MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Generators

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES

Course information:

• Code: MENG 322

• Cr. 3, Lec. 2, Tut. 1, Lab. 1.

• PR: MENG 321 - Electronic devices and applications,

𝐺𝐺1 : 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆, 12: 29 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 14: 20, 𝑆𝑆41

• Schedule: �
𝐺𝐺2 : 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇, 12: 29 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 14: 20, 𝑆𝑆44

B. L. Theraja ,"Textbook of Electrical Technology"

• Textbooks: �
Alexander and Sadiku, "Fundamentals of Electric Circuits"

• Instructor: Raafat SHALABY, Dr.-Eng.

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MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Generators

ELECTRIC MACHINES AND

DRIVES

Course Outlines
• Magnetic Circuits • AC Motors
• Sinusoids and Phasors • Power Semiconductor Switches
• Three Phase Power Systems • Dc-Dc Choppers (dc Motor Drives)
• Transformers • Ac-Dc Converters (Rectifiers)
• DC GENERATORS • Dc-Ac converters (Inverters)
• DC Motors

Dr. R. Shalaby
rshalaby@nu.edu.eg

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ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES

A Lecture on:
DC GENERATORS

Dr. Raafat SHALABY

rshalaby@nu.edu.eg

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WHAT IS A GENERATOR
• Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an emf is produced in it
(Faraday’s Law)
• The emf polarity is determined by the Fleming’s right-hand rule.

CONSTRUCTION OF A SINGLE-TURN GENERATOR

• A single turn coil ABCD rotating about its own axis in a magnetic field.
• The coil ends are joined to two sliprings ‘a’ and ‘b’.
• Two brushes (1 & 2), press against the sliprings.
o The brushes collect the induced current and convey it to the
external load.
• The rotating coil is called “armature.”
• The magnet is called “field magnet”.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE
• When the coil plane is at right angles to the flux,
o coil sides slide along flux, (not cutting it).
o hence, no emf is induced in the coil.
o this position I taken as starting position. (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 0° )

• While 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is rotating 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 0° 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 90° , the induced voltage increases.
o reaches its maximum when 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 90° , (instant #3).

• While 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is rotating 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 90° 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 180° , the induced voltage decreases.
o reaches zero when 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 180° , (instant #5).
• From 180° to 0° , the emf are similar to those in the first half, but with reverse
direction.
• Current obtained from such a generator is AC.

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WORKING PRINCIPLE, cont.…

• To convert the current in the external circuit from AC to DC, the
sliprings are replaced by split-rings.
• The resulting current becomes unidirectional but not pure DC.

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PRACTICAL GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION

1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke 5. Armature Windings or Conductors
2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes 6. Commutator
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils 7. Brushes and Bearings
4. Armature Core

YOKE:
• Mechanically supporting the poles
• Protecting cover for the whole machine
• It carries the magnetic flux.

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POLE CORES AND POLE SHOES ARMATURE CORE COMMUTATOR

Spread out the flux in the air gap.
Support the field coils.

POLE COILS ARMATURE WINDINGS BRUSHES

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TYPES OF GENERATORS
According to the way the field is excited, generators may be divided into:

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Example: A long-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 50 𝐴𝐴 at 500 𝑉𝑉 and has armature,
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05 𝛺𝛺, 0.03 𝛺𝛺 and 250 𝛺𝛺 respectively. Calculate the generated
voltage and the armature current. Allow 1 𝑉𝑉 per brush for contact drop.

Solution

500
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 2𝐴𝐴 & 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 50 + 2 = 52𝐴𝐴
250

Voltage drops on series field winding = 52 × 0.03 = 1.56𝑉𝑉

Armature voltage drop = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 52 × 0.05 = 2.6 𝑉𝑉

Drop at brushes = 2 × 1 = 2 𝑉𝑉

𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = V + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

= 500 + 2.6 + 1.56 + 2 = 506.16 𝑉𝑉

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Example: A short-shunt compound generator delivers a load current of 30 𝐴𝐴 at 220 𝑉𝑉, and has armature,
series-field, and shunt-field resistances of 0.05 𝛺𝛺, 0.30 𝛺𝛺 and 200 𝛺𝛺 respectively. Calculate the induced
emf and the armature current. Allow 1.0 𝑉𝑉 per brush for contact drop.

Solution

Voltage drops in series winding = 30 × 0.3 = 9𝑉𝑉

Voltage drops in shunt winding = 220 + 9 = 229𝑉𝑉

229
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 1.145𝐴𝐴 & 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 30 + 1.145 = 31.145𝐴𝐴
220

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 31.145 × 0.05 = 1.56𝑉𝑉

Brush drop= 2 × 1 = 2 𝑉𝑉

𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = V + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 220 + 1.56 + 9 + 2 = 232.56 𝑉𝑉

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Example: A 300𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 600𝑉𝑉, long-shunt compound generator has 75𝛺𝛺 shunt field resistance, armature
resistance including 0.03𝛺𝛺 brush resistance, 0.011𝛺𝛺 commutating field resistance, 0.012𝛺𝛺 series field
resistance, and 0.036𝛺𝛺 diverter resistance. When the machine is delivering full load, calculate the generated
voltage and power.

