CH05 Aggregates

CHAPTER 5
Aggregates
06-87-219 Materials
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, in Civil
Materials for Civil and Environmental
and Construction Engineering
Engineers, Third Edition. Dr. S.Inc.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Cheng
Learning outcomes
1. Comprehend the fundamental knowledge of materials
used in civil and environmental engineering.
4. Familiar with the important properties of aggregates
and apply them to sieve and gradation analyses
10. Discuss and explain obtained material properties
from experimental tests.
11. Communicate technical results in different forms
among peers and with the instructor, GAs.
13. Appreciate the importance of materials for the
design of structures.
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 Aggregates in CE means a mass of crushed stone,
gravel, sand, etc., predominantly composed of
individual particles, but in some cases including clays
and silts.
 Two main uses of aggregates in civil engineering:

as an underlying material for foundations and pavements
as ingredients in Portland cement and asphalt concretes
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Cheng 3
 Coarse aggregates
Aggregate particles that are retained on a 4.75 mm sieve (No.4).
 Fine aggregates
Aggregate particles that pass a 4.75 mm sieve (No.4).
 Maximum aggregate size

One sieve size larger than the nominal maximum aggregate size.
 Nominal maximum aggregate size

One sieve larger than the first sieve to retain more
than 10 percent of the aggregates.
Note: A 4.75 mm sieve has openings equal to 4.75 mm between the sieve wires.
A No.4 sieve has four openings per linear inch. The 4.75 mm sieve is the
metric equivalent to a No. 4 sieve.
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 Natural:
natural sand & gravel pits, river rock
quarries (crushed)
 Manufactured & recycled materials:

pulverized concrete & asphalt
steel mill slag
steel slugs
expanded shale
styrofoam
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 All natural aggregates result from the breakdown of
large rock masses
 Three basic types
 Igneous
 Sedimentary
 Metamorphic
 All three classes of rock are used successfully in CE
applications.
 Check physical, chemical, and mechanical properties,
supplemented by mineralogical examination.
 Historical performance in a similar design.
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The physical and chemical properties of the rocks
determine the acceptability of an aggregate source for
a construction project
Cost and availability are important selection criteria
How to use the locally available material in the most cost
effective manner?
Quality of the larger pieces, the nature and amount of

fine material, and the gradation of the aggregate
should be evaluated.
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Under foundations and pavements
Add stability
Provide a drainage layer
As fillers
Portland Cement Concrete
 60‐75% of volume
 80‐85% of weight
Hot Mix Asphalt
 80%‐90% of volume
 90‐96% of weight
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 Coarse aggregate material  Traditional
retained on a sieve with 4.75  Maximum aggregate size –
mm openings The largest sieve size that allows

all the aggregates to pass
 Fine aggregate material passing
a sieve with 4.75 mm openings  Nominal maximum aggregate size
The first sieve to retain some
aggregate, generally less than 10%
 Superpave
1”  Maximum aggregate size
One sieve size larger than the
nominal maximum aggregate size
4.75mm
 Nominal maximum aggregate size
#4 sieve = One sieve larger that the first sieve
four openings/linear to retain more than 10% of the
inch aggregate
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Sand from river deposit
Quarry
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 Shape and texture Superpave consensus properties
 Soundness
 Toughness Typical source properties
 Absorption
Needed for PCC and HMA
 Specific gravity mix design
 Strength and modulus
 Gradation
 Deleterious materials and cleanness
 Alkaline reactivity
 Affinity for asphalt
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 Shape = angular, rounded, flaky, or elongated
 Flaky and elongated are bad because of easy
breakage and difficulty compacting in thin asphalt
layers
High friction (angular, rough) for strength & stability
of asphalt
Low friction (rounded, smooth) for workability of
concrete
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Angular Rounded Flaky
Elongated Flaky & Elongated
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Flat
 Shape –
Flat and elongated test
Flat particle:
Middle dimension/smallest dimension > 3:1
Elongated
Flat and elongated device

