Question 1:

using the formula z = (x -μ) / σ,

z = (70 -75) / 3 = -1.67

P(Z ≤ -1.67) ≈ 0.0475

Therefore, the probability that a student with an engineering background scores 70 or less in
component 1 is approximately 0.0475orabout4.75%.

Question 2:
Formula:
Z = (X - 75) / 3
The probability that a student scores 70 or less is equivalent to the probability that Z is less than or
equal to (70-75)/3 = -5/3
P(Z ≤ -5/3) ≈ 0.0918
Therefore, about 9.18% of students with an engineering background scored 70 or less in
component 1.

Question 3:
P(E) = 0.6, P(C) = 0.3, and P(O) = 0.1
E[X] = 75(0.6) + 76(0.3) + 85(0.1) = 74.4 + 22.8 + 8.5 = 105.7

Question 4:
P(E) = 0.6
P(C) = 0.3
P(O) = 0.1
μ = E(X) = E(X | E)P(E) + E(X | C)P(C) + E(X | O)P(O)
E(X | E) = 75
E(X | C) = 76
E(X | O) = 85
μ = (75)(0.6) + (76)(0.3) + (85)(0.1) ≈ 75.7

Question 5:
: P(O|A) = P(A|O) * P(O) / P(A)
P(A|O) = P(X >= 80 | X ~ N(85, 4)) = P(Z >= (80-85)/4) = P(Z >= -1.25) = 0.8944
P(A) = P(A|E)*P(E) + P(A|C)*P(C) + P(A|O)*P(O)
P(E) = 0.6 and P(C) = 0.3
: P(A|E) = P(X >= 80 | X ~ N(75, 3)) = P(Z >= (80-75)/3) = P(Z >= 1.67) = 0.0475
P(A|C) = P(X >= 80 | X ~ N(76, 5)) = P(Z >= (80-76)/5) = P(Z >= 0.8) = 0.2119
P(A) = P(A|E)*P(E) + P(A|C)*P(C) + P(A|O)*P(O) = 0.0475*0.6 + 0.2119*0.3 + 0.8944*0.1 =
0.2041
P(O|A) = P(A|O) * P(O) / P(A) = 0.8944 * 0.1 / 0.2041 = 0.4387 = 0.4387 or 43.87%
Question 6:
P(B) = P(A and B) + P(not A and B) We know that P(A) = 0.1, P(not A) = 0.9,
: P(B|A) = P(Z > (80 - 85)/4) = P(Z > -1.25) = 0.8944
: P(B|not A) = P(B and engineering) + P(B and commerce) Assignment = P(B|engineering) *
P(engineering) + P(B|commerce) * P(commerce) = P(Z > (80 - 75)/3) * 0.6 + P(Z > (80 - 76)/5) *
0.3 = P(Z > 1.67) * 0.6 + P(Z > 0.8) * 0.3 = 0.0475 * 0.6 + 0.2119 * 0.3 = 0.0796
P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B) = P(B|A) * P(A) / P(B|A) * P(A) + P(B|not A) * P(not A) = 0.8944 *
0.1 / (0.8944 * 0.1 + 0.0796 * 0.9) = 0.245= 24.5%

Question 7:
the mean of the final scores obtained by the students in this sample can be estimated as: Mean
Score = (1/30) * Σ(Final Score) where Σ(Final Score) denotes the sum of the final scores
obtained by the 30 students in the sample.
the point estimate of the mean score of students taking this course is 79.158
CI = x̄ ± t*(s/√n) where CI is the confidence interval, x̄ is the sample mean, t is the t-value from
the t-distribution with (n-1) degrees of freedom and a 95% confidence level, s is the sample
standard deviation, and n is the sample size. From part (a), we found that the sample mean
score is 77.13 and the sample standard deviation is 6.69. The sample size is 30 since we chose
students with serial numbers 1, 11, 21, … 291. Using a t-distribution table or calculator with (n-
1) = 29 degrees of freedom and a 95% confidence level, we find the t-value to be approximately
2.045. Plugging in the values, we get: scss CI = 77.13 ± 2.045*(6.69/√30) = (71.85, 82.41)
Therefore, we can say with 95% confidence that the true mean score of all students taking the
course lies between 71.85 and 82.41.

