MAPEH Reviewer
and came from a lineage of the church
Music
L1: Romantic Opera Composers
Franz Schubert — “Master of the Song Cycle”
• January 31, 1797
• Alsergrund, Vienna, Austria
• November 19, 1828
• Vienna Austria
• C : Winterreise, Impromptus, Die schöne
Müllerin, more
• Viennese composer who was a gifted
songwriter who wrote more than 600 lieders
and several famous song cycle.
• Had his musical training under his father who
taught him how to play violin, piano and viola
• He wrote hundreds of musical pieces, some of
his well-known works are “Serenade”, “Ave
Maria”, “Who is Sylvia?”, “C Major Symphony”,
“Unfinished Symphony”, “Die schone Mullerin”,
“Winterreise”, “Death and the Maiden”, “Die
Forelle”, and “The ErlKing”.
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi
• October 10, 1813
• Le Roncole
• January 27, 1901, Milan
• C: La Traviata, Rigoletto,
• Aida, Nabucco, Requiem, more
• Able to study privately in Milan with the help of
Antonio Barezzi (father of his wife)
• Famous for themes of freedom, heroism, love,
and liberty
• Wrote Italian grand operas, marches,
symphonies, church music and secular music
• Popularized the bel canto style of writing for
opera singers
• He actually didn’t composed any good music at
all. For 16 years Verdi wrote no operas
• Prouced his 2 great works “Othello” (73y/o) and
“Falstaff” (80)
• Highly expressive Italian composer of 19th
century
• Composer of operas, music director, librettist,
senator, highly-revered musician, rich but
charitable artist, “a peasant from Roncole”.
Giacomo Puccini
• Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo
Maria Puccini
• December 22, 1858, Lucca - November 29,
1924, Brussels
• C: Turandot, Madame Butterfly, Tosca, La
Boheme
• Movies: La Boheme
• Italian composer of the post-Romantic period
musicians.
• He is primarily known as an opera composer
who wrote some of the best loved operas of all
time, also composed chorale, orchestral and
chamber music
• Regarded as the successor to the great Verdi
Compositions:
1. Le villi – 1884
2. Edgar – 1889
3. Manon Lescaut – 1893
4. La Boheme – 1896
5. Tosca – 1890 (most loved opera)
6. Madame Butterfly – 1904
7. La fanciulla del West (The Girl of the
Golden West) – 1907
8. Turandot – unfinished, completed by
Franco Alfano in 1926
Richard Wagner
• May 22, 1813, Leipzig - February 13, 1883,
Venice
• C: Der Ring des
• Nibelungen, Parsifal
• Chorus master, composer, opera conductor,
writer, librettist, critic, and skilled debater
• Mid-teens – he became interested in music and
took secret lessons from a Leipzig teacher
• He was 30 when his grand opera “Reinzi”
became a huge success. This made him
conductor to the King of Saxony
• He choose subjects from German epics,
displayed a profound feeling for nature,
employed supernatural as an element of the
people, and glorified Germany and its people
• Wagner’s later years saw the creations of such
masterful works such as the “Ring Cycle”
and“Tristan and Isolde”
• In 1883, Wagner died from heart attack in
Venice
Arts
L1: Biking and Orienteering
Biking — Use bicycle for transport, recreation exercise
or sport. Is one physical activity that creates very little
train on the body and is a great form of physical activity.
Bicycle — where introduce in 19th century and have
become the principal means of transportation in many
parts of the world.
Health Benefits of Cycling Exercises:
1. Reduce stress
2. Strengthens your heart
 3. Improve blood pressure
4. Improve cardiovascular
5. Builds strength and muscle tone
6. Makes you feel more energetic
7. Builds stamina
8. Eats up calories
9. Helps you manage your weight
10. Helps you sleep better
2 Types of Injuries from Cycling:
1. PHYSICAL TRAUMA (Extrinsic)
➢ includes injuries to the head and
extremities resulting from falls and collision.
➢ Most cyclist’s death result from a collision
with a car or heavy goods vehicle with both
motorist and cyclist having been found
being responsible for collision.
2. OVERUSE (Intrinsic)
➢ Cyclists suffer from overuse injuries to the
knees affecting cyclist at all levels caused by
many factors.
Factors that AFFECT overuse injuries:
1. incorrect bicycle fit or adjustment.
2. Incorrect adjustment of clipless pedals.
3. to many hills, or too many miles, too early in
the training season
4. poor training preparation for long touring rides.