Elongated particle:
Longest dimension/middle dimension > 3:1
Flat and Elongated
Flat and elongated particle:

Longest dimension/smallest dimension > 5:1
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 Texture and angularity – fractured faces
 Visual inspection to determine the percent of
aggregates with:
 no fractured faces
 one fractured face
 more than one
fractured face
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 High friction (angular, rough) for strength & stability
of asphalt
 Low friction (rounded, smooth) for workability of
concrete
 Flaky and elongated are bad because of easy breakage
and difficulty compacting in thin asphalt layers
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 Have a very strong influence Angular Roundmass of
Measure
on the stability of asphalt aggregates in
concrete mixes cylinder, use
 Fine aggregate <1/4” specific gravity to
too small for individual determine volume
inspection of aggregates in
container.
 Estimated by determining
Compute the
the uncompacted void
percent of voids in
content of a sample of
the aggregates
aggregate
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Resist weathering
water freezing in voids fractures & disintegrates
aggregates
Test method uses “salt solution” to simulate freezing
Soak in sodium sulfate or  Wash and dry;

•Prepare sample
magnesium sulfate16 hrs;  measure gradation
•Min. mass original
 dry 4 hrs;
•Specified gradation
 Repeat cycle 5 times
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Resist load damage LA abrasion test
During construction
Traffic loads
•Prepare sample •Charge drum w/ sample •Sieve

•Minimum mass original •Steel spheres
•Specified gradation •500 revolutions
= LA abrasion number
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Moisture captured in the aggregate voids is not
available to react with the cement or to improve the
workability of the plastic concrete
Must be evaluated to determine the appropriate
amount of water to mix into the concrete
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Aggregate Moisture States
Internal impervious Voids partially filled Free moisture
voids
Bone dry – Air dry – Saturated surface dry – Moist –

dried in oven moisture condition moisture condition moisture condition
to constant mass state undefined state defined state undefined
Ws Wm WSSD=Ws+Wp Wm
Moisture content Absorption Moisture content
Absorption is the moisture content when the aggregates are in the SSD condition
Free moisture is the moisture content in excess of the SSD condition.
Percent free moisture = M - A Important for proportioning concrete
negative free moisture – aggregates will absorb water
positive free moisture – aggregates will release water
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 The mass of a material divided by the mass of water whose volume is
equal to the volume of the material at a specific temperature, or
Mass Solid
Volume
G= Mass Water
 G =  / w Volume
 w = density of water at specified temperature
 @ 4C, w is:
1000 kg/m3 = 1 g/ml = 1 g/cc
62.4 lb/ft3 (remember to stay consistent with force and mass
units for measurements and the issue of force and mass will
go away as G is a ratio)
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Mass Solid
Volume Mass Solid
Mass Water Mass Water
Volume
Determine by weighing in air
Mass Solid
Mass Water
Determine by
(weight in air - weight in water)
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+ = - =
Direct solution
V = 400 ml V = 250 ml V = 650ml V = 250 ml V = 400 ml

M = 400 g M = 500 g M = 900 g M = 250 g M = 650 g
Volume of water = initial water - removed water

= 400 - 250 = 150ml
Mass of water = 150 g (1 g/ml)
Total mass = 150 + 500 = 650 g
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Why Weigh in Water?
+ = - =
V = 400 ml V = 250 ml V = 650ml V = 250 ml V = 400 ml

M = 400 g M = 500 g M = 900 g M = 250 g M = 650 g
Mass in air
SG =
Mass in air + Mass water - Mass in water
500 500
SG = = = 2 = value from
500+400 - 650 250
direct solution
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 Voids on the surface of aggregates create multiple
definitions of specific gravity
 Apparent
 Bulk, Dry
 Bulk, SSD
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Volume of aggregate
Functional definition
Mass, oven dry agg

