REVIEWER [SCIENCE]
BEHAVIOR OF GASES
THEY HAVE INDEFINITE SHAPE AND SIZE AND FIT THE
SHAPE AND SIZE OF THEIR CONTAINERS.
GASES ALSO HAVE MASS VOLUME TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE. GASES CAN MOVE THROUGH VIBRATIONS
VOLUME IS THE AMOUNT OF SPACE OCCUPIED BY THE
GASES.
TEMPERATURE IS THE MEASURE OF THE COLDNESS AND
HOTNESS OF THE GAS.
PRESSURE IS THE FORCE APPLIED BY THE GAS
PARTICLES PER UNIT AREAS.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
OF GASES
- A MODEL THAT CAN HELP US UNDERSTAND THE
BEHAVIOR OR CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
- DEVELOPED BY RUDOLF CLAUSIUS, JAMES
MAXWELL AND LUDWIG BOLTZMAN
RUDOLF CLAUSIUS
RUDOLF CLAUSIUS DEVELOPED THE KINETIC THEORY OF HEAT,
WHICH RELATES ENERGY IN THE FORM OF HEAT TO THE KINETIC
ENERGY OF MOLECULES. PARTICULARLY TO HEAT ENERGY.
NOTES: IF THERE IS AN INCREASE OF TEMPERATURE THERE IS AN
INCREASE OF VOLUME, BECAUSE OF THE MOVEMENTS OF
MOLECULES INSIDE A CERTAIN CONTAINER IS DIFFERENT IF IT’S IN
A LOW TEMPERATURE.
JAMES MAXWELL
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL’S THEORY SAYS THAT A VERTICAL
COLUMN OF GAS ACTED ON BY GRAVITY WOULD BE IN THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM IF IT WERE AT A UNIFORM TEMPERATURE
THROUGHOUT, THAT IS TO SAY, IF THE MEAN ENERGY OF THE
MOLECULES WERE THE SAME AT ALL HEIGHTS.
IT IS A THEORY THAT DERIVED THAT THE PARTICLES IN A GAS
MOVE FREELY AND RAPIDLY ALONG STRAIGHT LINES BUT OFTEN
COLLIDE, RESULTING IN VARIATIONS IN THEIR VELOCITY AND
DIRECTION.
PARTICULARLY IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. WHERE IN AT A CERTAIN
POINT, AN OBJECT HAVE HIGH TEMPERATURE WILL EVENTUALLY
REACH ITS EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE OTHER MATERIAL BECAUSE OF
THE TRANSFER OF HEAT TO THE OTHER MATERIAL.
LUDWIG BOLTZMANN
DEVELOPER OF KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
AUSTRIAN PHYSICIST, ACCLAIMED FOR HIS CONTRIBUTION TO
STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND TO THE KINETIC THEORY OF
GASES. HIS RESEARCH EXTENDED THE IDEAS OF JAMES
MAXWELL. BOLTZMANN'S GENERAL LAW ASSERTS THAT A
SYSTEM WILL APPROACH A STATE OF THERMODYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM BECAUSE THAT IS THE MOST PROBABLE STATE.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
[POSTULATES]
POSTULATE 1: PARTICLE VOLUME
- A GAS CONSISTS OF VERYSMALL PARTICLES. THE
VOLUME OF AN INDIVIDUAL PARTICLE IS EXTREMELY
SMALL, AS COMPARED TO
THE VOLUME OF ITS CONTAINER.
POSTULATE 2: PARTICLE MOTION
- GAS PARTICLES ARE IN CONSTANT, RANDOM,
STRAIGHT- LINE MOTION, EXCEPT WHEN THEY
COLLIDE WITH THE WALLS OF THE CONTAINER OR
WITH ONE ANOTHER
POSTULATE 3: PARTICLE COLLISIONS
- COLLISION OF GAS PARTICLES ARE ELASTIC –
COLLIDING GAS PARTICLES EXCHANGE DO NOT
LOSE ENERGY THROUGH FRICTION
- THIS MEANS THAT THE TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY IS
CONSTANT
- THE AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE GAS
PARTICLES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE (KELVIN).
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES OF GAS
VOLUME
- SPACE OCCUPIED BY A SAMPLE OF MATTER
- THE VOLUME OF GAS TAKES THE VOLUME OF ITS
CONTAINER
TEMPERATURE
- WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS HIGH, GAS
MOLECULES MOVE RAPIDLY; OTHERWISE, IT
MOVES SLOWLY
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE
- MEASURED IN MOLES (MOL)
PRESSURE
- THE FORCE EXERTED PER UNIT AREA
- UNITS ARE:
- ATM (ATMOSPHERE), PA (PASCAL), KPA
(KILOPASCAL), MMHG (MILLIMETERS OF
MERCURY), CMHG (CENTIMETERS OF MERCURY),
TORR AND POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (PSI)
1 ATM = 760MMHG = 760 TORR = 76CMHG = 101.325
KPA
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GAS VOLUME CHANGES WITH PRESSURE
GAS VOLUME CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE
GAS HAVE RELATIVELY LOW VISCOSITY
MEASURE OF RESISTANCE OF A FLUID TO FLOW
GASES EXERT PRESSURE
GASES ARE MISCIBLE (MEANS CAN BE MIXED IN ANY
PROPORTION)
COLLISION IN GAS
PERFECTLY ELASTIC THE TOTAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM IS
THE SAME, THERE’S NO DECREASING OF ENERGY. IN WHICH ITS
ENERGY IS NOT CONVERTED INTO OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY. IT
IS ALWAYS CONSERVE.
PERFECTLY INELASTIC IN WHICH A TWO OBJECT COLLIDE &
STICK TOGETHER, THE TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY IS TOTALLY
LOST.
ONE OF THE PROPERTY IS THAT WHEN THE TEMPERATURE
INCREASES, THE VOLUME IS ALSO INCREASES.
↑(HIGH) TEMPERATURE = ↑(HIGH) KINETIC MOLECULAR ENERGY
= ↑(HIGH)VOLUME
 REVIEWER [SCIENCE]
IDEAL GAS BOYLE'S LAW
IS A THEORETICAL GAS COMPOSED OF A SET OF
RANDOMLY MOVING, NON INTERACTING PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE INVERSELY
PARTICLES PROPORTIONAL IF MOLES AND TEMPERATURE
ARE CONSTANT
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL AND REAL GAS

