QUESTION OPTION A OPTION B

How does the brain obtain information Processing information Processing information
about the body's orientation in space? from the eyes (visual from the inner ear
cues). (vestibular cues).

In sensing the orientation of the body The eyes. The inner ear.
in space, the brain assigns the highest
priority to information coming from

Which of the following is the most A change in the A conflict or ambiguity

likely cause of disorientation? information coming in the information
from the inner ear. coming from visual,
vestibular and postural
cues.

In the absence of reliable visual A steep turn and a rapid A rapid acceleration in
information, which of the following deceleration in level level flight and a
states of motion would be most flight. transition from level
difficult to differentiate? flight to a dive.

What is the most effective way to Keep a constant look- Rely absolutely on the
orient yourself, if you feel that you are out for glimpses of the aircraft's instruments.
disoriented? natural horizon outside.

’When does disorientation due to
'leans' occur?
The rate of onset of the The rate of onset of the
initial bank angle is initial bank angle is
above the threshold of below the threshold of
perception, but the rate perception, and the
of the pilot's correction rate of the pilot's
to a level attitude is correction to a level
below that threshold. attitude is also below
that threshold.
When is the Coriolis illusion most likely It is an illusion that The Coriolis Illusion Is
to occur? occurs when the aircraft caused by making a
is in straight and level quick head movement
flight and the pilot during a constant rate
suddenly turns his head turn that has ceased
rapidly from left to stimulating the inner
right. ear.

When is the somatogravic illusion During a go-around in a Just after the transition
(falsely identifying a level acceleration high performance from instrument to
as a steep climb), most likely to be aircraft when flying visual flight.
encountered? visually.

What is a common illusion, when an A sensation of being A sensation of

aircraft in a sustained shallow turn in banked in the opposite remaining banked in
IFR conditions, rolls out of the turn? direction when the the turn when the
wings are rolled back to wings are rolled back to
the level attitude. the level attitude.

If a pilot who experiences the False. True.

somatogravic illusion reacts to the
associated false sensation, is there any
danger of the aircraft being flown into
the ground after take-off?

Which of the following is true regarding If two aircraft are in the
perspective? field of view, the one
which appears larger is
always close to the
observer.
If two aircraft are in the
field of view, the one
which appears closer to
the horizon is always
further away.

On a flare out to land on a very wide Because the aircraft is While making a flare,
runway, the pilot may feel that he is actually lower during the pilot is used to
lower than he actually is. Why is this? the flare prior to seeing a certain width
touchdown. of the runway. If the
runway edges appear
further away or if the
pilot cannot see them,
the pilot will feel that
he is very low.
One illusion which may be experienced
on a dark night approach to a narrow
runway which is remote from street or
town lighting is?
The aircraft appears to The aircraft appears to
be higher than it be lower than it actually
actually is during the is during the flare prior
flare prior to to touchdown.
touchdown.

When making an approach by day to a Think is he much higher Think is he much lower
runway, which slopes up from the than he actually is. than he actually is.
landing threshold, what wrong
judgment could the pilot make?

During a constant angular acceleration Deflected in the same Deflected in the

in the yawing plane, the hair-like cells direction as the turn. opposite direction as
in the semicircular canals of the inner the turn.
ear will be

Which of the following organs Eustachian tube. The eardrum.

mediates the sense of balance?
How can the effects of vertigo in flight, Rapidly moving the Looking for the horizon
be eliminated? head from side to side, when visibility is poor.
transferring your
attention from the
instruments to the
ground (if visible).

Does the likelihood of disorientation This cannot happen. This can happen.
increase if the pilot experiences mental
fatigue, stress or suffers from anxiety?

The proprioceptive system generates The semicircular canals. The otolith.

sensation from

What is autokinetic illusion? An isolated distant light Brightly lit towns

appearing to move appearing closer than
when stared at for a they actually are on a
period of time. dark night.

On a dark night, how will a small town Closer than it actually is Closer than it actually is
about 5 nm away, appear to the pilot? on a dark night. in daylight.

If a pilot experiences a somatogravic Deceleration in a Deceleration in level

illusion, what will be feel? descent is level flight. flight is a climb.
What is the recommended method of Rapidly scanning Looking only outside in
reducing or eliminating the effect of between instruments conditions of poor
vertigo? and external visual visibility.
features.

What type of illusion is the "black hole" The inability of light to The somatogravic
phenomena? escape beyond the illusion.
event horizon.
When is a pilot's susceptibility to visual When the pilot is It depends on the flying
illusions during approaches likely to be suffering from fatigue. experience of the pilot.
increased?

Among the given options, when is Flying on instruments Not looking at

disorientation likely to occur? only, if you accidentally instruments for
enter a cloud while in reference when
flight. accidentally entering a
cloud while in flight.