Gsa =
Vol of agg
Apparent
Stone
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright ©
2011 Pearson Education,
06-87-219 Materials
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Inc.
Materials for in Civil
Civil and Environmental
Functional definition
Surface Voids
Mass, oven dry
Gsb =
Vol of agg. + surface voids
Bulk
Stone
Vol. of water-perm. voids
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Used for concrete
Bulk Specific Gravity, ssd mix design
(saturated surface dry)
Surface Voids Functional definition

Mass, SSD
Gs,bssd =
Vol of agg. + surface voids
Bulk, saturated surface dry

Stone
Vol. of water-perm. voids
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Used for hot mix
asphalt design
Gse
permeable
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Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity by the Book
(ASTM C127)
Dry then saturate the aggregates

Dry to SSD condition and weigh
Measure submerged weight
Measure dry weight

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Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity by the Book
(ASTM C128) Pycnometer used for FA
Specific Gravity
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 Previous treatment of specific gravity and unit weight
were for aggregate particles.
 The voids considered were for the voids at the surface of
the particles.
 Sometimes we need to know the mass or weight of
aggregate required to fill a volume, e.g. the volume of
coarse aggregate in a cubic yard of concrete.
 Bulk unit weight is the weight of aggregate required to fill
a “unit” volume. Typical units are cubic meters and cubic
feet.
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 Loose  Compacted
 Shovel dry aggregate into  Shovel dry aggregate into
container container
 Limit drop < 2” above rim of  Fill to 1/3 of volume
container  Rod 25 times
 Strike off aggregate level with top  Repeat 3x to fill container
of container  Strike off aggregate level with top
of container
 Determine weight of aggregate in
container, WS  Determine weight of aggregate in
container, WS
 Compute unit weight
 Compute unit weight
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 Strength of concrete or asphalt cannot
exceed strength of aggregates
 Typical compressive strength of 35‐
350 MPa (5,000 ‐ 50,000 psi)
 Typical tensile strength of 0.7‐16 MPa
(100 ‐ 2,300 psi)
 Test parent rock
Like concrete cylinders but 1.5” ‐ 2.5"
diameter cores from hollow core drill
 Test bulk aggregates in triaxial cell
Resilient Modulus (MR)Test
 MR = applied stress/resilient strain
 Resilient deformations is recoverable, not
permanent deformations
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 Modulus of Resilience: energy required to reach
yield point
 Toughness: energy required to fracture
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 Gradation describes the particle size distribution of the
aggregate
 Evaluated by passing the aggregates through a series of
sieves
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 Openings > ¼” :
Designated by the size of the opening
 Openings < ¼” :
Designated by the number of uniform
openings per linear inch 1”
4.75mm
#4 sieve =
four openings/linear
inch
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 Described by the cumulative percentage of aggregates that either
pass through or retained by a specific sieve size
 Percentages are reported to the nearest whole number
 Generally plotted in the form of a semi-log chart
Semi Log Graph
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 Maximum Density Gradation: 0.45 Power Chart
 High density gradation (Well Graded)
 has a good mix of all particle sizes which means the aggregates
use most of the volume and less cement or asphalt is needed
 One‐size gradation (Uniform)

 all same size = nearly vertical curve
 Gap‐graded
 missing some sizes = nearly horizontal section of curve
 Open‐Graded
 missing small aggregates which fill in holes between larger ones
 lower part of curve is skewed toward large sizes
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0.45 Power Graph
100
Percent Passing
Straight line identifies maximum

density aggregate blend
Pi = percent passing a sieve of size di

di = the sieve size in question
D = maximum size of aggregate
N =0.45 recommended by FHWA
But a special scale is needed for the size axis

0
Sieve Size
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0.45 Power Chart
 X-axis represents the sieve size to the power of 0.45
 Y-axis represents the percent passing the sieve size
This blend of
aggregates results in
the maximum weight
of aggregates that can
be placed in a
container.
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Types of Gradation on 0.45 Power Graph
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Control points – the range of allowable percent passing
for each “control” sieve
Concrete coarse aggregates