CHARLES’ LAW
TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME ARE DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL IF MOLES AND PRESSURE ARE
CONSTANT
 REVIEWER [SCIENCE]
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW COMBINED GAS LAW
PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ARE DIRECTLY COMBINES THE THREE GAS LAWS: BOYLE'S LAW,
PROPORTIONAL IF MOLES AND VOLUME ARE CHARLES' LAW, AND GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW. IT
CONSTANT STATES THAT THE RATIO OF THE PRODUCT OF
PRESSURE AND VOLUME AND THE ABSOLUTE
TEMPERATURE OF A GAS IS EQUAL TO A
CONSTANT.

AVOGADRO’S LAW
VOLUME AND NUMBER OF MOLES (AMOUNT OF
GAS) ARE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL IF PRESSURE
AND TEMPERATURE ARE CONSTANT
 REVIEWER [SCIENCE]
IDEAL GAS LAW IONIC COMPOUNDS
•IONIC FORMULAS MUST BE WRITTEN SUCH THAT
PV = NRT THE TOTAL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGES
ARE EQUAL.
WHERE: •THE CHARGES MUST BE EQUAL TO CREATE A
P = PRESSURE NEUTRAL COMPOUND.
V = VOLUME
N = NUMBER OF MOLES •THE EASIEST WAY TO DO THIS IS TO CRISS-
R = GAS CONSTANT CROSS THE NUMERIC VALUES OF THE CHARGES
(0.08205 L∙ATM / MOL∙K) TO BECOME SUBSCRIPTS ON THE OPPOSITE
T = TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN ATOM, THEN SIMPLIFY (THE SWOOSH AND REDUCE
METHOD).
 REVIEWER [SCIENCE]
NOTICE THAT HYDROGEN IS EXPRESSED IN THE FORMULA
EQUATION AS H2. RECALL THAT PURE HYDROGEN EXISTS AS
A DIATOMIC MOLECULE.
 YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW WHICH ELEMENTS EXIST AS
MOLECULES WHEN WRITING FORMULA EQUATIONS

