APA :

Citations & Reference Page

Formatting
A few researchers in the linguistics field have
developed training programs designed to
improve native speakers’ ability to understand
accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter, & Munro,
2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques
are based on the research described above
indicating that comprehension improves with
exposures to non-native speech. Derwing et al.
(2002) conducted their training with students
preparing to be social workers, but note that
other professionals who work with non-native
speakers could benefit from a similar program.
 What is APA?
⦿ American Psychological Association
⦿ is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts in the Social Sciences.
⦿ APA regulates
• Style
• In text Citations
• References
• A list of all sources used
 When is APA Style used?
⦿ Term Papers
⦿ Research Reports
⦿ Empirical Studies
⦿ Literature Reviews
⦿ Theoretical Articles
⦿ Methodological Articles
⦿ Case Studies
 Examples:
Author’s name in parentheses:
One study found that the most important
element in comprehending non-native
speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass &
Varonis, 1984).

Author’s name part of the narrative:

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the
most important element in comprehending
non-native speech is familiarity with the
topic .
 Examples:
⦿ Group as author:

1st citation
(American Psychology Association [APA],
2015)
Subsequent citation
(APA, 2015)
 Examples:
⦿ Multiple works (separate each with
semicolon):

Research shows that listening improves

accent (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krench &
Thomas, 2004)
 Examples:
⦿ Direct quote: (Include page number)
One study found that “the listener’s
familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly affects facilitates the interpretation
of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis,
1984, p. 85).

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the ….

message” (p. 85).
Why do In-text Citation?
 Text Citations
⦿ Information from sources must be cited. This
acknowledges the author’s work, and allows the reader
to access the information in the References section of
your paper
⦿ Follow the (author, date) method of in-text citation.
⦿ The author's last name and the year of publication for
the source should appear in the text, for example
(Jones, 1998).
⦿
⦿ In-text references should immediately follow the title,
word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant,
rather appearing at the end of long clauses or
sentences.
⦿ It should always precede punctuation marks.
⦿ If no date is available, write (n.d.) in place of the date
 Text Citations
Three key points in APA citations
1. Use author, date format whenever possible.
2. If the source is quoted, you MUST include the
page or paragraph number.
3. If author’s name is not available, use the title
of the document in place of the author’s name
 Text Citations

⦿ Three types of text citations:

1. Paraphrase (summary)

2. Short Quote = less than 40 words

3. Long Quote= more than 40 words

In-text Citations: Paraphrase
⦿ A paraphrase is material from a source
which has been summarized in your own
words.

⦿ All paraphrases must be cited, using the

author’s last name and year of
publication.

⦿ No page number is required.

 Paraphrase : Example
⦿ If the author’s name is a part of the
sentence structure, the year follows the
author’s names in parenthesis. Quotation
marks are not included.
⦿ Example:
Author’s last name, year of publication

Berk (2007) found that children begin to

play organized games with rules, once
they reach school-age.
 Paraphrase : Example
⦿ When the author’s name is not part of the
sentence structure (parenthetical citation), the
author’s name and year of publication are
included at the end of the citation, in
parenthesis. Quotation marks are not included.

⦿ Example:
Studies conducted found that children begin to
use organized play and games with rules at
school-age (Berk, 2007).
Author’s last name, year of publication
 In-text Citations: What to include in the
parentheses

⦿ If the author’s name is part of the sentence, place

only the year of publication in parentheses.
• Example:
Berk (2007) found that children begin to play organized
games with rules, once they reach school-age.

⦿ When the author’s name is not part of the

sentence, place both the name and the year,
separated by a comma, in parentheses
• Example:
Studies conducted found that children begin to use organized
play and games with rules at school-age (Berk, 2007).
 In-text Citations: Short Quote
⦿ A direct quote is information included in
a paper, which is taken directly from the
source.

⦿ Short quotes = less than 40 words

• Enclosed within quotation marks
• Cited using the author’s last name, year of
publication, and page number (or paragraph
number, if page number is not available.)
 Short Quote (< 40 words) Examples
⦿ “Reading makes use of many skills at
once, taxing all aspects of our
information-processing systems” (Berk,
2007, p. 306).
Author’s last name,
year of publication, page #
⦿ Research has shown that “mathematics
teaching in elementary school builds on
and greatly enriches children’s informal
knowledge of number concepts and
counting” (Berk, 2007, p. 307).
Author’s last name, year of publication, page #
 Long Quote (>40 words) Example

⦿ Quotes over 40 words must be block

formatted.
⦿ Quotation marks are not used. The entire block
quote is indented five spaces, and
double-spaced.
⦿ Example:
Notice: the Berk (2007) found the following to be true:
quote is
block
We have seen that middle childhood brings
formatted major advances in perspective taking, the capacity
(indented 5 to imagine what other people may be thinking and
spaces), but feeling. These changes support self-self esteem,
quotation understanding of others, and a wide variety of social
marks are skills (p. 336).
not used
 Citations
Note: with 3 or more authors, after the first text citation, only the first author is
named. The remaining authors are included as “et al.”

