The Social Psychology of Music Edited by DAVID J. HARGREAVES Reade in Peyclagy Unorsly of Leicester ADRIAN C. NORTH turer in Poyehogy,Uncersy of Lester nfo Nae York Tokyo OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 197tate mf Oo ty rs ‘of tiny ne Nee Yok ey rs 197 sarod at yaa unin Oi Una Se ae, Eitan hide epi ooh a Acne to a fam eB Ly uf Cor Cae Pann se TT Td ts et ne | ne Eh ain pea Ate pag he Pra Gr By Bako at Lk Mien ri Preface ee gee sos witout saying that musics in oil content. The ay tnd vai ways in which pope cen, pron pesto et ‘ml sounds ae vialy dependent no parce stun tn wi they dos, Tisincades the spre ples tines and oar oot pce tenn triton cand ae ‘us tebsviout Surprisingly te tenon has eo pido ee ‘music reblog, and hs book attempt des bls ‘ne ofa wae boat decade ogo that bn peyehsogy hs probably ‘sever ben ina helt sat thar at pens Ne epkoon ee y rer the last decade or wo as ean Ua specced tba oo ‘alse ae Bening to emerge’ (Hargeve 98) Inthe nerve Fea the heath ofthe ae Rs enc ae feutaes of cognitive and developmeral uc pyetlegy ee nant vol esate and thriving inthe own ight Ourein ne beck 2 ‘deni ‘anderploe another tbtay whith ght be eae taka 1969) Faroworth a epi ered in he cual determinants of usa behaviour at dst? from i blogic and piyeeel nec ough 2 sable proportion of te boc’ canents dk ecco eth ‘hota [Me hve evo main moive in compling thi book The fst xs fo developments in other areas of pychogy: thr b a esh-sccioeas move twas he study ofthe focal an cull cote seat lege neta pat of many aspects of tetova cot ta ae ‘slong overdue the pspchology of muse The sean ve ai ent the wehbe hangs which have ocr since Faroworh fe ie ‘edict the fd a whch neo he most pominent oe sala and networking personal computers Tae pomtand nee ing ppulaty ofthe iret nthe mosey plning Seay towards cently-ald muse caries which ae store iglly Sat ok “he devopmen fig eaag hs ab ha dept on he _getion, recording and pertarmance of msi ovr he st 15 yer cts ‘he cerro this asben the devloprent of MID he Musca nswi Pree Dig! infos dpa language which ensbes mana sounds tobe coved in such ay tht they cn be nga, store and manipulated by computes. Tis development has alendy hed proud impact onthe ‘crcg industry sevoltonnng the ways eich sac corded, Pron, and ara bomen nets Ase fs the mesa of Ferdng and sor, i andy coming apparent i hee techno Tegal development are having et eit! upon the wockng metho tf eomposers in many ma! pores upon aside fovarce epelon| {nd pestonnarce nd upon th secenbity 0 ese ste to soons ol tfepepulten wha wolotithrtane ad tho proper "he interest in aking pac “Ate wekome coi fhe genet bretkdown beeen msi se ‘arses, pata he longstanding plasty Reba arouse (csually yrenpmous with Wester ‘cease, te province 0 the tindioal‘compose’ and other for of poplar’ mai indigo, Fel pop and sere to nomeroue to met, in which esl and al seas of communication are fen equal f not more appropri Dan trite notation Such dvs are becoming thing othe se in many {nkenporary veal and mesial tational ome of word ‘music seen as having eal vali vance, nid, sro. Foteinply, masalbehviour hs became increasing tbigoons, diverse and Gemysid, ad this shaving dices upon te ae of mie in many people’ lve These changes need to be ate cent cone tegorary We ofthe soa pyehlogy of mule and inde of ac Poyholgy as whale “Weshould keto tankall oeronbutors forth ethan with hich ‘hey acct arnt contador tha heel beara |R dealing with our frequen etal nerves. We ae partly atl John Bal, Cary Cooper, ames Kelas, Viadimit Kone end Fein Sloboda for tht invaluable comments on sti dfs of se te fhapteryinduding ou oem. Fly, we shoul tik to thank Vanes Wing and Marin Ban of OUP ford peter nd encrage ent atl stages of he eral proce, na Jol Mckendck for hep Sh ndexng Leite Din November 1996 Aen. amor 2 OPA/1%), Th sl pc fm ve Sa Unety age O80. Then! pri om Cae rey Contents isto centr 1 TRIN Harari tn Noh Feapetive nea pte Respective i socal oycogy EN senha tc ploy ai (evspatienal studs Nae edveatio snrch Medan therapeutic es of msc Reseach en muscanship ar competion ‘Bhnomstnopel die Panof the book Reeences| 2 Indivdeldtference in msi behaviour net role serotyping asl preferences and stn sles Mus Sevelopment opens oh‘vili_ Contents Comers 2% cmierantmne = Creal ties maa poe 2 means “ows ter : mae a Scat epopnes e Speer $ eat tpn bt inne 2 cat Een n mase tention: Soar 2 i ees pana ae 3 = Cac eee aa ry 2 “Seti Wr Etae aac nee g Betis pee ep oe : a SOC AND CULTURAL NRLUENEES cles a or muse ames . omen ® © Meta kgtneiaionnc marie why do et ae teed ees eee Sorina % oe rane to Angunvccm a piembonodugt — Foie a ce ye Resta 5 tlle 1 seats H Sma! a “Stability of eminence it oe Pty FART SOCAL OUTS AND STATIONS nao ed —— ss 4 an sec ane ora Be irae pole x Sal ice “ fecha ‘ead wc ty * ae hc eee 2 ister le z 1 Toemtgol lense einomoleal Mei z - Ane conn 3 Tonge » ‘Conclusion on 80 “Traditional roles of music ce seem z ‘ie a Same 3 $ereie 3 pint sts and very mae ng & Tene = Sich a ct at Dene Coe aa enna 3 ney eed oe ® sae MSc aye : Ea non 2 Tio eee fe fo 3 Tepe uk pte H Sear ety 2 Rides a ena 4 sine a ees 4 ane Bi one anes : =hs 135 10, Environmental factors inthe development of musical cee 3 ram at ” a s Se NE nn i es ca ‘Researching the lifespan 190 Roopa 2 © ge tn I agen nmrt matt pine Pipa Performance expression FA se al we eae Tanya 8 ee iE ae % Seay i tr sas 3 = z Age ts Profesional perormece = oe, a Teachers a cuenta i eae a Se a fe gt hm coca soc a an ey Seward caste 3 mse vases Sean Ei . ue Bu nm otomaee Sac E eeeaeel 2 ea 2 Eos 8 ime 3 Pd 8 nce 2 ee “ en s facet aly Fi a oe 8 im ctopracina iste s Scarpa i . hace te Bo mene sites a & conta = Sooo 2 pen 2 cans a Eat 8 Individual deren Suatonal foeCont scones zs Opin wat = acing ond an a Chast try a ‘tng tne a Sting ey Fa Teme me Mingenet a opm nd a coe = Mlcese poe fz Eoiarthray Fy concn = ‘ander gee in fone inpthonny ae wo sundry as — References. 2 18, The social psychology of music education Mn tn 20 fenecon mt ‘Recon prec an medaton = ART VE REAL WORLD rvucaTioNS Mee sofa aie z 1. Gina and herpetic ss of mac ‘emacs pee Fa ve Be "Syst eptons ie Inmet w Sekar ncn = Tecan ofthe mas ery pan = towns = ates z satin z dow pate 3 “acer ety a Bap rida work = Tee sioue pet x Exampc Cup woe = cain Ed ‘henson py tee feos ene ne as x ‘Mtatetherpy ans mea mode = ame de Muse herpy ad pychcao = as ‘Ms tarpy aa cain ey Fd sate nde Mis heap end humane pjlogy = Some tits herent = ‘Mose py = ances eng = ‘ening pen Fa ‘Author's note bee Moos a 14 Music andomumer bea a “tor No Ban hegre ‘Seg us ‘Atideowars head anda condoning 3S Exhorstion ethod volvement st ‘Cstemer activityContributors ee ale Bunt “Muse Space at, The South Cent, Betley Read, Brat S810, UK W.Ray Craier Univesity of Wes Cari Stoo f Easton ‘Annee 42 Pick Pc, Can CF 3, Jone W-Davdson Deparment of Muse, The Uivery, Shel somaue "OP Sein Gan Ofee for Graduate tases, Calpe of Communication, ‘Univesiy of labia Box 7172, Talos AL SUBPOU, Andrew H. Gregory Department of Payhology, Univers of ‘Manchester, Oxford Rood Manchser NSPE UR David}. Hasreaves Deparment of Prychology, The Unive, Lekeser tI UR Michael: Howe Department of Pycology, Unive of Exe, ey Ron er BX OH Uy ‘Anthony E. Kemp Deparment ofthe Arts nd Humans in Econ, ‘Univerty of Resting Bulmer Co Easy, Reading Ros LN Oe AdtianC:North Department of aycholgy, The Univer Lecter tei 7m Ok Bengt Olson Schon of Mic and Masclogy ave of ‘Gohenburg DO Box 89,4122 Gotenbuty eden Susan Ac O-Nei Department of Pychlogy, The