COEFFICIENTS IN
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
IS A WHOLE NUMBER THAT IS PLACED IN FRONT
OF THE SYMBOL OF AN ELEMENT TO SHOW THE
RATIOS OF THE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES THAT
ARE PRESENT IN THE CHEMICAL REACTION

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

IN A CHEMICAL REACTION, THE MASS OF THE
PRODUCTS ALWAYS EQUALS THE MASS OF THE
REACTANTS.
IN OTHER WORDS, THE MASS IS CONSERVED. LAW
OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

 NO ATOMS ARE DESTROYED AND NO NEW

ATOMS
ARE PRODUCED DURING A CHEMICALREACTION.
 INSTEAD, THE ATOMS IN THE REACTANTS ARE
SIMPLY REARRANGED TO FORM THE PRODUCTS
 CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS ARE
BROKEN AND NEW ONES ARE FORMED, AND THE
ATOM SIMPLY RECONNECT IN NEW WAYS

SKELETON CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

A CHEMICAL EQUATION THAT IS COMPLETE
EXCEPT FOR COEFFICIENTS IS CALLED AN
UNBALANCED EQUATION OR SKELETON
EQUATION.

CHEMICAL REACTION TYPES OF CHEMICAL

IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CHANGE HAPPENS.
SOME CHEMICAL REACTIONS ABSORB
ENERGY, SUCH AS IN THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
SYNTHESIS COMBINATION REACTION
THAT COOK FOOD. A SYNTHESIS IS A TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
IN WHICH TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES COMBINE
ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVE THE AND FORM ONE COMPOUND.
CONVERSION OF STARTING MATERIALS, CALLED
REACTANTS, INTO NEW SUBSTANCES, CALLED
PRODUCTS. THE PRODUCTS HAVE DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES THAN THE REACTANTS.

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A CHEMICAL EQUATION USES EITHER WORDS OR
SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS TO DESCRIBE THE
CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING A CHEMICAL
REACTION.
EXAMPLES
WORD EQUATION:
HYDROGEN GAS + OXYGEN GAS = WATER
FORMULA EQUATION:
H2 + O2 = H2O
 REVIEWER [SCIENCE]
DECOMPOSITION REACTION
IN A DECOMPOSITION REACTION, ONE COMPOUND
BREAKS DOWN AND FORMS TWO OR MORE
SUBSTANCES.
YOU CAN RECOGNIZE A DECOMPOSITION
REACTION BECAUSE ONE REACTANT FORMS TWO
OR MORE PRODUCTS.

-DECOMPOSITION IS THE REVERSE OF SYNTHESIS

DECOMPOSITION IS THE REVERSE OF SYNTHESIS.

THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF A DECOMPOSITION
IS CAUSED BY A RISE IN TEMPERATURE. THIS IS
CALLED THERMAL DECOMPOSITION.

LIGHT IS ANOTHER FACTOR WHICH MAY CAUSE

CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION TO OCCUR. SUCH
DECOMPOSITIONS ARE KNOWN AS
PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITIONS.
ALTHOUGH CATALYSTS CANNOT CAUSE
CHEMICALS TO DECOMPOSE, THEY CAN
SPEED UP THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL
DECOMPOSITION.

REPLACEMENT
•IN A REPLACEMENT REACTION, AN ATOM OR A
GROUP OF ATOMS REPLACES PART OF A
COMPOUND.
•TWO TYPES OF REPLACEMENT REACTIONS CAN
OCCUR:

•SINGLE-REPLACEMENT
•DOUBLE-REPLACEMENT

IN A SINGLE-REPLACEMENT REACTION, ONE

ELEMENT REPLACES ANOTHER ELEMENT IN A
COMPOUND. IN THIS TYPE OF REACTION, AN
ELEMENT AND A COMPOUND REACT AND FORM A
DIFFERENT ELEMENT AND A DIFFERENT
COMPOUND.

•IN A DOUBLE-REPLACEMENT REACTION, THE

NEGATIVE
IONS IN TWO COMPOUNDS SWITCH PLACES,
FORMING TWO NEW COMPOUNDS. IN THIS TYPE OF
REACTION, TWO COMPOUNDS REACT AND FORM
TWO NEW COMPOUNDS.