What is the defence for a pilot Avoid head and eye Scan all instruments.
experiencing spatial disorientation in movements.
IMC?
What is the possible feeling a pilot may Low on the approach High on the approach
get, when making an approach to a path resulting in a path resulting in a
long wide runway, where the terrain tendency to overshoot. tendency to overshoot.
slopes down to the landing threshold?

What is a pilot likely to perceive on That he is further away That he is further away
approach to land on a runway, at night, than he really is and than he really is and
with the approach over water? that the approach is too that the approach is too
low resulting in an high causing an
overshoot. undershoot.

An important cue used by a pilot to Aircraft attitude. Runway length.

judge aircraft height above ground
during flare out is: -
If a pilot feels disoriented, pilot should: Try and establish Avoid head movements.
- orientation with visual
cues.

Among the given options, when is a The runway is wider The runway lights are
pilot most likely to fly an approach than usual. brighter than usual.
which is too low?
Disorientation is a conditions which There is not enough There is insufficient
exists when visual information information available
available to the brain. from visual, vestibular
and proprioceptive
cues.

Information from the eyes, ears Equilibrium. Situational awareness.

combine with proprioceptive
information to give the body a sense
of: -

A pilot is taking off on a dark night. Seek as many visual Keep checking the
What must the pilot keep in mind cues as possible from instrument indications
during the initial climb? outside the cockpit. with outside
information.

When maintaining the correct Think that he is low and Think he is high and
approach path to land on a runway thus increase power therefore tend to
which is shorter than usual, what could resulting in an overrun. overshoot.
a pilot think?

Which of the following will always be Increased IAS in a dive. Any manoeuvre which
accompanied by an increase in positive requires extra power.
G load?

Which of the following is an effect of a A slowing of the heart A decreased flow of

sustained high G load? beat. oxygenated blood to
the brain.

Very high transient [short-duration] G The brain can continue The heart responds
loads can be tolerated with little effect to function for a few immediately to the
because seconds on the residual onset of high G loads by
oxygen which was pumping faster.
present before the
onset of the G load.

Under what circumstances is a normal Eight G sustained for Three G sustained for
healthy person likely to experience loss two seconds. five seconds.
of consciousness [G-LOC]?
Which of the listed options, is likely to Adopting an erect Tensing of the stomach
increase the ability of the human body seating position. muscles just before the
to withstand high g? onset of and during the
G load.

What can happen if the human body is A slowing of the heart A decreased flow of
exposed to a sustained negative G beat. oxygenated blood to
load? the brain.

Which of the following transitions of G From a high positive to From a high negative to
loads would be most likely to produce high negative G load. high positive G load.
G-LOC?

At about which sustained G load will a 1.5 G. 2.5 G.

healthy person be likely to begin to
experience grey out?
At what g, is black out likely to occur? 7 G. 5 G.

Which of the following would most Excessive use of An electrical short

likely lead to carbon monoxide carburettor heat. circuit.
contamination of the cockpit
atmosphere?

Which of the following is not due to
carbon monoxide poisoning?
If it is necessary to use cabin heat in a
light single-engine aircraft, what is an
important point that needs to be kept
in mind?
Headache and fatigue. A feeling of euphoria.
There is a possibility The frequent use of
that carbon monoxide cabin heat can increase
can be introduced the risk of fire.
directly into the cockpit
through exhaust leaks
in the heat exchanger.

What, among the listed options, could Administering oxygen. Making the person
help alleviate symptoms of carbon drink plenty of water.
monoxide poisoning?

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous? It displaces oxygen from It stings the eyes and
the red, blood cells. seriously impairs vision.
One design feature which would A five-point, full A more reclined seating
improve the tolerance to high positive aerobatic harness. position.
G loads is

What can be done, if a person suffers Provide oxygen. Give water.

from carbon monoxide poisoning in
flight?

A symptom of carbon monoxide (CO) A feeling of well being Tingling of the bodies
poisoning is with no pain or extremities.
discomfort.

What can be the result of exposure to G induced loss of Sagging facial features.
negative g? consciousness (GLOC).

If you suspect that you are suffering Open all available air Close all air vents and
from carbon monoxide poisoning vents and use oxygen. use cabin heat.
during flight, what should you do?

Items of clothing that offer good Synthetic fabrics. Wool.

resistance to flame contain a high
percentage of

What is the accepted limit for negative -1G. -2G.

G for a healthy person?
 OPTION C OPTION D ANS
WER

Processing information Combining and D

from the skeletal comparing visual,
muscles and joints vestibular and postural
(postural cues). cues.

The middle ear. The proprioceptive A

system.

Poor lighting reducing A rapid transition from B

the amount of visual level flight to a steep
information received. climb.

A rapid acceleration in A rapid deceleration in C

level flight and a level flight and a
transition from level transition from level
flight to a climb. flight to a climb.

