Course 2A Telecom SCADA Concept and Architecture of SCADA System

COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA
September - 2021
1
Concept of Telecom / SCADA
System in UTILITIES T&D
Network (DAY-1) Course-2A
SCADA System Concept &
Architecture.
September - 2021
PUBLIC INTERNAL RESTRICTED CONFIDENTIAL
Course : Telecom / SCADA
Course-2A DAY-1 SCADA System Concept & Architecture
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Introduction of SCADA System
2. Conceptual of Basic SCADA System
B. SCADA System Details

1. Hierarchy of SCADA System Networks Control Level.
2. SCADA System Architecture
3. Benefits of SCADA System in Utilities
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3
Introduction of SCADA System
SCADA System
 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are the types of command-and-control
applications utilized over a utility telecommunications network.
 Entire Operation Control shall be handled by LDC.
 Very Reliable Supervision & Control System with respect to Safety & Security.
 Back-up of Critical services shall be handled by SCADA System.
 Fully under control of the Electric Utility.
 For the operation and protection of the Electric Power Grid.
 SCADA Systems send Telemetry (information) from substation switchgear (or) Field devices over
communications transport networks to a headend application, where the information is processed,
analyzed, and presented to the Control Room Operators.
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SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 4
Conceptual of Basic SCADA System

 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems the advent of the “Smart Grid,” majority of
the information came from substations Switchgear & Field and will be transmitted through RTU over
1200 baud serial RS232 data streams (or) IEC-104 Ethernet Data Streams.
 The above-mentioned data shall be carried by Telecommunication System (Dig PLCC or Dig Radio or
Fiber Optic Communication System) to the Load Dispatch Centre (LDC) Front End System i.e., the
data contain Voltage, Current, Power, Environmental temperature, FMS and Energy metering data
using the proprietary bit-oriented protocols and shall be analyzed & processed and will be presented to
the Control Room.
 The utilities prefer to use their Own Private Telecom Network along with SCADA Network infrastructure
to ensure higher levels of reliability & availability for the SCADA System Operation.
 As technology has improved, the RTUs can be programmed in such a way that they can gratuitously
send messages indicating a parameter is outside its defined boundary or specification.
 Newer devices being introduced in the “Smart-Grid” era with improved telecommunications will enable
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pushing more intelligence further into the field, providing additional detail to the health of the grid and
improving overall situational awareness.

Conceptual of Basic SCADA System Continued…

 With Smart Grid deployment, much of the new DA technology is being extended deeper into the field,
providing significantly more information to control-center operators.
 It includes the introduction of automatic distribution sectionalizes (or) reclosers that have adequate
intelligence to make realignment decisions based on communications independent of external manual
controls.
 In other words, if a fault occurs on a distribution feeder, multiple sectionalizes / reclosers can sense it
and communicate to other sectionalizes to open or close an attempt to route power around the fault,
thus minimizing the impact to as few customers as possible. The addition of more reliable intelligence
that can be communicated in the field reduces overall customer downtime.
 Beyond greater control and automation, advances in the Smart Grid are creating a new transformational
class of service referred to as “Distributed Energy Resources” (DER) or “Distributed Generation.” For
e.g., Microgrids can be included in this category as well, which are campuses and communities that can
be isolated from and operate independently of the larger Power Grid.
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 DER and microgrids refer generally to Home Rooftop Solar Panels, Community Solar, Solar Farms,
Wind Turbines and eventually Energy Storage located throughout the Distribution System.

IEC-104 with Ethernet data communication via Fiber Optic &
Digital Radio and Digital PLCC to LDC for SCADA integration.
Dig Radio can be configured in a protection Ring Structure using routers
→ Very high reliability can be achieved.
Protected by SDH-Ring:
SCADA Server RTU - Broadband traffic (Office-LAN, CCTV,
Telefony,…)
FOX515 FOX515 - Teleprotection
L-4.2 - EOW
- SCADA
STM-4 Backbone
Ring Protected
No additional Fibers are needed on the PLC-ring
C
RTU L-4.2 L-4.2
RTU
C
→ Low investments because no deployment of fibers
FOX515 FOX515
necessary
L-4.2
Router Dig Router