Answer
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 300000
𝑂𝑂𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = = 500𝐴𝐴
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 600
600 600
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 8𝐴𝐴 & 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 8𝐴𝐴
75 75

𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∥ 𝑅𝑅𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.009𝛺𝛺

𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0.03 + 0.011 + 0.009 = 0.05𝛺𝛺
Armature drop = 508 × 0.05 = 25.4𝑉𝑉
Voltage generated = 600 + 25.4 = 625.4𝑉𝑉
Power generated 𝑊𝑊 = 625.4 × 508 = 317.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

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GENERATED EMF

• 𝜙𝜙, is the flux per pole.

• 𝑍𝑍, No. of armature conductors

• 𝑃𝑃, No. of poles

• 𝑁𝑁, armature speed (rpm)

• 𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 , emf generated in any one of armature parallel paths.

2 for wave − winding

• 𝐴𝐴, No. of armature parallel paths = �
𝑃𝑃 for lap − winding

In general,

𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑃𝑃
𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = × 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
60 𝐴𝐴

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Example An 8 −pole dc generator has 500 armature conductors, and a useful flux of 0.05 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 per pole.
What will be the emf generated if it is lap-connected and runs at 1200 rpm? What must be the speed at
which it is to be driven to produce the same emf if it is wave-wound?

Solution:
𝜙𝜙 = 0.05, 𝑍𝑍 = 500, 𝑃𝑃 = 8, and 𝑁𝑁 = 1200,

• For lap-connected: 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑃𝑃 = 8

𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑃𝑃 0.05×500×1200 8
𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = × = × = 500 𝑉𝑉
60 𝐴𝐴 60 8

• For wave-wound: 𝐴𝐴 = 2

𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙𝜙 𝑃𝑃 0.05×500×𝑁𝑁 8
𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = 500 = × = ×
60 𝐴𝐴 60 2

Thus, 𝑁𝑁 = 300 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

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Example An 8 −pole dc shunt generator with 778 wave-connected armature conductors and running at
500𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟. supplies a load of 12.5 𝛺𝛺 resistance at terminal voltage of 250 𝑉𝑉. The armature resistance is
0.24 𝛺𝛺 and the field resistance is 250𝛺𝛺. Find the armature current, the induced emf and the flux per pole.

Solution

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Example A 4 −pole, long-shunt lap-wound generator supplies 25𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 at a terminal voltage of 500𝑉𝑉. The
armature resistance is 0.03𝛺𝛺, series field resistance is 0.04 Ω and shunt field resistance is 200𝛺𝛺. The
brush drop may be taken as 1𝑉𝑉. Determine the emf generated. Also calculate the No. of conductors if the
speed is 1200𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 and flux per pole is 0.02𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊. Neglect armature reaction.
Solution:

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 0.03𝛺𝛺, 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 0.04𝛺𝛺, 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠ℎ = 200𝛺𝛺, 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 2 × 1 = 2𝑉𝑉,

25000 500
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = = 50𝐴𝐴, 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 2.5𝐴𝐴 thus, 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 52.5𝐴𝐴
500 200

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 52.5 × 0.04 = 2.1𝑉𝑉, 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 52.5 × 0.03 = 1.575𝑉𝑉

Φ𝑍𝑍𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃
𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = 500 + 2.1 + 1.575 + 2 = 505.67𝑉𝑉 = ×
60 𝐴𝐴

60𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 60×505.67𝑉𝑉 4
𝑍𝑍 = × = × = 1264 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Φ𝑁𝑁 𝑃𝑃 0.02×1200 4

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Example A 4-pole, dc shunt generator with a shunt field resistance of 100Ω and an armature resistance of
1Ω has 378 wave-connected conductors in its armature. The flux per pole is 0.02Wb. If a load resistance
of 10Ω is connected across the armature terminals and the generator is driven at 1000rpm, calculate the
power absorbed by the load.
Solution

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Example A short-shunt dc compound generator supplies 200A at 100V. The resistance of armature, series
field and shunt field windings are 0.04, 0.03 and 60Ω respectively. Find the emf generated. Also find the
emf generated if same machine is connected as a long-shunt machine.
Solution

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EFFICIENCY AND LOSS IN DC GENERATOR

There are three main types of losses.