Univers, Kok Sais ‘15880 UR Philip Russell Deparment of Pychalogy, Kings Cale, Univesity of Aberdeen Ol Abstcr ABD 2UB, UR Dean Keith Simonton | Departmen of Paychology Unive of Coloma, Davis, CA 3566, USA Citron se John A. SobodsDepartnet of Peychiogy, The Univer, Keele, Sls T3506, UR ‘Glenn D. Wilson Deparinent of Prychoogy nie of Payehiny, ‘Univers of London, Denmark ill Landon SES AAR UK olf Ziman Ofer Gradte ties, Colge of Cominco, Universo Alabama, Box 70172, Taxes, AL IHE7-07, USA1 | The social psychology of music David J. Hargreaves and Adrian C. North asc has any ferent fanctiors in human Me ney all of which ae (Semnly socal Wo uo mate t communal wih One another: Is robe fr peopl om widely fering cultural backgrounds to esablsh ent hough mas even hough the languages they speak maybe gute \Rcomprenst tone anoer Museen owe deep ana profound eo tne whiny sd thee can be shared experincs Bean people or {tle erent bacon, Fam the physica pl of i, mul cor ‘Riser ser of mute with purtalrfaguaniy plies, and inbret ch ate organized by the compose andor pines Highly Orga TEx a predictable pattems what kes these sounds ino muses the tryin which peopl elctely imbue thm with moscl meaning and Vial pet of thi ross i he Sol and cultural cortex in which the ‘moter words the poyshology of music should del with thefts of he ysl pope of ascal sounds themselves wih the ways which [Evid Utnes perce and terete sures, an with the socal Se intesperonl intext in wich msl meuning is onstrate. Su ‘singly eaten hasbeen pid to the lst ofthese, which up be FES soll pepeology of muse and is book as to reds thebalance “Then ate wo mln motives behind tienes, The fst ses from theese changes whieh have seared th ole of musica voce). A {Toul othe ap tecnologia developments whch ave occured ecet yet, te avant and ub of mus I alts forms is ut ihr The growth of he mse mela sce te 1908 and NSenang easly of rarely Inexpertvetecods CDs, ope anc ‘doe mang tht vay any mac can be herd by a considerable Proportion of the world's population. Thee developments have been stoping by svanes a maturation and ory, which ae ep tecuaed by the ubiquitous Walkman. Such changes have also incised thorange of ss that people make of musi, Ase rom is ruporward ‘he ata source of aac ard emotional Psu, musie might be (ed fo uhiveproisency in ake tsk to coney 2 parca sl “Shape ce personaly we sep prcuar amen medi, therapy oF2d args Aion Neth ‘uation commer product Jul to name e few examples. Music {ses op lager poorn of he every hes fry epi os “he second motive reste eet developments within pychol ‘nd scl cence mare gene he ty of bao and apo lt al cnet has bce a npr free anos eet yshology cet year The fl of soc cgtin oho pei ake ese te peop and es etn Tyo fs canes fare of contemporary soil pyle the ie and cone fa texbok ie Ears (158) Cape eel ae hay ke hs ut epi The ume rend can cey ese dee pment prycholgy in which an inceang tmount of conemeney ‘peach emphases the nega ae th Sal conten in te ener an Son ater GMa cme wn ae ‘onlenperay view dso bet cognition ply sated eet and psa tn an roy ere cna pT ‘sancti between optve nd soca development essing tingly unclear and ielevant because ofthe Inextricable ik beeen com ‘etal coat and he scion of owledge an hs cron sel oa ety deny In Darin C285) ec aerate io ‘extent oc py ‘As wed nthe Pfc am impatn landmarks Paul. Farewors ‘Pesci pscioy of ma (98,16). The rose forts ws ‘earer workers ded to overtesthe portance of he Sola oot ‘ysl bas fea bhava ote pen algnceng cent etna." and theo ed beng he poses He in flan’ (p. 0, Farnsworth fit bat many! payne ee estignton wee svrelintedignring th cetr const sot {eps ok for phenomena sch sae samara fet formance anda vere mage, “Although ths view ones with Ou na leash of he haps of Fareworhs book deal wih pesos ihr tan cy el xshologal tpi (eg salina, meld, tod mena sel {etn nd hea in he reac t's Rey emf Se eso aed eto muse of te West, with aerton pid cry har et ess he ‘eevee off tchanee mune oak mule end athe eee ‘Inthe Oren and the Occ (pa. However ie tea [ncads chapters Langue spe of maaan Apelor ae {2 indy ad therapy and peep is mest ene ond ape ‘etre athe chapters on Nat of mista tne’ al The me ‘mal taste The later soma Sead aca of fare ea ‘lnerng een from between the 19D ad ee Rel eae a ‘usta the ounce cmpesers The scl eee fm 9 ‘The rst ofthis chapter fl no four min ston, in the fist and seca we stent characte te sok ppchology of tan om te Perspectives of mie payeholgy an soc paychlogy espace fe thr, we provides hanoseal one for he ook whl by descbng Frrsworts orton einen and tus tt, andy etn te cermin aes of sarc they exe in he Ste an Le hen ‘ete adtons hon wee pls Thn a etn the ae ‘St deri in ve subsections covering ecapationa tae mse econ ‘Sees made and mento rch scp {nd eomponton and christs hls respecte ne ot {rd nal ston, prev the content the ao te Be ‘The capi growth of ese n mse peyehology ha mean that sve Asin tsbutarier fhe minster ae now ly sent the most ve, developmen ‘pecs of musa! etwvour, Thee are of course Sly {sterelted, andinde he scp bourne smngs the pre Signs of mo, mang pach elton oy, Entrpoloy ana eogive sence ein con sae change toe Sexse "mune prychngy” sil always be a inerdnipinry ta sce ‘seal tehavur fo not funconaly coherent. Cale ay deve pment pychongy which dal witha tof ancora ted te vou! phenomena (rp hangs that acu with aga), mse as terest sneer of erent paycnoglProstses (pein ceo tons ering a 90). “fia broader ens ewever may wal be rfl to en common cers a Sto (i) as mad «hl emp oa radi forthe pyelogy of mae He maggot tht there sive cha [erin of beltoy patie an agreed ctf cental prbics: ares Iethads for working on thes probl:apeed tere eee ‘i dn ey io ad en ep me gay esearch which appropriate oe whale range a phenmers [ESSe domain oe ss p10), Shed uggs yc ‘fmt harvested thi sage. He propos: ta he cnt prim ‘he pyehoogy ttn epi ta ctr an ote! fms exe, {Sed that Leah! and Jaen (198) Gn try of ol ase ‘tame the concert ths paraign, chat te pyehagy oe Satecqaiee he OMIM yn erengs Tn making this propa Sltods ls dafring the ein concer veg the opted epi pesca wih pope ein forming thre undertandingy thers ck erie (98 a eal ‘ive popered coe cogs paces wich peopl tse csc “ube rm th Sound te hae The pyc ody of a pot ig ude ta atl propre sel stim ‘Our argent i tat prychoogshave negated the scl dinson ad hath tad pyc fe ought ude he ts of he ‘mediate cal von as well athe Inguct of rosder based ‘Sloe: hes pcg leat eee Siperaarbaeingand promi sompeing tacts wall rd meh ean a mags Spt invent. Crone ie sr ane meus by ich he er iv might be pursue and he whole feld of chaemtslogy which iho fn ne top 0 fron mane peso shuld be gee more Drominnce oe Chap At the lvl fhe edie so station, Repowih ch exeecnnertl pyehlgy show acter pomilng ‘ower he charac ofthe diferent context in which musics produced and prceired have ced ite steno in mune payhology bt same fe rowan tbe dened in as bok bp Yo tres ts Fane, We adopts rey brosd defen of soda paolo, erpraing unas Och doplay cer socal nero ef, naa ‘ens dewdopmenal ade) snp tal seal pyo- {cpa pnnomene maa nal grocp 2 asa efecs- PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY “The fl of soil pepchology Hel sone with comple story. and pon ich guay there erent perspectives ts very definon sky no ‘Rea stlorward Hewstne ra Mrstead (988) define scl y- ‘gy a th scenic dy ofthe repeal uence of he nv ‘Se for er acl conta (p89 nail havea lect upon heir cal envicent ut sth environment determines and cnsaisthe Invidue behaviour