Dig
LAN Radio
PLCC LAN
Microwave
PLC
Protected by PLC-Ring:
Dig Dig - Teleprotection
Router Radio PLCC Router - EOW
- SCADA
- Low Bandwidth LAN
Dig Dig
Radio PLCC
LAN LAN
RTU
Microwave Dig
Radio
Dig
PLCC
PLC
RTU For nodes with low bandwidth
demand, Dig PLCC can provide all data
Router
communication needed.
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LAN RTU

SCADA System Details
Hierarchy of SCADA System Networks Control Level.
• SCADA in power system can be defined as the power distribution application which is typically based
on the software package. The electrical distribution system consists of several substations; these
substations will have multiple numbers of controllers, sensors and operator-interface points.
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1) Human-machine Interface (HMI)
 It is an input-output device that presents the process data to be controlled by a

human operator.
 It is used by linking to the SCADA system’s software programs and databases

for providing the management information, including the scheduled maintenance
procedures, detailed schematics, logistic information, trending and diagnostic
data for a specific sensor or machine.
 HMI systems facilitate the operating personnel to see the information graphically.
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1) Human-machine Interface (HMI)
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2) Supervisory System
 Supervisory system is used as server for communicating between the equipment of the
SCADA system such as RTUs, PLCs and Sensors, etc., and the HMI software used in the
Control Room Workstations.
 Master station or Supervisory station comprises a Single PC in smaller SCADA Systems,

and, in case of larger SCADA systems, supervisory system comprises distributed software
applications, disaster recovery sites and multiple servers.
 These multiple servers are configured in a hot-standby formation or dual-redundant, which

continuously controls and monitors in case of a server failure for increasing the integrity
and reliability of the system.
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3) Remote Terminal Unit
 Physical objects in the SCADA systems are interfaced with the microprocessor controlled
electronic devices called as Remote Terminal Units (RTUs).
 These units are used to transmit telemetry data to the supervisory system and receive the
messages from the master system for controlling the connected objects.
 Hence, these are also called as Remote Telemetry Units.
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4) Programmable Logic Controllers
 In SCADA systems, PLCs are connected to the sensors for collecting the sensor output
signals in order to convert the sensor signals into digital data.
 PLCs are used instead of RTUs because of the advantages of PLCs like flexibility,
configuration, versatile and affordability compared to RTUs.
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5) Communication Infrastructure
 Generally, the combination of radio and direct wired connections is used for SCADA
systems, but in case of large systems like power stations and railways SONET/SDH are
frequently used.
 The very compact SCADA protocols used in SCADA systems – a few communication
protocols i.e., IEC-60870-5-101 Protocol & IEC-60870-5-104 Protocol, which are
standardized and recognized by SCADA Vendors – Send information only when the
supervisory station polls the RTUs.
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6) SCADA Programming
 SCADA programming in a Master or HMI is used for creating maps and diagrams which
will give an important situational information in case of an event failure or process
failure.
 Standard interfaces are used for programming most commercial SCADA Systems.
 SCADA programming can be done using derived Programming Language (or)

C – Language.
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Architecture of SCADA System
 Generally, the SCADA system includes the following components: local processors,
operating equipment, PLCs, instruments, remote terminal unit, intelligent electronic device,
master terminal unit or host computers and a PC with human machine interface.
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Architecture of SCADA System
 The above Block Diagram of SCADA system shown in the figure represents the basic
SCADA architecture.
 The SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) Systems are different from Distributed
Control systems that are commonly found in plant sites.
 When Distributed Control Systems cover the Power plant site, the SCADA system covers
much larger geographic areas.
 The above figure depicts an integrated SCADA architecture which supports TCP/IP, UDP
and other IP based communication protocols as well as industrial protocols like Modbus
TCP, Modbus over TCP (or) Modbus over UDP.
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 The above all Protocol works over Fiber Optic Communication, Cellular, Private Radio (or)
Satellite Networks.
Architecture of SCADA System Continued….
 In complex SCADA architectures, there are a variety of wired and wireless media &
protocols involved in getting data back to the monitoring site. This allows implementation of
powerful IP based SCADA networks over landline, mixed cellular and satellite systems.
 SCADA communications can utilize a diverse range of wired and wireless media.
 The choice of the existing communication depends on the characterization of several