1. Mechanical losses. 3. Copper losses

• Friction loss at bearings and commutator. • Loss due to brush contact resistance.
• Air-friction (windage) loss of rotating • Armature copper loss
armature. • Field copper loss.
o In shunt and/or series windings.
2. Magnetic losses: (Iron or Core losses)
• Hysteresis loss,
• Eddy current loss,

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EFFICIENCY, LOSSES, AND POWER STAGES

• Various power stages of a dc generator are shown:

• Following are the three generator efficiencies:

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MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY IN SHUNT-GENERATORS

𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 + 𝑷𝑷𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 = 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 + 𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐𝒂𝒂 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 + 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 = 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 + (𝑰𝑰 + 𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 )𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 + 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄

𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽

𝜼𝜼 = = =
𝑷𝑷𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 +𝑷𝑷𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽+(𝑰𝑰+𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 )𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 +𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄

𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 −𝟏𝟏

where, 𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 ≪ 𝑰𝑰 we obtain 𝜼𝜼 = = 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝑹 𝑾𝑾 = �𝟏𝟏 + + �
𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽+𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 +𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏+� 𝒂𝒂 + 𝒄𝒄 � 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽
𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Now, efficiency is maximum when = 𝟎𝟎,
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄
𝒅𝒅 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 −𝟏𝟏 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 −𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 −
𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐
i.e., �𝟏𝟏 + � + �� = − �𝟏𝟏 + + � × �𝟎𝟎 + − �= 𝑰𝑰𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐
= 𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐
�𝟏𝟏+ + �
𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑽𝑽

𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄 𝟐𝟐
hence, = 𝟐𝟐 or 𝑹𝑹𝒂𝒂 𝑰𝑰 = 𝑾𝑾𝒄𝒄
𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽𝑰𝑰

thus, the generator efficiency is maximum when 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 = 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥

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Example A 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐, 𝟔𝟔 −pole dc shunt-generator runs at 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 when delivering

full-load. The armature has 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 lap-connected conductors. Full-load Cu loss is 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.
The total brush drop is 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. Determine the flux per pole. Neglect shunt current.
𝛷𝛷𝛷𝛷𝛷𝛷 𝑃𝑃 𝛷𝛷534×1000 6
Solution 𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = × = × = 8900𝛷𝛷
60 𝐴𝐴 60 6

𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎
→ 𝛷𝛷 = (1)
8900

10000
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ is negligible → 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = = 40𝐴𝐴
250

cu-losses = 640 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 → 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 0.4Ω

𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = 𝑉𝑉 + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 250 + 16 + 1 = 267𝑉𝑉

→ substitute into 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. (1)

267
𝛷𝛷 = = 30 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
8900

22 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Generators

Example A shunt generator has a full-load current of 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 at 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. The stray losses are 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 and the
shunt field resistance is 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. If it has 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖% full-load efficiency, find the armature resistance. Also, find the
load current corresponding to maximum efficiency.
Solution

23 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Generators

Example A long-shunt dynamo running at 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 supplies 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 at a terminal voltage of 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. The
armature, shunt and series field having 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 and 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 respectively. The overall efficiency at the
above load is 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖%. Find (a) Cu losses (b) iron and friction losses (c) the torque exerted by the prime mover.
Solution

220 22000
• 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 2𝐴𝐴, and 𝐼𝐼 = = 100𝐴𝐴 → 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 102𝐴𝐴
110 220

𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 1022 × 0.05 = 520.2 𝑊𝑊

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 → � 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 1022 × 0.06 = 624.3 𝑊𝑊 � → 1584.5𝑊𝑊
2
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠ℎ = 22 × 110 = 440 𝑊𝑊
• 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 22000𝑊𝑊, 𝜂𝜂 = 0.88 → 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 25000𝑊𝑊
Total losses = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 3000𝑊𝑊
Iron and friction losses= 3000 − 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 1415.5𝑊𝑊
• The torque exerted by the prime mover is the source of 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 =
60
60𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 6×25000
𝑇𝑇 = = = 238.74 𝑁𝑁
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2×3.14×1000

24 12 March 2023
MENG322, Electric Machines and Drives DC Generators

Example A long-shunt compound generator gives 240 volts at FL output of 100A. The resistances of various
windings of the machine are armature (including brush contact) 0.1Ω, series field 0.02Ω, interpole field
0.025Ω, shunt field (including regulating resistance) 100Ω. The iron loss at FL is 1000W; the total windage
and friction losses are 500W. Calculate the FL efficiency of the machine.

Solution

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 240 × 100 = 24000𝑊𝑊

240
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠ℎ = = 2.4𝐴𝐴 → 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 = 100 + 2.4 = 102.4𝐴𝐴
100

Total 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 0.1 + 0.02 + 0.025 = 0.145Ω

Total 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = (102.42 × 0.145) + (2.42 × 100) = 1521 + 576 = 2097𝑊𝑊

Iron losses = 1000𝑊𝑊, Friction losses = 500𝑊𝑊

Total losses 3597𝑊𝑊

𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝜼𝜼 = = = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖%
𝑷𝑷𝒐𝒐 + 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
25 12 March 2023