Blind the appernty sample defen le (WO Stnctone a here pass “The fr & tat between what might be cll psychological and sul scil payholgy Ts former srk understand the inact ‘STeocdlstinel on lndadas and adopts primacy experimental ee the ate concertos on the cipro of solely and the india ose andl ask he xpanton of soc te tion and sel etodcogly on natraat tvervaton an surveys UGewon ard Mansead 1985p. 9) The dvdingine betwen tase wo Atotlons i fail clear, and fe Ul to remain entrenched. Mest sj ‘olopt woul onde former ae he mainstem facil psychology, Sh ects the approach taken by Be mary of combat 0 hs ‘olune’ One inpotor tue of ie a predominant emphasis upon ‘Sipe forms of expiration, wii has Dan apparent se he 180sDwi. erases nd Adria Noth ‘he reaction agunt hs tendency by scoala prchoogts was ‘epded by some o'r ine pin inthe Rae or ary Hae 179) “ me io suggest tat the tional experinentlapprech to soit Peychology through Tabortry tudes was Inada In two ih Fepets Firs he npg hae nial acc the ne ‘fina taoral expesents are desl Since real ie coy oqunce are embeded in throw stings iveving spect lod ‘tors we shuld my eat oer th ton’ We Shoal py mee ‘stein tothe ann which peopl ive ethane In es lives, which ayo ous be very ren mth intrretaon ohe cuted ssenc observer. Aliagh some tenets scp dscns Saat) have taken ti pint imply tr taainal epee {ppronches re fran indent a more widespread eo incensed wings on he Prof Pycbloi sol payee ‘inser te clot eoist of tf experment an fo iveiate ‘sey Behav tran ht i brat. shown on Incesing ur of qualia methods longsige gett area en Increased emphass on el word ies sd pris ee, or tape igen 7 “he second dstincon hus some fests in common withthe fs. though Is more dif opin down Tet erwee te Nec ‘ein path Wh pny el en Eopeen teen, Which places ore emphasis On what Tl 9 seed asthe soi dinero which Fe sw ivi det “cxcem withthe reltonaip beens human poycoegesfncon ‘the geste ol process and event wich shape this fanctonng A ae shaped by (7) Albough both of tee might be ged erat of peychaopea nll pyeolgy the ain teen tweet them i Ht the European spponch las at tore mucreepi cl inoeces sucha atonal ural ety or ntegoup wats Ik member of bois suchas the Area Museo Sec (05, embers were asked fo mark thse composers whos wk dee tb ‘ele tote atin a thers an pserved te prt of out teal erage Fenawarthaocstd he ejay srry to of sab ous nthe bts ofthe oder It whsh they were eure By coating the dat trom te to subgroups he wae sb fo each the dee of onsen on scale thin sample imovorth ale investigated the isue of consensus by drawing onthe ast rsoures of dita allen muse schives Foret hese the amount of spac alloted tothe iret composes i Rsoras of ‘muse mas eneyiopaedas ab general eneysopssdas the quency ‘wth which the composers weeks were plyedby a sfnghony ech te ‘umber of tines the composer work were play ot fai andthe ‘Tr sca poyehoy frase 9 ‘eoquncy with which the compose’ works wate ecotded. Ths ch data bie erable Famawerths endusins Yo poss a much geste degree of ‘ological vliy Wan any ole mpi etude of ml at Byte rans Fomor ete ht here was general consensis cn he eelatve eines of. rh te same sal umber of ‘ruil (eg Beethoven, Bana and Mora) continual ecnting te ight measures in bath op ales of ven set of at ogee pasa space alocatons or AMS member eminence selection) Furie ‘Bor, Frowarth (58) mperta high level a comespondene beeen the ‘esl rom ferent ways of resting musical enunece (eg, beter ‘AMS mene ranking of composers fo emlnenes andthe fen with Which erstas played the composes wok) Ths ed nto calude {hat We oie onthe comps weal eminent (198, panda "We geson what we nay (0p 10 Four ober ser sae to crrbort ths view tw of which are cutie the dora of musi. Gordon (92) presented vo groupe of subjects with ture of eri ugn aid Sound a ae compares btwecn fe OP ps choses. Sima, Cow (198) demonseatd that prfesio of Engithareod duty onthe reiativ eminence of ngish story an ht sleet neycopandia allocated simiar mounts of pare tte author Ina more nce ad, e ave found tat wo nigroup gre Sosy On| ‘he mot eminent expan fom 2 at 0200 pop group and muslans| (North and Hargreves 196) and sar sy fund hgh agree betwen subgroups f the general publ fer pop and sea musk, ‘dala lms, plays pings, and novels (North and Hagens 196) In some reed Work, Frsworh investigated steel ends In the unere of esa music compas For example, he ested the popula es thar ante in cls mie gorered by sere ort of veer for the pas, such atthe most eine! composts are those tat have beet ‘tod he longs His data reveled form of reverence forte intermediate pun that thse capone whoa bon den for on nr prod (Gpprotmatly 150 yearn) were rated as moe crinen han thse in te ‘See tant cr moe sce pan tn andr vet Parent oe ot the conalaton betwean “crc tang of compost ‘aia in 195,944, 155, and 96L Walt ee ere goneraly Nigh oration between the aings rom each of thse Yas he ie fee formations decd a the tenporaldivance between the tanking cme mor extreme: Tore wer ato some interesting tend for specie ‘Comparer with for exams, Pals poston inte anling dees ‘vere yors, Hayes inceasng and Bang ina on hen dee ‘sing (ite 1.) "Tus coponds with some caries rach by Murler and Hewner (091 who nvenigaed American oes progress beech 1670s10_Dav , Horrne an Adin Noth iL Ene tiny sgn or ie yap alae ie LE Lb eb eS ee Sp ie PEP a: = ee a ee 1941, One of thei mast nesting indngs wat tha th fqueny wi ‘whch der compet werk tere peed tended tS ‘dua waning and waning ruber an Conuou erences as Tach compa os se Se (p10) or ample ovr te peed i ‘este, gna started kn popular dined ae ate a8, oe ‘second place n 910 and en dined again ‘explaining tr el, Moker and Herne ea number of sei peychlogal crs tat ay metas the nat of cel opees nsenporcy evens tuunced he mune ptr by beret or ‘example the Frnt World War predueds dts nthe ruber ef Carma ‘orks pestrmed and a contaponing incre fr Pench an Aer os Sry he of toe wr peome ees the amount of new mune avis the eclnngtegueney wih whch Screamer co. (0) tensinthe pertomanet of moder comport wee Tha lig rguctht the works permed by the orcas fle not ely publi ne bat aco that ofthe conduct wi Be enploymen ft new onc beng ‘sci with adel changes in oes” ouput Sach extancos Innes. relied themosves repeat an eavncngy (1D) “Mace and Heme onic ta ends la mua te one longer esti and myst 109, ands worth sting th tse Lind ef nding are sro how of mov cn sc dard ty Sine in Chapter 6, ad two salva ses by Orman G83) and ipl (154) However he importa of arwors and Mute sn Hern treat on tat et wen creed win i hse these were it earch programme fo demote sss at The socal cig ofc tt sl pop wen fou agri 9 mis ofl nda ‘Occupational studies ‘The Second Wn ie gave rie roth ofeach onthe fst of ‘Buse on factory worker” prot and marae, These ete west Stewed by mune of qurtonnae mesures in connection Wi ue dose observations, ad ts wok peor Indets Ut scope Funds of music could decrease boedor convention, and abner ‘whl improving moral particulary on epettive tasks (efor example, Kaplan ana Noel 1948 Kepaick 195) McGehee and Gardner 195) ‘he ets om product ware much es ea, although Huse (90) and Sh (54) found tat muse could Ineeaseplovork precio Snd decease scappape rts, Howove, ag Solbelman (198) ots ih {evi ate much ofthe ary erature on tes Indust wes of mse tends to be characezed by supposition and. dscusion rater han “empral esneh Neverhls thee studies might be sens the an ‘ont of rsuch on the commer wes of muse whch vee in Chaper 8. Me ion esearch ‘The relationship bebven