 Size specified by “gradation number” Nxy
N = gradation size number
small N = large aggregates
range 1 to 8
xy = modifiers for the gradation size.
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Control points – the range of allowable percent passing
for each “control” sieve
Concrete fine aggregate
control points
Sieve Percent Passing
9.5 mm (3/8) 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95–100
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80–100
1.18 mm (No. 16) 50–85
0.60 mm (No. 30) 25–60
0.30 mm (No. 50) 10–30
0.15 mm (No. 100) 2–10
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Sieve Size, mm Nominal Maximum Size (mm) Mix types – identified
(in.)
by nominal max agg size
37.5 25 19 12.5 9.5 4.75
50 (2 in.) 100 — — — — —
37.5 (1 1/2 in.) 90–100 100 — — — —
25 (1 in.) 90 max 90–100 100 — — —
19 (3/4 in.) — 90 max 90–100 100 — —

Five control points per
12.5 (1/2 in.) — — 90 max 90–100 100 100
mix type
9.5 (3/8 in.) — — — 90 max 90–100 95–100
4.75 (No. 4) — — — — 90 max 90–100
2.36 (No. 8) 15–41 19–45 23–49 28–58 32–67 —
1.18 (No. 16) — — — — — 30–60
0.075 (No. 200) 0.0–6.0 1.0–7.0 2.0–8.0 2.0–10.0 2.0–10.0 6.0–12.0
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 A measure of the gradation fineness
 Used for
 Concrete mix design
 daily quality control for concrete mix design
 Ri = cumulative percent retained on sieve sequence

#100, 50, 30, 16, 8, 4, and 3/8“ sieves
 Range of 2.3 ‐ 3.1 for fine aggregate types
 Larger FM being coarser aggregate
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Calculate the fineness modulus of the sieve
analysis results of Sample Problem 5.3.
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 Stockpile aggregates with limited size range
 Controls segregation – determine blend of stockpiles to
meet required control points
 Trial & Error Method
Pi = Ai a + Bi b + Ci c….
For sieve size i,
Pi = percent in the blend that passes sieve size i
Ai, Bi, Ci … = percent of each stockpile in the blend
a, b, c … = percent of stockpile A, B, C that passes sieve size i
 Use spreadsheet program for trial and error calculations
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Graphical Method
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Blended specific gravity:
G = composite specific gravity

Gi = specific gravity of fraction i, i=1,2,3…
Pi = decimal fractions by weight of aggregate i, total is 1.00
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Other properties weighted average:
 For angularity, absorption, strength and modulus
 For properties apply to either coarse or fine aggregate only
X = composite property of the blend

Xi = properties of fraction i
Pi = decimal fractions by weight of aggregate i, total is 1.00
pi = percent of stockpile i either passes or is retained on the dividing sieve
For fine aggregate For coarse aggregate
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 Aggregates are natural product
could be contaminated by deleterious materials
 A deleterious substance is any material that adversely

affects the quality of Portland cement or asphalt
concrete made with the aggregate
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Substance Harmful effect
Organic impurities Delay settling and hardening, may reduce strength gain,
may cause deterioration.
Minus 0.075 mm Weaken bond, may increase water materials requirements

(No.200) materials
Coal, lignite or other Reduce durability, may cause popouts or stains
low-density materials
Clay lumps and friable Popouts, reduce durability and wear resistance
particles
Soft particles Reduce durability and wear resistance, popouts.
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 Sand Equivalency Test
 Limit the clay content of fine aggregates used in asphalt concrete.
 Testing procedure
 Pour 85 ml sample of sand and flocculating agent into a graduated cylinder
 Agitate the cylinder to permit all the clay in the sample to be released from
the sand and go into suspension in the flocculating agent.
 Allow the sample to rest for a specific period of time. A distinct interface
develops between the sand and clay since sand settles much faster than clay
 Measure the heights to the top of the sand and to the top of the clay.
 Compute the sand equivalency (SE) by
SE = hsand / hclay x 100
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 Silica in some agg. reacts with
the alkalis (Na2O, K2O) in
Portland Cement (especially in
warm, humid climates)
 excessive expansion
 cracking
 popouts
 Carbonates in aggregate can also
react to a lesser extent
 Minimizing reactivity if a reactive
aggregate must be used
 Type II cement – minimizes
alkali content of P.C.
 Keep concrete as dry as possible
Fly Ash (Pozzolans) reduce
alkali reactivity (not too much)
 Sweetening – add crushed
limestone to the aggregate
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 Tests
ASTM C227 – tests expansion potential of
cement‐aggregate combination
Expansion of mortar bar at specific temp. & humidity
ASTM C289 – reactive silicates in aggregates