(APA Publication Manual, 2009, 6.11-6.15)

 In-text Citations: Electronic sources
⦿ When citing an electronic document,
whenever possible, cite it in the author-date
style.
⦿ If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate
and identify paragraph number or paragraph
heading

⦿Example:
Recent research has yielded similar results
(Smith, 1997, para. 6).

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
 In-text Citations: Unknown author
⦿ When the author’s name is designated as
“Anonymous” cite in text the word
Anonymous followed by a comma and the
date.
⦿ Example:
(Anonymous, 1998)

⦿ In the Reference list, an anonymous work is

alphabetized by the word Anonymous as the
author with the remaining publication data
 In-text Citations: Unknown author
⦿ When a work has no identified author, cite the title of the
reference and the year. If it is a long title, use the first few
words
• Use quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter or a
webpage
• Italicize the title of a journal, a book, a brochure or a report.
Use the title of the article with the year in the citation when no
⦿ Examples author is named.
• Recent research reveals (“Six Sites Meet,” 2006) significantly…
● Full publication title is “Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang
initiative conference.” Notice the title was shortened for the in text
citation because the title was long

• The book College Bound Seniors (2008) asserts that…

Use the title of the book with the year in the citation when no author is
named. APA (2010), section 6.15
 In-text Citations: Unknown author
⦿ Because there is no author listed for these
sources, use the title in place of the author’s
name in the citation and on the References
page, in alphabetical order.

⦿ Examples
• Recent research reveals (“Six Sites Meet,” 2006)
significantly…
• The book College Bound Seniors (2008) asserts
that…
On the Reference page, use the title in the place of
the author’s name. Place in alphabetical order.
 In-text Citations: Unknown author
⦿ Because there is no author listed for these
sources, use the title in place of the author’s
name in the citation and on the References
page, in alphabetical order.
The name of the publication is NOT part of the
sentence structure, so both the title and the year of
⦿ Examples publication are placed in parentheses.
• Recent research reveals (“Six Sites Meet,” 2006)
significantly…
• The book College Bound Seniors (2008) asserts
that… The name of the book is part of the sentence
structure; it is the subject of the sentence, so only
the year of publication is placed in parentheses.
 Reference Page Format
⦿ References cited throughout text are listed
in alphabetical order by author’s last name
on a new page following the text.
• Hanging indentation is used for all references.
• Entire reference page is double-spaced

⦿ Center the title References at the top of

the page
• Do not bold, underline, or use quotation marks for
the title.

APA Sample Reference Page:

http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/Psychology/references.pdf
 Reference Page Format
⦿ APA reference format always follows this basic formula
regardless of the type of source.

⦿ References Formula
Author(s) Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication).
Title, Publication Data.
• Author (s) last names, include ALL authors as they are listed
• Year of publication--if no date is available, write (n.d)
• Title of the book or title of the article
• Publication data = where do I locate the source material? For
example: Book publishing company information, full website
address, journal name, newspaper name, magazine name or
include issue and page numbers for journals, newspapers and
magazines
 What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources
1. Journal article with DOI:
Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language
of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual
assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26,
1617-1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-
1816.1996.tb00088.x

2. Journal article without DOI:

Koenig, H. G. (1990). Research on religion and mental
health in later life: A review and commentary.
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 23-53.
 What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources - continued
3. Journal article without DOI, retrieved online
• [Note: For articles retrieved from databases, include the URL
of the journal home page. Database information is not
needed. Do not include the date of retrieval.]:

Aldridge, D. (1991). Spirituality, healing and medicine.

British Journal of General Practice, 41, 425-427.
Retrieved from
http://www.rcgp.org.uk/publications/bjgp.aspx

(Degelman, 2009)
 What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources - continued
4. Book:
Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of
religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

5. Informally published Web document:

Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved
from http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty
/ddegelman/detail.aspx?doc_id=796

(Degelman, 2009)
 What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources - continued
6. Informally published Web document (no date):
Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of
religion. Retrieved from
http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.ht m

7. Informally published Web document (no author,

no date):
Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html

(Degelman, 2009)
 What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources - continued
8. Abstract from secondary database:
Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server
introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of
Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract
retrieved from PsycINFO database.

9. Article or chapter in an edited book:

Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F.
Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp.
70-84). New York: Oxford University Press.

(Degelman, 2009)
 What’s on a Reference Page?
Examples of Sources - continued

10.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders:
American Psychiatric Association. (2000).
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington,
DC: Author.

(Degelman, 2009)
 References
American Psychological Association (2009). The Basics of APA style
tutorial. Retreived from
http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication
th
Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6 ed), Washington, DC:
Author
Berk, L.
th
(2007). Development through the lifespan
(4 ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved from
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/d
etail.aspx?doc_id=796
Purdue Online Writing Lab (2010). Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

Schor, E. (1995). Caring for your school-age child; ages 5-12. New
York: Bantam Books.