factors. The factors are remoteness, available communications at the remote sites, existing
communications infrastructure, polling frequency and data rates.
 The above factors impact the final decision for SCADA architecture. Therefore, a review of
SCADA systems evolution allows us to better understand many security concerns.
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Type of SCADA System:
There are different types of SCADA systems that can be considered as SCADA
Architectures of four different generations:
1. First Generation: Monolithic (or) Early SCADA systems.
2. Second Generation: Distributed SCADA systems.
3. Third Generation: Networked SCADA systems.
4. Fourth Generation: Internet of things technology, SCADA Systems.
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 Minicomputers are used earlier for computing the SCADA systems.
 In earlier times, during the time of first generation, monolithic SCADA systems were
developed wherein the common network services were not available.
 Hence, these are independent systems without having any connectivity to other systems.
 The functions of the monolithic SCADA systems in the early first generation were limited
to monitoring sensors in the system and flagging any operations in case of surpassing
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programmed alarm levels.

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2. Second Generation: Distributed SCADA Systems
 The sharing of control functions is distributed across the multiple systems connected to each
other using Local Area Network (LAN).
 Hence, these were termed as distributed SCADA systems.
 These individual stations were used to share real-time information and command processing
for performing control tasks to trip the alarm levels of possible problems.
 The cost and size of the station were reduced compared to the first-generation system, as
each system of the second generation was responsible for performing a particular task with
reduced size and cost.
 But even in the second-generation systems also the network protocols were not
standardized.
 The security of the SCADA installation was determined by a very few people beyond the
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developers, as the protocols were proprietary. But generally, the security of the SCADA
installation was ignored.
2. Second Generation: Distributed SCADA Systems
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3. Third Generation: Networked SCADA Systems

 The current SCADA systems are generally networked and communicate using Wide Area
Network (WAN) Systems over data lines or phone.
 These systems use Ethernet or Fiber Optic Connections for transmitting data between the
nodes frequently.
 These third generation SCADA systems use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) for
monitoring and adjusting the routine flagging operators only in case of major decisions
requirement.
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 The several parallel working distributed SCADA systems under a single supervisor in
network architecture.
3. Third Generation: Networked SCADA Systems
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4. Fourth Generation: Internet of Things Technology SCADA Systems
 The infrastructure cost of the SCADA systems is reduced by adopting the internet of things
technology with the commercially available cloud computing.
 The maintenance and integration is also very easy for the fourth generation compared to the
earlier SCADA systems.
 These SCADA systems can report state in real time by using the horizontal scale from the
cloud computing facility; thus, more complex control algorithms can be implemented which
are practically sufficient to implement on traditional PLCs.
 The security risks in case of decentralized SCADA implementations such as a heterogonous
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mix of proprietary network protocols can be surpassed using the open network protocols
such as TLS inherent on the internet of things which will provide comprehendible and
manageable security boundary.
4. Fourth Generation: Internet of Things Technology SCADA Systems
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SCADA System Network Diagram
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AUGUST-2022 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 29
SCADA Network Manager System Diagram
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Benefits of SCADA System in Utilities
 SCADA systems are used for monitoring a variety of data like flows, currents, voltages,
pressures, temperatures, water levels, etc., in various industries.
 If the system detects any abnormal conditions from any monitoring data, then the alarms at
the central or remote sites will be triggered for alerting the operators through HMI.
 There are numerous applications of SCADA systems, but a few most frequently used
SCADA applications include:
1. Manufacturing Industries.
2. Wastewater Treatment and Distribution Plants.
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3. SCADA in Power System.
1. SCADA in Manufacturing Industries:
 In manufacturing industries, the regular processes like running the production systems to
meet the productivity targets, checking the number of units produced and counting the
completed stages of operations along with temperatures at various stages of the
manufacturing process, and so on, are taken care by using the SCADA application.
2. SCADA Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants:

 Wastewater treatment plants are of different types such as surface-water treatment and a
well water treatment system in which many control systems and automation processes are
involved in water treatment and distribution systems.
 SCADA systems are used for controlling the automatic operations of the equipment used like
backwashing the filters based on the hours of working or amount of water flow through the
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filters.