music pyshslogy and music odes the ‘jet of prem cncaon ant oe of fhe msn cones abn the Pr ine of py arch rm ch tr ow hr tunes mips eran nc uing the props at ng A lone fa dotcopmenal pepecine aay cable papel ‘esfhers to oranze the knowing in sway whi ake mere Sreableto praca appieston’ (Hargreaves 198 p80) Ten eas ner tre ight ad at Be tame ght tobe to of fhe socal pejchlopea Poopecvealough lutvely for studies asi eduction rch Five elit adopted ths approach, Seng Otnon has made porarng sMiaap ie dvr its gether n Chapter of ame. stacy ak wt tr eed in echo massa ‘ning and cul aa seerl eve ales provise good oF ‘ews ofthe early emp erature Leonard (1955 eviews 71 ates ‘which cover llosophy ond asthe, the payalogy ef mus thst) fuse educator, cucu suey and tacng method. Sn) rem (182) suares esac weds tudes mst rest ond hl the muse earl, psyehalony of musi and mesa ben,12 Davi Harrah ae there ae alo eater roews by Borchers (1908), and Murs and ‘Maison 0500, ‘One cbvious characteristic of this cay research i prcoinance of the payhometic approach witht stong tipsy on te evasion tnd ‘Stessment of muses: Many pythons tel of mal spae ‘hive an ata were developed er the elon snd assent of papi asc duane early par sentry an thse ave ‘xu exert reviewed leer (eg Shar Dyson an Gari 1981) ‘Ths emphasis gave roe to «numero ily stds te raters eit, nd the gueston ofthe uty and/or derentated tatu of ‘usa ability (Gate 194 Haecker and chen 1901; Kachand Mn 994, Men 1925-25 1908 Reser 195; chan 13 Seashore 195,10 Ty 1925) Although standard se are sil extensively aed by usc ele to in certain count, the tote dominance o he peycomete ‘Spprach has decned consent nace! yar, “Medical nd therapetic uses of music ‘hia of ear i fy wel presented in the ery eure For {enact made carers tao ‘he conap of nde ines fear ony ep Teoma nol he al nove red to ove fe ae SERIE Murine irorciagesnnp feet en sino ‘Spec rida po sl fora bee ee Soph tit ected le ors pransy eat te oS nding sng tin wen npndeor end exeteio. Bost ane an Gant’ GOD) "gfe of eh ‘ce mars eapate openers Nevrtlers = e tl o WeetaSier athena sage pune eng eg ie Sh cn sn ar pny emer siow oon od Sonyunegaecie " Ta fee pssst tern dence ned mason npn ype ep 95).20 Anthony Kemp However the overall developmental pire suggests that less ate ‘alan yh adler ene ah det re ce ‘Tpendeney, Bees rflting 9 general elation ed et ‘cara uch 2 Entel (1972), he may sgl atonal develop ‘heralds impor in mia pertemance. Fer example hiss nay be refed by stent who ete sstrrenta ution Because of Unk finns mateo o measing escort wih ech demands ‘Neshaetun fo thineion eae “a ths point weeny wih 0 spect wheter cain impli elles svitin me ees aya be ected ere 5 well as possibly causing UGoprout Toe view that pups mt ily lam theses and know ing of mst re be Fly fie io the diipine Sle “gieng miner, magnate, and reat acti might ender IPRA Sages lering to uncomfortable for the more Independent ps "Gow of Mae and Coe’ (955) Big ie’ flrs, namely ‘openness’ elites tothe independent, magiative create an crow type person [Fats appear foavolve an nail approach towards the peretion of [Phenom At tpt we ay wish spect whats Wiis they ld dependence andependnceoprstes win hs pane ax well Hi theory of eychloga ierensason’ addres nv eifereces of pcpton Toe fid-ependon person dominated bythe veal ra [Ron of perceptual whel:filsndapendont yes are mar abe 0 ots topes arse ld a abet do so mere analy. Cael 973) CSA tied ht fips ect AN {pendence cos eaptring the prepa sje ofthe more autonomous iin’ eory ges urbe tenths by showing ta el-ndependont foes were mare filly swans of thant fogs and tus ‘RSohlag to tense, and fa these Rigs were Separte fom he ‘rrnding ervtormentn ine with he apres bv he also showed {futtedenion waked nearly he change ocr partly Ser st seppar te tion ht atria ie ined mo felddnipendert. thet aoe ti hilght 9 persptal oventaon SUN eyes thom to alse, extrac an erga the elements of Thuse-Thes entre ny well spurte the rained muscn fom the moe ‘al mai, For eatpl Sei and Las (987) ce resarch which Tiare tt rl sil and lghtesting, nile, and musi enseration take ae al ponely fied o Eldndependence (King {Ss hoon 174 Schmit 198; Shihan ior 198). Pothermoe {Es and McCoy (80 found felndepeet types wee more able 1 [ena musea ems Say Elie (55) abowed that Hy were more ‘cet aking dgomets bout skal ees. Inte ifn in sil ibicur_2L ‘The ‘openness facor of the “ig fie! alo apne otk withthe specs of crentviy which were explored by the ely investiga of Ceti Inthe USA Bron (163) foe xa, toe plein ork Inearported aspects of Ass ssc eperiments with jee’ and no den stustions where group pressure to conor aes pu Sud the notons of eerane of mbit and preference for caplet ‘Those who wee able toes group pres were general fund tobe the ‘more creative types Baron expsined the dference beeen elders ond ‘ory in fems ofthe later’ capac fo dea wth contradictory ‘Phenomena an ons Win (965) malted that very eps {Dope mote cemiorbly with coniting Dough snd ecg 8 ‘tol carats offended ype Mackions (92) work with eet reps dd much to ets te tse ofthe Jungian personaly verter Rae a the Miers rigs Tape nestor (MBTD) ih the USA. In recent years Rtas become ‘resingly popular in the USA aswell os Beal, parca eres ‘Svc, and hr en sed ih malar bot ois, he omen ot ndependenes what pavcalry emerged fom MacKinnn's esa tras tha crete people tered Yo be perceptive as apposed dang types: Myoe ant McCay (985) help expan the ciesion in eon oF te former bing pontneoun and adapabe where eae end tote more cecive and onanond Nn ono end 4 rege ih ‘ry bar oarar one preftencenuggesting thal sn sepals oP thoy do not seven parla rare tendenci However resech ih sil ona sh oe gon oi opr ie ype altugh hs wale pronoun in festa onpoers (Kemp 125), -The quston wich arias of cout i th egret ich te education ‘of msi allows or encourages them o be fecsNnking automo, [pd fee Ase have sendy observed younger musa appeu tbe ‘aracteroed moe by dependency, conform and contol, and ts ay feel bea reflton of halen ton a true prforere We {hal cert nod otk cloner lok at thee ln he chapter then outing les of upbringing Lettie to sy here ht ne conor scot young musi endo alphy high levels of foniclentoumen destiny 4 deve to do ones best and Feveling 8 Persistence fot fen iil by parents nd echers I inerestng [Sratnerse how this tern of icine and arse of duty ences tare performers sigan eves of epedincy derby Catal asifulgence, sce, an idle in fom artes ite may Sie mer a cher + Pore eo fondict and sandr ands tndency foot social Rome a the Impose by otters32 Antony Komp [No dlcsson of musisans an the personal gues which cars| them would be complete witout tenten other ema forthe Cts ator of selsuisency emerges at 2 eable eal inl rope ef musicians regards of ape (Kemp 1989) Clery we neod te pe (Gee abou s dein for musica’ seat: Seatore refered 10 Items of sensory capt, and whet hamper of porcpta hls Iportant—peteptono pc, dyrumiey tempo snd timbre dy of te personaly domain mgt be semping iden 0 ls cogalve Spec of sent. The Jungian Myer Begs Type Inte ay Bip ‘ar here since one of bipcar dita ketenes Inna, ruggesing that Smsing rests fo a concious gather of ysl evidonce by means o the Senses, On the ace of one mig be "empties but or the fac ht Cates dfn ‘trees empathy. geese, imagen, and ition the kindof ee Serponssgned fo the MBL opposite pole of ening, mel inion, ‘We mig also se agave eonneesons Green sry and Eye's peycotci dimers. "Netor must we oveiok the fat hat Cates pray tr of se uy is embaca along with