5. selecting too high gear. A lower gear for uphill
climbs protects the knees, even though muscles
maybe well able to handle a high gear.
Orienteering — is a family sports that requires
navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate
from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar
terrain and normally moving at speed.
Orienteering sport — combine significant navigation
with a specific method of travel because the method of
travel determine the needed equipment and tactics.
Basic Tools:
1. Map – orienteering competition use specially
prepared orienting maps. They are topographic
maps although much more detailed than
general purpose maps.
2. Courses – orienteering events offer a range of
courses of varying physical and technical
difficulty to meet the needs of competitors.
3. Control Card Punching – each competitor is
required to carry an electronic or paper control
card and to present it at the start and hand it in
at the finished.
4. Results – the winner is normally the competitor
with the fastest time.
5. Safety – each competitor is responsible for his
or her own safety. There are no rules but there
are guidelines, which should be followed.
6. Personal Clothing – the early competitors use
standard athletic clothing, short and an athletic
vest which provided little protection for racing
through undergrowth.
7. Personal Equipment – the basic equipment
required for orientation is usually limited as a
compass and appropriate outdoor clothing. The
whistle must be carried for safety in case of
emergency.
L2: Camping and Hiking
Camping – is an outdoor recreational activity where
participants leave developed areas to spend the
outdoors in more natural ones pursuit of activities
providing them enjoyment.
• is the key part of many youth organization
around the world such as scouting.
Hiking – is a walking for a long distance, specially across
long field, towns or country, or in the woods.
• It is an outdoor area activity which consist of
walking in nature environments, often in
mountainous or other scenic terrain.
Forms of Camping:
▪ Adventure Camping
▪ Dry Camping
▪ Backpacking
▪ Canoe Camping
▪ Bicycle Camping
▪ Glamping
▪ Reenactment Camping
1. Adventure Camping – is a form of camping by
people who take part in race (adventure racing or
mountain biking) during the day, and camp in
minimalist way at night.
• They might use the basic items of camping
equipment such as micro camping stove,
sleeping bag and bivouac bag.
2. Dry Camping – is the camping at a site without a
reliable water source.
• Campers must carry their own water in and out
of camp.
• It requires much more preparation and is very
commonly preferred in desert areas due to the
risk of flash floods.
3. Backpacking – it affords a maximum wilderness
experience. A specialized gear allows enthusiasts to
both enjoy popular local recreational spots and
access the most remote locations.
• It involves riding or being accompanied by pack
animals such as horses, mules, and Ilama.
4. Canoe Camping – it is similar to backpacking, but
requires waterproof bags and fishing gear as
common gear.
5. Bicycle Camping – it combines camping with
cycling, both in developed and natural areas.
6. Glamping (glamorous camping) – it is a growing
global phenomenon that combines camping with
the luxury and amenities of a home or hotel.
7. Reenactment Camping – it employs the methods
and equipments appropriate to a specific historic
era for personal enjoyment and other purpose such
as instruction and entertainment.
Equipment – it depends on the length of the hike, but
day hikers generally carry at least water, food, map and
rain proof gear.
• Hikers usually wear sturdy hiking boots for
mountain walking and backpacking as
protection for rough terrain, as well as
providing increased stability.
3. Bring plenty of water – never drink untreated
water.
4. Don’t over exert yourself – if you need a break,
take it.
5. Leave local plants and animals alone - Don’t eat
leaves even if they look familiar. Never attempt
to feed wild animals.
6. Dress appropriately – use the right hiking shoes.
7. Bring a first aid kit along
8. Know how to start fire
9. Don’t leave trash behind – it might invite wild
animals to approach the trail.
10. Know where to get help.
Health
L1: Injury Prevention Safety. and First Aid (Intentional)

“Leave no trace” – it refers to a set of outdoor Concept of Intentional Injuries:

promoting conservation in the outdoors.
• Self-harm
It is built on seven principles: • Self-injury
• Self-poisoning
1. Plan ahead and prepare
2. Travel and camp in durable surfaces Self-harm is a symptom of borderline personality
3. Dispose of waste properly disorder
4. Leave what you find
5. Minimize campfire impact Common Form of Self-harm
6. Respect wildlife ▪ Burning, scratching, banging or hitting body
7. Be considerate of other visitors. parts
Health Benefits of Hiking This may include those who have:
➢ Anxiety Disorder
1. It is an excellent way to get your heart ➢ Schizophrenia
2. pumping. ➢ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
3. It is an aerobic act that burns calories ➢ Substance Abuse
4. and builds strong leg muscles. ➢ Depression
5. It reduces stress. ▪ Other people use self-harm as a coping
6. It helps reduce weight. mechanism
7. It decreases hypertension. ▪ Often associated with trauma and abuse;
8. Thirty minutes of hiking burns about 240 including emotional and sexual abuse.
calories. ▪ 80% of self-harm includes stabbing or cutting
the skin with sharp objects.