2. SCADA Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants Continued…
 In distribution plants the water tank levels, pressure of system, temperature of plant,
sedimentation, filtration, chemical treatment and other parameters or processes are
controlled using the SCADA applications such as PLCs, PC based workstations which are
connected each other using Local Area Network (LAN) such as Ethernet.
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3. SCADA Application in Power System:
 Power system can be defined as constituent of Power Generation, Transmission and

Distribution.
 All these sectors are needed to be monitored regularly for improving the system efficiency.
 Thus, the application of SCADA in Power System improves the overall efficiency of the
system by providing the supervision and control over the Generation, Transmission and
Distribution Systems.
 SCADA in the power system network increases the system’s reliability and stability for
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Integrated Grid Operation.

3. SCADA Application in Power System:
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Wireless SCADA System Benefits:
 In large scale industries like power plants, steel plants and so on, many processes and
operations such as movement of conveyer belts for coal or product transport, boiler heat
temperature, etc. are to be monitored continuously and there is need to control the
factors affecting these parameters.
 So, application of wireless SCADA will provide better control over the required control
systems and operations.
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Wireless SCADA Block Diagram
 In the above diagram it illustrates that 2.4 GHz wireless transmitter and USB receiver are
used for sending and receiving the data collected from the temperature sensors which
interface with 8051 microcontroller.
 If the temperature goes beyond the set limit whether the low limit or high limit, then the
microcontroller sends commands to the relays to turn on (or) off based on the command
signal.
 Monitoring and controlling of multiple operations in maximum number of industries are being
automatically controlled by most advanced SCADA technology implementations.
 Already we are observing that many industrial operations are automatically controlled using
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the application of SCADA system technology, but still many researchers are working to
develop more efficient SCADA systems for adopting fully automatic control of all types of
industrial operations.
Contacts
If you have any Questions, please contact
Mr. Antony John Williams,
E-mail ID : antony.williams@tractebel.engie.com
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24 August, 2022 2021.03 Monthly Report - Tractebel Middle East 39
COURSE NO. 3 SOLAR
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July 2021 40

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COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA

B. SCADA System Details

 Back-up of Critical services shall be handled by SCADA System.

 Fully under control of the Electric Utility.

 For the operation and protection of the Electric Power Grid.

Conceptual of Basic SCADA System

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 5

Conceptual of Basic SCADA System Continued…

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 6

Router Dig Router

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 7

1) Human-machine Interface (HMI)

 It is an input-output device that presents the process data to be controlled by a

 It is used by linking to the SCADA system’s software programs and databases

1) Human-machine Interface (HMI)

 Master station or Supervisory station comprises a Single PC in smaller SCADA Systems,

 These multiple servers are configured in a hot-standby formation or dual-redundant, which

3) Remote Terminal Unit

 Hence, these are also called as Remote Telemetry Units.

 SCADA programming can be done using derived Programming Language (or)

 The choice of the existing communication depends on the characterization of several

1. First Generation: Monolithic (or) Early SCADA systems.

2. Second Generation: Distributed SCADA systems.

3. Third Generation: Networked SCADA systems.

4. Fourth Generation: Internet of things technology, SCADA Systems.

1. First Generation: Monolithic (or) Early SCADA systems.

 Minicomputers are used earlier for computing the SCADA systems.

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 21

1. First Generation: Monolithic (or) Early SCADA systems.

2. Second Generation: Distributed SCADA Systems

3. Third Generation: Networked SCADA Systems

3. Third Generation: Networked SCADA Systems

 The security risks in case of decentralized SCADA implementations such as a heterogonous

2. Wastewater Treatment and Distribution Plants.

2. SCADA Application in Wastewater Treatment Plants:

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 32

 Power system can be defined as constituent of Power Generation, Transmission and

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 34

Mr. Antony John Williams,

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