imagination Ueto sain compan of Ns econ oder factor oper unrated by eae "Reaths a Sensei Patera eon dened by Call a gag Inga ndlgent i offing proenessoday-deing sol nate Seri and cera pes 10 Sarceeethe musa, parte Senposer The erring ple of ‘oer se abel nage, nates tosahigh lve! of cortical areas in Which feng re kept well undet Senta I is important oto cole the eer but he MB Smenlns ff thinking ves feng eg mening epi simpy esas reearh (Miers and McCauley 195) ha sown hth foling pate: hes we might expect, overlap th Ctl sett fate Th ieesng simpy ee ene roe Cael defn tat Porn vprsens a asenae flop! hnkng an organization, wi {he invita pretering ove more the hype eve. Coil a high pependerance of muscan epay eget level on Se MBH Felner, fr example por cr of undergraduates ad 6 pr ‘nt of profscrals (erp 196). we cote te Jungian dimenens ‘tnuton snd fing (tn apposition fo Caos pater) we ll find that ster of pe cnt of undergrduste musi an 9 pe et of pressions sare these two charters. Fathers, hea pe ‘Sprit perenand pre op coge ap India fees mat cai 33 Junglan psychology suggests tht thse prcfencss ot only Henify opis stung, hy as sit in cing ti eri’ carers. Fe undeieaaped pecs of tnlveseing yp ate serene Thing Lew evlopl seri and thing wil sen mares heme ‘Ril broad enperstce ofan imprest ind er tha he need ih broad epee ofan mi © Undead by means of dete aaa, Wht ts suggest, together si ats retin pea cine ie cian Upper and lwer bin fcr in developing + copiv stle which Us mote exenire seo the subi arn of he ran The pls ‘ellmade by Carder (96) when he uggs at me out ‘Caran thie soreponds with th srr point hat an portant aspect of Imus performance ane sponse appears to be hace and Oat ‘ea Secon maing putea inthe blght of pvtormance maybe ‘escort than en supped “Titan state ansaty ae nt ays easly sepa oer conceptually ot ip eo of tenet Ta anit est © el ‘spoon tobe ano state ant acute according othe nds af Silsion in wach individuals nd thats. isthe Vormer which i [Rewed on hore or out purposes Catel' srt lacor and ys Ieurticem dinenwon wil be viewed ab being lap ovetpping though Cail and Kline (1977) have mala that neuroma Inappropente ton snc i ealace 4 wider fet of factor than these ‘sfgosteny Nonathes,hey dese ant as beng" Pes ‘Sete wonying emotional when rastatod lx uncontoled epresed, ‘howls, hypechondasl shy, embitre, and. of resid eet Geli Thmonge thse Kind of factor, adult musians diplayprtiulsr tenons towards we penary factor femoral stably and ei terion (terancy to Ue tesa frst), a well some evidence ti smlcoumes, fw slesntient and apprherivenes (Keni 19,Antony Kemp ‘Wiad Cooper (8) io eid gh es feu (as el ‘ paychottan in poplar mine ter earch sng an Been inventory showed tae smonget rope of oer prorat, mus Sane were pascal “ora eigen won weay. (Maran ayeox and Wison 192.105) Steptoe (198) so ended Yo Bind» Cerin werd wearin say on sage ight and coping eis in ‘ofa msn ne nero ie eng ss oe Tier wong tet ‘he exe Sody of ich ito any in masiany, gute ssc ftom ay of den wih ie ph of Fvfrmance any beau Ge Chapter 1 ths wim) an te Ecphass on the dbitting specs of sty fregueny ti oat ‘Sn sry om he anal mio of race wo ave conse ‘2 iatng eft Canty, bowers theo ste dina on invered Usted elatnsip ere acy and prormante sy ips desc fs perormance alg eat om oe eon eh fang nape on oes Cal 097) tte tothe inks between ty ‘nd matron nut forme esumaby in deitatng oem) rh i peraived na depmerse form of moran whch cnn motand for pefoomaee ecarcemere W one tae ths Kind of Yew ten in ‘Suston its nue range peel optimum plat whch he hamgeaver i ily to ocr snd entiying tes enone snd sealant cad perengnin wich pe ‘Hann and Sobyje (9) showed tht level of ant nm sts nd hice sn ey ah actly fate peor ‘hg of permanente stone was opera lo Bestcnditona and ye were charcerzed by Rpts level sae testy However tr emuncedpovomance inde th gh ates Seiten wos pny ne rig thse net wh he mot ‘ral eperncr on th Nader orl exper apy Foportanly lew eohuneeent Lr nnn (5) manage To corse he inrlaternpbetwedh tat an te ey ose tency tan te wi oe ea a ao Gena tasting eftcs of lve f faemaseryecis!profiseny Ih pe [Remar Thee stadens who expernen high tle ancy an posted Neh vel fn nce save oe high vel sn sn than those who shared the sme level fit anny ba posed taskemuery level He cooled that high lees of prormane se In camden wih hgh it and nate Sy il Yad Yo races ‘aomance inset stati: Siar nl compcenev evi te lertare em peormance any Laver (28) conced at nits ifn mul hour 98. ‘roguent engagement in pecormance lowed anit tobe best mobil ra perforin actor On fe ther han ny aise of perfomanee te form of entered periods of lap cav incuba higher frets of ‘eiatng one ‘inst may evenly emerge fom reach of this Kind at he inverted Ureltonshp been avy and mail performance may ok be unforn For example, Gaudey and Spltberger (1971) qustoned the onl adopton of the Yerkes Dodson Law sugacsting ut the Intertlanship between ant and vaso for of perorence might be ar more nepatve than postive Unernatly space does ot sw for Sima detailed dissin ther agpecs fee For example, yank (G5) maint that eurocer and sutononte nerve rem craton ‘clink nthe forts ofan nero pocsing lp. Tis as ea ‘on fst developed by Fred (96), “Ase ned eatr, inovers Wil arve atthe optimum level of accu Eeloe exerts in hgh sre stun bce ty has higher ‘Soul rte, Th fo feo lop, Sah invivng eves of sow ‘ight wll resin mucho tend t Be aos overt anys, Fullering over sroua in sxfl ston. Cran fr of impaning ‘rears might wel esl in antpatonof sock vers shar bon ‘efered toa ‘atastophizingSepoe and Peer (1987) ound lendeneet Song amste,stde, ane profesional muscans to gence ea {erated fears of impending ettrophe Which tht ve Was nk fo Ste ansety rather than neuratism. This However a ods with {Gaudey and Spllerpers (971) slew tht propia wih igh Wt assy ‘Ste mow Iey to pucive stations a eaten, generating eve tthe ane and tendencies towards adoration: Manat Haye. Sn Won (32) sila egos that smatinal Inet wo Bredispose performing atts 'o symptoms of panic within sitvatons Eppannly hrestening Fowl and tng (1990 fered 9 eutropha: liga form of soondary srry tendancy tory bout ant Soh iatona! thoughts fey increase Pysnogal arousal snd [rete rympoms of esting asses, ineresoed ht ate ond Shing {Tre fu cul become maladaptive ands Stople (199) alta, sch oft concern which dive att avy rm the performance {Sal spac ieee he danger f commiting eros Research on the ‘ceativeporcnaty’ dating fom the 1805 ands ‘tppused that ctv pet eqenly lpay tore charactors oe ‘Ppustesex than ceelered tobe otal manga te general popltion36 Antony Komp (ee for example, are 157; Halland MacKinon 196 MacKinnon 1962) ‘Ths phenomenon bcos even mote pronounced when ean maa Femur sae are adopt, of the hd ncorpvated In same ofthe ‘vier perce inventors, Ltt Ben's (1978) wor of pyeologia “diay challenged the ipo ature of theese ol Seopa the oto tat masculty and femnly shoud be vite as wo ep Se dinersors Her thar mainaned tat he two slensons ae ule {ndependentes ell as blag exlutvely mascie ot fie, people ald be song both onde ler Ths foutld typology in which the third ye war dearted os androgynous and he Tout unde nt peared fo peer the en wise wih ah fo ivestgate ‘eave ype. ‘erty, personality research wth musians had eae Wend an Aoresing oo irons on goer lted aie (Carder 95; Main 19% Sanpe an Hoth 971) What wo fo emerge ter was hatte ‘ee renee oemaly foundingeeral populations were sigaanly ‘raed in groupe of adult mancann pour rope of tase a ‘Seely mba o musisuatipsonnesy