ASTM C586 – reactive carbonates in aggregates
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 Affects the bond between asphalt binder and aggregate
 Asphalt Stripping (moisture induced damage)
 Water causes asphalt film to separate from agg.
reduces durability of Asphalt Concrete (A.C.)
 Hydrophilic (water‐loving)
silicates – acidic, negative surface charge
more susceptible to stripping
 Hydrophobic (water‐hating)
limestone – basic, positive surface charge
less susceptible to stripping
 Stripping is also affected by porosity, absorption, coatings, etc.
 Testing
 ASTM D1664 & D3625 ‐ submerge AC in tepid or boiling water
 ASTM D1075 – freeze‐thaw cycles
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 Minimize segregation, degradation, and
contamination
 Avoiding Segregation
 Separation into components with similar characteristics
 Any movement of aggregates promotes segregation
small drop height
build stockpiles in multiple cones
 Fractionalize stockpiles
 close to single size aggregates in each stockpile
 batch separately
 Avoiding degradation
 Small drop height
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 Random and representative of entire
stockpile
 Sample from entire width of conveyor belts at
several locations
 Sample from top, middle, and bottom of
stockpile at several locations around
stockpile diameter
 Use larger sample for testing larger max. size
Sample Splitter
 Sample splitting or quartering
 Reduce sample size from large stockpile to
small 1‐5 kg sample
Quartering
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CHAPTER 5

 Two main uses of aggregates in civil engineering:

 Maximum aggregate size

 Nominal maximum aggregate size

 Manufactured & recycled materials:

Quality of the larger pieces, the nature and amount of

retained on a sieve with 4.75  Maximum aggregate size –

mm openings The largest sieve size that allows

Elongated Flaky & Elongated

Flat and elongated device

Flat and Elongated

Flat and elongated particle:

Soak in sodium sulfate or  Wash and dry;

•Prepare sample •Charge drum w/ sample •Sieve

Bone dry – Air dry – Saturated surface dry – Moist –

V = 400 ml V = 250 ml V = 650ml V = 250 ml V = 400 ml

Volume of water = initial water - removed water

V = 400 ml V = 250 ml V = 650ml V = 250 ml V = 400 ml

Mass, oven dry agg

Vol. of water-perm. voids

Surface Voids Functional definition

Bulk, saturated surface dry

Vol. of water-perm. voids

Dry then saturate the aggregates

Measure dry weight

Semi Log Graph

 One‐size gradation (Uniform)

Straight line identifies maximum

Pi = percent passing a sieve of size di

But a special scale is needed for the size axis

Concrete coarse aggregates

37.5 (1 1/2 in.) 90–100 100 — — — —

25 (1 in.) 90 max 90–100 100 — — —

19 (3/4 in.) — 90 max 90–100 100 — —

4.75 (No. 4) — — — — 90 max 90–100

2.36 (No. 8) 15–41 19–45 23–49 28–58 32–67 —

1.18 (No. 16) — — — — — 30–60

0.075 (No. 200) 0.0–6.0 1.0–7.0 2.0–8.0 2.0–10.0 2.0–10.0 6.0–12.0

 Ri = cumulative percent retained on sieve sequence

G = composite specific gravity

 For properties apply to either coarse or fine aggregate only

X = composite property of the blend

 A deleterious substance is any material that adversely

Minus 0.075 mm Weaken bond, may increase water materials requirements

Soft particles Reduce durability and wear resistance, popouts.

ASTM C289 – reactive silicates in aggregates

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