝑽 to the

𝑉𝑉
phasor current 𝑰𝑰, measured in ohms (Ω). �𝑍𝑍 = �
𝐼𝐼

where, 𝑍𝑍 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 = |𝑍𝑍|∠𝜙𝜙 °

𝑋𝑋
|𝑍𝑍| = √𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑋𝑋 2 , and ∠𝜙𝜙 ° = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1
𝑅𝑅

𝑅𝑅 = |𝑍𝑍| cos 𝜙𝜙 , 𝑋𝑋 = |𝑍𝑍| sin 𝜙𝜙

𝟏𝟏
The admittance 𝒀𝒀 = , measured in siemens (𝑆𝑆).
𝒁𝒁

1 𝐼𝐼 1
𝑌𝑌 = = so 𝑌𝑌 = 𝐺𝐺 + 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 =
𝑍𝑍 𝑉𝑉 𝑅𝑅+𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗

16 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Example: In the circuit shown, 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 10 cos 4𝑡𝑡, find 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡)

Solution: 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 = 10 cos 4𝑡𝑡 = 10∠0° and 𝜔𝜔 = 4

1 1 1
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑅𝑅 + =5+ =5− 𝑗𝑗 = 5 − 𝑗𝑗2.5
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗4×0.1 0.4

𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 10∠0° 10(5+𝑗𝑗2.5)

𝐼𝐼 = = =( = 1.6 + 𝑗𝑗0.8 = 1.789∠26.57°
𝑍𝑍 5−𝑗𝑗2.5 5−𝑗𝑗2.5)(5+𝑗𝑗2.5)

𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) = 1.789 cos�4𝑡𝑡 + 26.57° � 𝐴𝐴

° 1
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼𝑋𝑋𝐶𝐶 = 1.789∠26.57 × ∠−90° = 4.47∠−63.43°
0.4

𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 4.47 cos�4𝑡𝑡−63.43° � 𝑉𝑉

Note that 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡𝑡) leads 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) by 63.43°

17 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN

KVL:

For KVL, let 𝑣𝑣1 , 𝑣𝑣2 , … , 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 be the voltages around a closed loop.
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

� 𝑉𝑉𝑘𝑘 = � 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙𝑘𝑘 ) = 0

𝑘𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘=1

KCL: If we let be 𝑖𝑖1 , 𝑖𝑖2 , … , 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 the currents leaving or entering a closed surface in a network at
time 𝑡𝑡, then
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

� 𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 = � 𝐼𝐼𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘 cos(𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔 + 𝜙𝜙𝑘𝑘 ) = 0

𝑘𝑘=1 𝑘𝑘=1

18 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

IMPEDANCE COMBINATIONS:

Series case:

𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉1 + 𝑉𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑉𝑁𝑁 = 𝐼𝐼 (𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁 ) = 𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

𝑉𝑉
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = = 𝑍𝑍1 + 𝑍𝑍2 + ⋯ + 𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁
𝐼𝐼

Voltage divider
𝑍𝑍1 𝑍𝑍2
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉 and 𝑉𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑉
𝑍𝑍1 +𝑍𝑍2 𝑍𝑍1 +𝑍𝑍2

19 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Parallel case:
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁 = + + ⋯+ =
𝑍𝑍1 𝑍𝑍2 𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑍𝑍1 𝑍𝑍2 𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁

𝑌𝑌𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑌𝑌1 + 𝑌𝑌2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑌𝑁𝑁

Current divider
𝑍𝑍2 𝑍𝑍1
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼 and 𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐼
𝑍𝑍1 +𝑍𝑍2 𝑍𝑍1 +𝑍𝑍2

20 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

DELTA ↔ STAR CONVERSION

𝒀𝒀 → 𝚫𝚫 𝚫𝚫 → 𝒀𝒀
𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 +𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 +𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄
𝒛𝒛𝒂𝒂 = 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 =
𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝒂𝒂 +𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 +𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄
𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 +𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 +𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 𝒛𝒛𝒂𝒂
𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 = 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 =
𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 𝒛𝒛𝒂𝒂 +𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 +𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄
𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 +𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 +𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛𝒂𝒂 𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃
𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄 = 𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 =
𝒛𝒛𝟑𝟑 𝒛𝒛𝒂𝒂 +𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 +𝒛𝒛𝒄𝒄

A "Delta" or "Wye" circuit is said to be balanced if it has equal impedances.

in all three branches.

When a Δ − Y is balanced,
1
𝑍𝑍Δ = 3 𝑍𝑍Y or 𝑍𝑍Y = 𝑍𝑍Δ
3

21 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Example: Determine 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)

Solution:

using voltage divider

22 19 February 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives Sinusoids and Phasors

Example: Find current I

Solution:

Delta ↔ Star

23 19 February 2023