urgency, and sl ‘silencer 19st However, the sume resatch which also valved {lite grup of muskiane of secondary school ag showed hat the hereon dl ot ocr laf te geo! 18 “Ste sseucars have adoped the Br Sr Rae Ie (BSR Be 1974) ivesgnte the quaston furber For campo, 2 study of cate Servtsie msi students showed tht ined the women were enable ‘Stothfonnin and mabe Le androgynous) however Wht heen Srerged as or fone thy were ietably lower in scaly (Kemp 185) Wabbenhorsr's (94) research With student teachrs att [estobnes ao found mest ofthe tbe scagyaous (and 38 pert spective). The remaining members ofthe tro groups were ore ot Ine soul itted among these hee BSH type. This aca regalss of whether It adopted prsonay nventre or the BSR nes Inporant sus For emp ops ie the Kinds of demands tat ‘busi makes upon the Indikual whieh ean te inrpetd a he ‘Espero eguements of musianhip, Calscatmbaly and Gxt (097) mained tat thse pater of susan be eplaned inter of tsk reuienent..to wea fll nge of eopiiv und emotional sponses Tepes of seine, sacle exportion (p12) Thi may wel ‘euln some muscns being pred aseyped cory the own {ender Echos (Kemp 199) have discssd prea iss resing these percepts, Forename Ruch (1984) amined the unerying fate Stactre of te BSRL and dsavered hat wheres the fruity sale comprised looaely structured st of factors, hese fice once ‘Butulinty were much ore ely tered Thi, consi, sugges India! fee i mail eaioar 32 that in everyday xisene women who do not dpa al the dst ‘manifestation of femiinty may nevertheless be yp as enlnne On {he other and men may be rgued to aahere far ore rly to te ‘Sony sacred wt of chatacters nore tt el mas shoud ot be questioned ‘Although Bom (1981) as moved away somewhat roe he origi hory ‘ot androyay, the central menage of ber theory sl stands natin Suing tht Suey shuld be mae Schema the way that dren re Sceilled io devloping the person gender shea, Bem has High lighted important ts or thon engaged in music education n hols In Sirent climates children who puro musi ino and bejond adolescence ‘ney bein posession ofthe Kn of personal aon which abe them {odirgned sotocuturl expectations aswel othe neces) hgh mt ‘Son towards asc wih lows them o contin garde persona ‘dsl cot Can uch noon ay wel acount far he ig ope ‘ita om numeral tuo and dearly thse dropout rts might ‘ell ap eplain the change-over pattern in adolescence fo wich have ‘At 2 il comment it should perhaps be mentioned hee at such ‘manifestations of sogyy do not appear 0 be preset il ups ot ‘Busan, Theres nme eidnce ogo! at mse aches ae ale > ‘etn some of thir ponsenaaied ta, sometimes othe exe oft cing thir levels on mascantiprated als (Kern 1982), Is also Interesting to specie whether the paying of Insumeis perceived as ting more ‘macho’ allows thls mule players tor he’ Some evidence in connection with bras and woodwind player suger ‘hatin at He case (Kea 1985, [MUSIC PREFERENCES AND LISTENING STYLES 1 gp wis png nt outpost composes ny wel efit eprops ur ind ere, tua in terms of ou nnn spe and peep procanes There Savor ec wih slenps devap dpc iii bo ee ma precnee by ug pera pret t's (1908) eary work contre whether Eyer’ foul ypology (sable exravert nutabe crave able novert and urate) ‘night undec people's prfrrces for bath pings sods. Sle reaver he maine, should peer distal or Bro mse wich so sa and predictable (eg Handel, Minors. and Bram), Sele ‘Bove wae aad yal nba es wh pay8 Antony Konp « prference fer nell and more cogative mse (eg, Bc). On the ‘ihe her nae extavets in Dut ew prefered roman se, ‘vidclous tong conrad the emia and sentinal content of {he wrk of compote cha Wage Richard Seas, Lis and Bon Fayette introvert, hist fing dwn to oma sve, were _teeed fo mpresnite nd mya pees which fran ee fom rely Desay or De) ‘Atha Burt cast ponering wok rarely cd tha of Payne (19657) as ented amor last nents, Pyne wens pseu concerned with ‘Se noten tht cae and roman ses exemplar quite {respective ofthe mea syle othe jhe ae intent etaries Ihr view the conta cference between thse eles concerned fem | ‘en feng eck tyes fore ai srry she mini ae the [rary stators of express roast tye, frm ay wel no [Reng tut wi be e eae fo an end-tocommuniate subjective and ‘cota experience The emotional cote In seal mae Is ee ‘Svein rome use the suet ater 8 concerned with mystery, “Shoo end cont. Like But Payne showed tht persis Indo Shoe 2 e power far in peoples preewncre for these ses Erotic endo prefer roman ie Sma Paye (167 als pec had tat muse might be datnglsabi eter erent or into, ‘hd inte showed tht itv tended fo prefer pices that poses &| femal sctre hint enesverta were atrsctd fo misc which refed ‘human and emotional ener (Payne 198 ue ening he uo tha mn prelerences of rove and ex ‘ert we need eeu othe qoaton of ht diferent eel of acon ‘Sp Ki mo til rrr But ‘Sul Paye tmey belo tse dings: Ar we ed above exe (fete Tota, weld vd vigour arena, and senso ms, ‘hema tat prctered by towers might well be move intellect ‘mine mytealSap td inspect. Certain respect of opel ‘Sic Dsus and McKete (996) showed that ravers demons Senger pretrenes for ck muse than inovers nd tht thee {Eterenoes ee stent in the case of a ok. ‘Avcier promising aren of ivenigaton in acto prferences and individual ferences to work a stering seis Hargreaves and ‘Coiman (181) showed that tro gneal string ses emerged i the ening sre of adult edscaton students~bjective-nayi and "Staci These tosis appearet dierent between hoe tenes ‘ohoadopt on ejects es ocarngon texte aspetf the aie and Those whos fade was tore ‘afi, motional an general soe ‘ve A td ise sey, the sssocate, which had emerged i TiStiaay voting ies eating, dna emery. nme ways Indta egovensn raa Bcicar_ 9 these fining cord with Hades (1975) ener ty wie ao found to dinintlsening states songs Alte which he end ae ‘ipiiveandtnoctiveepecvely. ‘though thse too svetgaton wor cate out with musi novi the Sings slate fo Sith’ (1987) woek which alempled 10 ont farmer ifeences betes the Lneing states O ssc exper nan lites, Sp caied tha he eel chro of ‘per toring ht thy ener into 8 form of pres ih the ‘Shape slong wth or her competonal proces —posng& problem wordng tt song denying expectations sa aly coming {B's salary contin Sth uid tha ‘yma’ frm to stening employed by the exper could be canted with Be “Ron ‘princi string ofthe novi which emerged a tre eee, ‘otra or sens Sith attr ones view was ht sya lieing might well dese the ae by fring the “snes” ito 2 ‘redontnany no-tcounte werd of musi On the oer and the oaynacte tener may wl beable to peeve usc work oe ‘enen Thr ter wel to Sch’ 196) speculation hat Sl ‘pendent peoples more iba sterng sen ene the ode [poser sey tothe enone spect of mus tha he ere Factioningo th i sndopendene yp In fc kin’ theory may afer sol igh i cu dcuson stout ning sper are pene Wit ler rating conta ‘ween tne Selspenden indvsuat analy spprsch #0 mie ndthe eld dependet init stad, he sry might wel ap toenplin nial erences noon of rar slo ele the weina i edated musa, For cramp (95) showed hal {hei independent stents ware super dagen between man ile an Eli aod My (10 ce resce eh ogg hat the Felon of tematic ufomnions and masa rte a mete EEveped in feltindependent stdenethan other. Aree noted ene, a lly ign-ening and cern septs of asc esti appear ‘ore develop in hone ented ws eindependent ial tha scon of he copter shoud nt cog without brie dt canton sot pope use prefences bl sini Benne te reach {bane acy perse and ingnentcy ee Zlmann ae Gans velar) Inher dcusn concerning roca pon at preferences Hasen end Hane 