Keep the control Disregard the B

column central and instrument indications
maintain a constant and fly by 'feel' until it
power. passes.

The rate of onset of the The rate of onset of the C

initial bank angle is initial bank angle is
below the threshold of above the threshold of
perception, but the rate perception, and the
of the pilot's correction rate of the pilot's
to a level attitude is correction to a level
above that threshold. attitude is also above
that threshold.
A rapid deceleration An aircraft which has B
occurs during level been in a shallow turn
flight. for some time rolls back
to level flight.

During an approach to a During the takeoff roll D

poorly lit runway on a and just after getting
dark night. airborne in a high
performance aircraft on
a dark night.

A sensation of climbing A sensation of diving A

when the wings are when the wings are
rolled back to the level rolled back to the level
attitude. attitude.

Any point which is on If two aircraft in the C

the horizon must be at field of view are at the
the same height as the same height, they will
observer. also appear to be the
same distance above or
below the horizon.

Because the aircraft Because the aircraft B

appears to be travelling appears to be higher
faster than it actually is than it actually is during
during the landing roll. the approach.
The aircraft appears to The aircraft appears to A
be travelling slower be lower than it actually
than it actually is during is during the approach.
the landing roll.

Think is he much slower Think that the runway is B

than he actually is. too short.

In an upright position. Waving to and fro C

The semicircular canals. The cochlea. C

Concentrating on the Scanning all of the D

artificial horizon only. instruments and
ignoring any sensations
that are not confirmed
by instrument
indications

The skeletal muscles, The skin. C

joints and tendons.

A pilot rounding out too A pilot confusing A

high when landing on a acceleration on take-off
wide runway on a dark for a steep climb.
night.

Further away than it Further away than it A

actually is on a dark actually is in daylight
night.
Acceleration in a climb Acceleration in level D
is level flight. flight is a climb.
Scanning all Fixating only on one C
instruments only. instrument.

Autokinesis. The place where odd B

socks go.

When exposed to bright The presence of good A

lights during night glide slope guidance.
flying.

Avoiding fast head Only looking outside B

movements when no the cockpit on a sunny
external horizon is day with no cloud.
visible.

Fixate on one Concentrate on outside B

instrument. visual cues.

Low on the approach High on the approach A

path resulting in a path resulting in a
tendency to tendency to
undershoot. undershoot.

That he is closer than That he is closer than D

he really is and that the he really is and that the
approach is too low approach is too high
resulting in an causing an overshoot.
overshoot.

Texture flow on the Ground illumination C

ground. intensity from landing
light.
Combine flight Carry out a rate one B
instrument indications level turn and maintain
with external visual the turn until re-
clues. oriented.

The runway slopes The runway is shorter B

down from the aiming than usual.
point.
The body is subjected There is conflict of D
to rapid accelerations. information from visual,
vestibular and
proprioceptive cues.

Navigation position. Vertigo. A

Concentrate only on the Fly by 'feel' as much as C

instruments to maintain possible.
the proper pitch
attitude.

Think he is low and Think he is high and A

therefore tend to therefore tend to
undershoot. undershoot.

Any manoeuvre which Any manoeuvre in C

requires the pilot to pull which the aircraft's
back on the control nose is above the
column. horizon.

An increased flow of An irregular heart beat. B

oxygenated blood to
the brain.

High G load forces The brain can continue A

freshly oxygenated to function without
blood to the brain. oxygen until the
increased heart rate
compensates.

Seven G sustained for Two G sustained for C

seven seconds. fifteen seconds.
Maintaining a high level Adopting a more D
of physical fitness. reclined seating
position.

Pooling of blood in the An irregular heart beat. A

abdomen and legs.

From a low positive to From a low negative to B

high positive G load. high negative G load.

3.5 G. 4.5 G. C

3.5 G. 2.5 G. B

Flying low in a very A leak in the engine D

thick smoke haze. exhaust system.

Discomfort in Impairment of vision B

breathing. and mental confusion.
The use of full cabin Cabin heat should be A
heat during take-off can used in cruising flight
degrade the aircraft's only, and never in
take-off performance. climbs or descents.

Sedating the individual. Have the person A

breathe in and out of a
bag placed over the
nose and mouth.

It is highly acidic and It displaces oxygen from A

attacks the lining of the the lungs causing
lungs. suffocation.
An upright seating A joystick rather than a B
position. control column.

Lie the patient down Have the patient re- A

and keep them warm. breathe inside a paper
bag.

Blue colouring of the Warm and sluggish D

fingers and toes. feelings with a
tendency to headaches.

Burst blood vessels in Black out. C

the eyes.

Slow down your Hold your breath. A

breathing rate.

Cotton. Plastic. B

-3G. -4G. C