Health and Safety Checklist
▪ Other ways include: burning, self-poisoning,
1. Personal medications (plus extra) alcohol abuse, and other forms related to
2. First Aid Kit anorexia and bulimia.
3. Sun Cream
Signs of Planned Self-harm
4. Anti-bacterial handwash
5. Insect Repellant ❖ Saying “I wish I was dead”
6. Extra Batteries ❖ Thinking about killing oneself
7. Pocket Knife ❖ Feelings of Hopelessness
8. Toilet Roll ❖ Previous suicide attempts
❖ Sudden change in behavior
10 Safety Rules for Hiking
❖ Withdrawal from friends and activities
1. Play it smart – hiking alone is not a good idea ❖ Increased use of alcohol and other drugs
specially on unfamiliar remotes train, going into ❖ Mood swings
a hike is need preparation. ❖ Emotional outbursts
2. Know exactly where you are going – do not go ❖ High level of irritability or aggression
when there is a bad weather report.
L2: Types of Intentional Injuries
Intentional Injuries
- Injuries that are inflicted on purpose.
- Also the use of force or power-threatened or
actual-against oneself, another person or
against a group or community
- It can also occur as a result of a willful act
meant to cause harm.
A. Kidnapping and Abduction
• This is taking away a person against his/her will
for ransom or for vengeance, dispute, or crime-
related.
• Usually it is a child who is the victim.
Reasons for kidnapping
• Gain a ransom or reward
• Facilitate a commission of a felony or fight
• Terrorize or inflict bodily injury
• Interfere with government or political function
B. Domestic Violence
• Occurs at home or within the family. It is a
pattern of abusive behaviors by one partner
against another in an intimate relationship such
as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation.
Forms of Domestic Violence:
• Physical aggression or assault such as hitting,
kicking, shoving, slapping, and other related
moves
• Threats
• Sexual abuse
• Emotional abuse
• Intimidation
• Stalking
• Harassment
• Spousal abuse
• Intimate partner violence
• Battering
• Abusive relationship
Signs of an Abusive Relationship
• Fear of partner
• When a partner belittles you or tries to control
you
• Feeling of self-loathing
• Helplessness
• Desperation
C. Homicide
• It is the killing of a human being by another
whether by murder or manslaughter. This
usually happens when there is robbery,
vengeance, dispute, or conflict.
D. Suicide
• It is the act of taking one’s own life voluntarily
and intentionally.
• It is one of the top causes of death in young
adults. It is a significant problem outnumbering
the common cause of unintentional injury. Risk
factors include:
• Psychiatric disease
• Levels of economic status
• Cultural change
• Degree of social support
E. Bullying
• It is the use of force, threat, or coercion to
abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate
others. The behavior is often repeated and
habitual.
Types of Bullying:
1. Physical – This involves physically hurting the
victim like hitting, punching, or kicking
2. Verbal – The use of name-calling or taunting
3. Relational – This pertains to destroying peer
acceptance and friendships.
4. Cyber-bullying – This pertains to the use of
electronic means like cellphones, instant
messaging, email, chat rooms or social media to
harass, threaten, or intimidate someone.
F. Extortion
• This is a criminal offense that involves obtaining
money, property or services from a person,
entity, individual, or situation through coercion.
• Sometimes referred to as “protection racket”
G. Stalking
• This is the unwanted obsessive attention by an
individual or group towards another person.
• Includes following the victim and monitoring
them from afar.
H. Acts of Terror
• These are calculated uses of violence or threats
of violence against civilians in order to attain
goals that are political, religious, or ideological
in nature through intimidation, coercion or
instilling fear.
I. Illegal Fraternity-Related Violence
• Fraternities are social organization of men in
different colleges and universities having one
purpose, interest and activities.
J. Gang and Youth Violence
• Typically involves persons between the ages of
10-24
• Defined as the intentional use of physical force
or power, threatened or actual, against another
person or a group or community that results to
injury, death, psychological harm,
maldevelopment, or deprivation