11) pal free contin ores Hy that peoples Proernce inngely eft thelr peronalitepropie grate towards Prcsar scr acding to thelr sltconceps an the peceson of ‘nt ely econ da tengo diferent ypes of mse ep ape ade and persia sa option themys and hy com> ‘than of thie tht the nul etn teow. Altough at sting$8 Aoiton Kenp out et hee Kinds ofbypottnes, Railings ol (98) may have had then in mind won staying the ks betwen eves of poet and Prslences for more aggrenive sles of popuat muse. As we might Exp te mor payee types —tough-minaed nivia—were indeed ‘tls and rook a nada, were fund tobe mre oxraverted, Impulse, and vetursome. On the other hand, » preference for easy Tekin nue war negatively smc with peycotasm. Furry, ina snund td, Rawing ot showed tat alerance or dsoance Was oo dupayed by the pyeho type patully hey were also gh o8| ‘Cs an inherent oben prsung pra ck music preference Invohe scparting ctl muse prefers rm fe sca meanings hat ‘ch nua has fr same types of young people A Kalinga: pola fut ih scl connotations linking must aggresive rade and ule ‘riking stds nay well que independent of eer sate and ‘Sopasisve naponse The iscontet wth Whose’ (1988) ding at einai peters were sot generally Inked to apprecaton of sx ‘her ype of male anfermore she dated at uch plc Were {eer patie inkad obedience, amon, ondintliacual urs {Steen and Hansen (1981) als found slack of terest ia coguive Skdcavour amongst heney mv ‘ane along with higher male hyper: ‘Sali and muchlavellanim,.. maniplstve, ec r amoral ems ‘Pbcvoue in sd they found at punk ack fan were mere ae Suthoaty and prone oc than Rey metal fn but es pre og "AND EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ‘A csious developmental pate emergs fom sates of musician which fave exployed Catels invertors (Kemp 1999). tn young mses of ‘Scany school ae acer patter of god! upbringing seed they ‘Sppes 10 be the recipes fw type of nurturing that encouraging an ‘Spportve ot corlngth ind of event thats fen viewed ‘Sing predominantly mide cse What signin this earch tha ater ety ito mai ogservatues thse lls butts reverse: Ue ‘oe rind stcents, eer perormens or composes a Wel as Pole ‘Sonn tnt nk conser, utr fm ow al-emet and “re more dominant. There sre nar of ways ta ose els a be interpre whch offer partcuar sighs it te nartrng pros rogue! by young mussns It may well be ue te carly ages of Sotelopmant he young mean forcast dependent upon the nd nda diferne s bheur_&k peel support and encouragement ht nts god working habits and a Eenaceroar tude practice, However nero he sein uit ‘pps tobe curcrad y apt of is whch sugars «gd Sa ok Feral atnomy lading fo the ton feral fas fen ay well beruc hat hak of cnscenounes othe knd ced by ‘cron (55) in varus ate pes nepal at cave people ‘etngo develop and ingose own nerd sl se, Cy {hb form of na edo and elton which tpn ctv ‘hiking and production “Aga i unlear wheter hs developmental pate ase by 2 hanging popuation—broupht about by Slee exenly psc sla ton proceso wheter ita population at degen al change iro depen on paras ote auananods aude to pence sin Fare enh may denange tha anh ene "Eh wih toscana een be element bth procases xa ‘ng silane. ty, youg ren may Be arcs dependent pon an enauaging envionment but ese tine on which he Item ovate of te ida allowed to Geel without to ‘hah pact eine Cio (190) Rave show at tt Stel young manos certani rct patral europe vet ate suas racic rates, However research by Freeman (91 og ft at mech ert might be fai shor te ta sy pris notawaysnsained no mater how bar young sian wer Thee ‘ssc ay wel bending hat Young nian aes ating ‘Simmer sompsng sete flan fd enoogeret Bu at he ‘Se tine, peso pate and fesdom in wich cay and auonony ig bse Hod 96 wew tatoo machiong and tw le ela ‘rt poduce sete cid may wall hve tens fe ‘Seatac upriging, conctusion es hoped that his hap ight serve to demonstrat ways in which de more well ssearced. ustons of mse payehology might be futher ‘ightned by the kd of essed area i th problematic ‘rn human motvaton parley mote toatl acy ean in ‘ete itary, nd may prove tobe the missing peo the jigsaw which ‘willow ust deeap & caer ff humanity need and Adve fo pareja in muse and arise punts genera, Cognitive popchology har made important insouds ito our undemtanding ofthe {usiia' concoptul and pis sly wht semaine fob cid Is ‘why the action of se 9 fundamental tnporant prior2 Aton Kop rope of pple. It may nat be merely what tase people can do th Stores tom ers ay wal rove te he ndofpe Bat hepa: Furhermore ay well prov tobe the Inter ht dei tho Ferer andere late scer twtever lee nthe eof nm ‘Sut tenes tay be the aie et predspess hem to experience itr pleasure and degen muse REFERENCES chiar, ML 9: alse ney a etn gh nd ins me a ‘Pulao Ord. suru C8 Te pets wade nay lf Ara on Sas Poet a8. nee ESE Ongiaty In mln to party ane lc. Jara of "eso 8 aE rity opr a he rt iy “ness ey oe aceon) meet pp mg lft “ha ene MEE ESS te ty» api wn ie eee ty ent ia hero Prey CCL 8 0h Ain ci gee nici Hpi on ih rn peng mh "ln mens Sg sts Sei ra re ee isp gla ere eC Fecha ph 85 ae Ny Hee ane Senn ‘caret B99 te fay of he Bre noes tn te pesos phe. The Sonera ME Ea 9 etn mi roy dn cna wn ce R192, Ree NEO sy sey NEO PE = te se iemy MOR pol ma Pye Tenn ev Ser Ca ccilon hens, ese ‘hun and Meta 98) Mx perce ad eco mus on me raat rene eer oo eA Mowe, Gn Seb. he et wee tee Mo wy Bro Salneiag teen Inca fees in matt ero $9 ee ap te Se a eee re at 8. Sry Saree ogee anne a et rat sirens vay Ge nae ae os von Er yee cot ame bart 4 TSE Rm aera Serer pt dre en EG Roertdoraeeme Pr sua peoge oat in meriagactein en oe seca a fe cea te CREE Fah Remy inn ee TS gems mages toc ae Newton Ene (890. at ts ‘Gordon E (1990 ern seus kil, comet nd ates GA “aig sang ac are f pet Poy 8-8. amu 3. Theareetsp Ne Ey on 78, 262 ‘spun mn ste (38) nt alee mein a Say soon cndne tn varie Pee Mae 3 saben oo Fam. (9) Comiractng pera el y| rough mae nl dil sangre fae anyon a it rat 3 pve Basan Me) he neon faethe econ se Peal ink 9 (0), Hae Sg) ater’ pnt manent tw, rin inp A Ese Tease str cle macnn Kensying pre “Tat lar prt: Pay of Mose 9033 any AE (The pony Sco hy aan. eying © ruff were cope Pig te 9 8 dy AcE Gt Te pony arc te masa Te signee tbe atone Ply of M10 (0, 88. emp ALE 0, fons ls of nce i chr Poy ep ade Nr Seon nh4 Aationy Komp dein a7 ne Ge Reh sc at a ed te a cap oh ed rine py poy fre Se hae nage Neh TE ek se dca P1000 Mee os ye ie id un BW 0) Teta maa cae ent Amer aye uit jon 3B and Wik G . (950, Peay nd se a er anf C70 Appa a mae lo ponaly tae Ss ry men Why rpm Hl aad pony Bor of Pay 3,1 Fee nt wan anton of mane oppo Bay Uta owt and Eight 1 O99. Aty a tes mn Rou, Tande we a ey catia gs me ae gs Ee rater ave tect gat Sb a ie Sta SERN ecto cee erent caer ee Toon mime teammare Se es ibis Ee a meg cre ea ot Eerie nda fees mui ear 38 Suit 9 Gee at a int ae saci RET cama nompmstamnme tapas rere as eee baa streets cee EE BS ene ‘etn ced age pg ee Bacniog 3610-72, ~ “ uy . sire Fi ree omega ‘Eaten eprint ae Eis Ira 29 Gy 16S ea Sion 5 M080, slog bs ofeach wee sin Mo. apa Portepiysal seth Cat Cpe 070 Been ead ertiy phan ow fngency Poa on or Sy asa? = sip A Gi Sa oping 2 ne pt penn sx Aan fe Se nt mune tat ‘SERS So esis te omnes sya I ich, Sa 4 0 he ras of in. engin Hamano See (8 te Re en ‘Wee A (19 Dien ion co ot en oe fain on tg ya fee’ Uoped inter eR pl anti tad ym she boteg vended main mae Pye ice il an Cope 5H, Pr si: oper man ans srs (em. a ign, "D087, nono exeee. a emo rhs fm sar Dap 1 Lowrance Eb, ise ew y HR H.. Fcogi lereaon falo Ain