Question 8:
Null hypothesis H0: The average score of students with engineering backgrounds in component
1 is 75. - Alternative hypothesis Ha: The average score of students with engineering
backgrounds in component 1 is not 75.
significance level of α=0.05
t = (x̄ - μ) / (s / sqrt(n))
we know that the sample size of engineering students is not given, so we cannot compute the test
statistic. Hence, we cannot conduct the hypothesis test and cannot conclude whether students with
engineering backgrounds have an average score of 75 in component 1 or not.

Question 9:
H0: μ1 - μ2 = 0 (there is no difference between the mean scores of commerce and engineering
students)
Ha: μ1 - μ2 > 0 (commerce students scored higher than engineering students)
s_p^2 = ((n1-1)s1^2 + (n2-1)s2^2) / (n1+n2-2)
where n1 = n2 = 30
s_p^2 = ((30-1)(5.7813)^2 + (30-1)(3.4416)^2) / (30+30-2) = 22.2903
t = (x1 - x2) / (s_p * sqrt(2/n)) = (75.8333 - 74.7444) / (sqrt(22.2903) * sqrt(2/30)) = 2.185
The degrees of freedom are (n1 + n2 - 2) = 58, and the critical value for a one-tailed t-test at α =
0.05 is 1.6706.
Since the calculated t-value (2.185) is greater than the critical value (1.6706), we reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the claim that students with
commerce backgrounds scored better than students with engineering backgrounds in component 1.

Question 10:
a)the weighted mean and standard deviation of the overall score distribution as follows: µ = 0.6
× 75 + 0.3 × 76 + 0.1 × 85 = 75.5 σ = sqrt(0.6 × 3^2 + 0.3 × 5^2 + 0.1 × 4^2) ≈ 3.86 Next, we can
find the z-score corresponding to the 80th percentile using a standard normal distribution table
or calculator: z = invNorm(0.8) ≈ 0.84
For students with an engineering background: x = µ + zσ = 75 + 0.84 × 3 ≈ 77.52 For students
with a commerce background: x = µ + zσ = 76 + 0.84 × 5 ≈ 80.2 For students with neither
background: x = µ + zσ = 85 + 0.84 × 4 ≈ 88.36 Therefore, the average score obtained by
students with an A grade is the weighted average of these cutoff scores, based on the
proportion of students in each background group who receive an A grade: average score for A
grade = 0.6 × 77.52 + 0.3 × 80.2 + 0.1 × 88.36 ≈ 78.54 Therefore, the average score obtained by
students with A grades is approximately 78.54
b) standard normal distribution table, we find that the z-score corresponding to the 60th
percentile is 0.25.
Cutoff score for B grade = mean + z-score * standard deviation = 76 + 0.25 * 5 = 77.25
For students with other backgrounds: The mean score is 85 with a standard deviation of 4.
, the cutoff score for a B grade for students with other backgrounds is: Cutoff score for B grade =
mean + z-score * standard deviation = 85 + 0.25 * 4 = 86 Therefore, the average score obtained by
students with a B grade is: Average score for B grade = (77.52 * 0.2 + 77.25 * 0.4 + 86 * 0.4) = 81.39

c) P(A | E) = P(E | A) P(A) / P(E)

we can use the fact that students with an engineering background have X ~ N(75, 3^2), and the
cutoff for an A grade is 83.25. Thus,
P(E | A) = P(X ≥ 83.25 | E) = 1 - Φ((83.25 - 75) / 3)
P(E | A) ≈ 0.000232629
P(A | E) = (0.000232629)(0.2) / (0.6) ≈ 0.000077543

d) P(E | A) = P(A | E) P(E) / P(A)

P(E | A) = (0.000232629)(0.6) / (0.2) = 0.00138777 =0.14%