Peay,, \idbetiont 1950 Pooaty hrf musi edu pcre Pig a2 6 —_3 | Gender and music ‘Susan A. O'Neill INTRODUCTION Herzl in Western cate men have demiatd the msi profession a cele postin of power and prvege Pale to the 1850 the vas “apr af enesteswosed fo employ women Tt was tought to be Tiros’ for a woman to pectin pe: Woman were tionally cpanel tment uch as hap and eyo which could {Epa ac afnngrinnt the vole and tel tetra omy od edi chem Tey were dicouraged om plying tamer uch {Sherr wound and bn ether bere women vere oh 0 225 ek fog pea seg fg cpa) orbese ou spl thas appear” 904 on Arena condor was gone os sng tir ever tended he ir eco bncome cores, rembons, a ayers of wind names In he rt plas hey rene tong enough Fin) them ss wel ae men. Ander poi aint them stat women Frnhot rey brs names and ook ety al why soul thy spo thar gd loka (Ged in Pugh 191, p7 "Sepa women were ft gree same oppartuies as men fo sic cifeaton ane ining Ter ween wee sito ata fe igh Eds St peernanee acleemett reed for caer a profesor ‘Sinan’ Te ack of ocertl experience and edation meet tat Toten und efit compore elec complex wot ete {ciel nih welts at specie male comport Te fost ‘Sepeser Se Thoma Bosham wea See quoted ay mying tare 20 ‘Sokttomen compose, noverhave bee ond ply never ibe ed EThugh Dots pa, Been women dh protic symphonic concn th ogres dy were rly perme a eve ite psy. ten Becipesy ewan could pu a composin was odo 9 der © ay tere are inceing mbes of women employe in poten cote and playing + ch wie ange of rumen though they SS og te maker of tng, Te mone: ol woh ‘hos inceaing nd many have produced Ines works which SoEosideed ob cul oho by men Paph 1990, Thre ze OUgY Gente and ms 47 tics many gleaming o play instumens than boys (ABKSM 1938, sl rate Nes pect fps on ome ‘samtntions (DES 19) However espe theca ppt ae Scievement of women in moss men connue to have Sear prominet ‘sin the mu poke ‘Ore explanation for ths phenomenon ses fm he rowing body of euch on ger serotypes n muse, Gender seeps er 5 ange at hysal, pohaopea and soc hres cover to Se eal ak rd fort in apart cut sol pop. Gander re Inpesaeprvsve in sociy and operates any dict oes nd, ‘ua irerpersona secteur However x Unger and isd {092 ptt tna and marcha my a ess saviour ae even pyc characteris, an oon pay ace ‘tes ertchavour soma std withthe ober sex Tas reed tele may not carr! he alba ofa a fees strewn fore hoy ay Ens fit tn Suerte for g's even hough henry fpr te ples ‘Soren theghos th word tele 17 se! Ba ‘Ai elu diferent he ae females and mast some extent sy ought cnr vain oh iin Benen een sol reps (Nay 188 Unger snr 199, Te on, {ewer roles toed to descr the behalou these ened ap Bron sn oes pace ci re tp hey ero ee and conf eh ate ssp! Fee ‘South appepnte chassis rss eae. ‘Gener rere ened tempore ean false ‘wen sora hough he tae med Imi both cn ed ‘Sule share cata dost vews Cone typed belts coe {helen that peruse types of mie Inrument or exces re ‘muscle’ of tein’ atoencng gener denen chueon, ‘oper, opportuni and even eves ssptton Each ofthese aers ‘Smosh cath ine ‘Ttimple cused slsencip (cor and np 198 Unger and ‘tei 90, . fon sine "Ts cuper explores several sues lt to gender nd musi 1 wl agin by eamiing peer dices in mel apc an achive tment owed by oye and ge pretence for mse and msi cvs wl hn prota reve eaerchen gear seeping of ‘minal name ond far expiatons fers Phencmcnon De on ‘oat sod eneteemental fare with infec he peters td be vio of athe Fal wil ke abroad approche tps xl some of he way ich pnd lune may bese help ‘Sle recone prc in mae4 Suan AON Sexor gendert Corres and entraicon round these fh fos rnd jeer tn psp Same eater ae te fre cfc ane Biologia! rsa pc te fo sur Ter of far eh ted to ar 0 bilge! tics le, hormetal etme at Chroot ifr) between mas and files ich se rela ‘sed oi thst of eer an whee ogy jeer hs ben tied ere sca anche ta eed cig act recency 96 Unger 98,18) Tower sch datnton btw and ponder sdcul ea, ‘pte Albegh bloga aieence conttbue to ener ferns thy inc wth he sacl cron ante ced rough oat {omiman tere bulls about the behaviour we eet om nl and ‘eal nour sey acute Ureveling ha spl nroton so ‘ry tsk acy (98) cater ht sch wach cent oanne {hein of x fences nacre soa nt tne a ou ‘ih case of ayers ugh chao ening Sh roped that the words tv and gener be tnd neungesly ety !ssunptio that sex impli bop cue at nr esl st Scien. This suggestion has sbseueny bec Sopad by seve ‘to uh Bo GH, Ae (Cle an rs (8) nd ‘rile ond drought schepee Dicutionof he we fh rms sx and genera msi esac a sect i sttenon However a exe of he ltetuseeed {honest verte pas wo dear fom sues whch ed Primal se denne an ox sectypny towards mes son ‘pre cittenens an gender seoeoyping rapeciy Rem cit in he tn tre iat ety oS dlcenes when Sng Sus lta arcrypad tas of msl scuments ce fae and foals ms Hower nthe 0%, mot sere Str sed the terme interned ore te tem pre sey ‘his hange in terry appa le! he gwey cone ey ‘si edt over cau ppstnis boys tn ie mene e tres and the eenind gato of essa edd an erie ‘ota aos an the devdopnt of mun permenant, Few reseuchas have spill set ut to tvetiate the question of wheter thre sre ene difeencs ether bilgi o socal in meal coer end music $8 ‘pte or abt”. One reson for the lack of reset nae tes om the a that hr no general agement among fsa co vat the pris definition of masel‘bity shouldbe «ger ay 0 pueive and andontand masa err rata of atin bie tick ca Be present or absent in varying degre). Ths any atempt 0 ‘amie sx dilrences in msl spade or achievement fs nv) tesed on weak toeticl and methodologies! ground” Adonai, fw ‘Heel dls of x dierencs in perfomance scien have been Proposed asa bas or empties (Ussher 1982) ‘Nevetisow, a numberof slandarded tat have been esgned by reaches who pupor te ate de t mesure mane! aptde of ‘bly eg, Beney 1st Gordon 179 Seatore 919,196; Wang 194) As {Trl many seals ue hse ttf nt hoe hen ho wil be ‘en the opportunity engage mal ining ae thos cde who ‘re dened the oppo Tha,» dint oe elton lid ‘eee musa apttade and adurement Given te fat ta is eve "higher percetage af pases in schol manic eaminatons tall lvel thay boys (DES 8), ane gh expec ptt sor soni higher on ts ‘stmusiel aptitude However no resbletxcifernces hav bee oud ‘hema pte of emai and mals bed on est fms ay” ot aur) perception (om review by Shur Dyson and Cab 198). ‘Vier sox errs have bon found ty have bes a es the higher amount of mara ing eles had sed compe to ‘ales (Gibert 1912). Although sx dileences have appeared on mab ete tet bate, the explanations that have been fered y researchers fr thse dflreees fare een speclatve and remain uneupprtd by ‘pineal cridene (Str 1964 Shar Dyn 197, Wing 1981) ‘Dept the ck of erdence fr gender ference im musa apttude, a gender reversal saparet in he sans and ovement of gly, Sn ten and women n use: Move is than boys ate nvolved in td ‘cof at sel acts at schoo, wherear men damit the ke rofssion echleving higher levels fuer in tht msl cee sent rides suggests hal musi sclevement dependent oly one inal ‘sie pttude of the dvd but on 3 complex ration nvlvng Cognitive, socal, extranmentl and moana fos adn inde ‘ila’ experiee, edueation spats, and atiudes towards mai, tnd the proces of sical tang (eg. Cowher and Deck 196 Howe fal. 198; Manturaeha 190; ONell and Sate, npr Scbada and Howe 199; Sorak 98, 1990, Bach f these factors cingush males {nd females according te essumpons an expectations abo aseliy| ‘ne fran in ou clare. Tas, order derstand ger die ‘rcs in musta aceveman, we mas invenignte ener seeping in {ian boy lel trades end bobviour