CH08 Masonry

CHAPTER 8
Masonry
06-87-219 Materials
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, in Civil
Materials for Civil and Environmental
and Construction Engineering
Engineers, Third Edition. Dr. S.Inc.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Cheng
Learning outcomes
1. Comprehend the fundamental knowledge of materials
used in civil and environmental engineering.
2. Understand the properties of masonry units and the
differences among mortar, grout, and plaster.
11. Communicate technical results in different forms
among peers and with the instructor, GAs.
13. Appreciate the importance of materials for the
design of structures.
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 One of the oldest & most durable construction materials
 Early history of masonry material
 Stone
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Cheng 3
Clay Units
 Used 10,000 – 12,000 years
 Used in Babylon, Egypt, Spain, South America…
Cigar‐shaped mud bricks Roman bricks made in a mould
laid in mud
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Calcium Silicate Units
 high density, severe weathering structural masonry units
 for example, “Renaissance Stone”
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Concrete Masonry Units
first made in mid‐1800s when better quality cements
were developed
 techniques for making hollow blocks in wooden moulds
developed about 1866
 1914: Hand tamping was replaced by power tamping
 1924: Introduced Stripper machine to demould
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Mortars
 Clay, bitumen or clay‐straw mixtures
 Weathering characteristics highly dependent on
local exposure conditions
 Fill cracks
 Provide uniform bedding
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 A masonry structure is formed by combining masonry units,
such as stone, blocks, or brick, with mortar
 Great Wall of China
 Pyramids of Egypt
 Greek & Roman ruins
 North American Adobe ruins
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Types of masonry units
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CMU = concrete masonry units – solid or hollow
Clay bricks – solid
Structural clay tiles – hollow
Glass blocks – solid
Stone – solid
CMU Clay Bricks Structural Clay Tiles
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 Hollow masonry unit
 net cross‐sectional area < 75% of gross cross‐sectional area
Gross area Net area
 calculate sectional properties based on net section
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 Solid masonry unit
 net cross‐sectional area ≥ 75% of gross cross‐sectional area
 calculate sectional properties based on gross section
 generally, clay units are solid and concrete units are hollow
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Compressive strength
 a measure of quality
 a means for predicting other properties as the compressive
strength of masonry assemblages
 greatly affected by the unit’s height/width ratio
Compression test: Failure of a brick

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Modulus of elasticity
 use secant modulus of elasticity
 slope of a line from zero stress to approximately 33% of the

material strength is used
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Tensile strength
 Direct tension test
* can be performed on whole units or on coupons cut from the units
* difficult to perform and results are variable
 Modulus of rupture test

* based on linear elastic theory of
flexural strength
* results are considerably higher
than the direct tension test
 Split tension test
* easy to perform to obtain a
comparative measure
* calculated strengths tend to be
close to, but slightly higher than,
the direct tension results but with much less variability
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Moisture content and absorption properties
Absorption (%) =
Moisture content (%) =
where E: wet weight

C: dry weight
W: sample weight
Volumetric changes
Occurred due to change of temperature and/or moisture content.
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Efflorescence
Salts and other soluble materials may be carried to the surface of the
masonry by water migrating and then deposited there as solids as
the water evaporates. These deposits are known as efflorescence.
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Efflorescence
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 Solid
 concrete bricks
 net cross sectional area >75% of gross area
 Hollow
 concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cinder blocks
 net cross sectional area <75% of gross area
Gross area Net area
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 Manufacturing
 Zero‐slump concrete pressure molded into a
reusable steel mold
 Type I cement, aggregates,
admixtures, & water
 Low‐pressure steam curing
 Controlled storage
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Weight Classes
 Lightweight Units
 Lightweight aggregate
— pumice, cinders, expanded clay, & shale
 Easy handling & transportation
 Lightweight structure
 Higher thermal & fire resistance
 Lower sound resistance
Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials
Materials for
for Civil
Civil and
and Construction
Construction Engineers,
Engineers, Third
Third Edition.
Edition. Copyright
Copyright ©
© 2011
2011 Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc.
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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, in Civil and Environmental Engineering Dr. S. Cheng 24
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where Ws=saturated weight of specimen, kg (lb)
Wd=oven‐dry weight of unit, kg (lb)
Wi=immersed weight of specimen, kg (lb), and
Wr=weight of specimen as received
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 Concrete building bricks (ASTM C55)
 manufactured for general use in non‐facing, utilitarian
applications
 Concrete facing bricks (ASTM C1634)

 used where faces are intended to be exposed
 have stricter requirements
 maximum allowable water absorption is less
 minimum net area compressive strength is higher
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 Nominal dimensions include half of mortar joint
 Specified or modular dimensions are design sizes of unit
 Actual size includes some slight shrinkage from firing
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 Available in different sizes, color, shapes, and textures
 Position within masonry wall
Stretcher Single Corner Double Corner
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 Smaller, solid, rectangular blocks
 Used for different purposes:
Building Facing and aesthetics
Floor making Paving

Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials
Materials for
for Civil and
and Construction Engineers,
Engineers, Third
Third Edition. Copyright
Copyright ©
© 2011
2011 Pearson
Pearson Education, Inc.
06-87-219 Materials
Civil and Environmental
Construction Engineering
Edition. Dr. S.Inc.
Education, Cheng 35
 Raw materials: surface clay, shale, fire clay
 Brick manufacture
Stiff‐mud process ( “wire‐cut” process)

Molding Soft‐mud process
Dry press process
Drying
Firing
Cooling
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 Absorption determines the durability of bricks
 Highly absorptive bricks can cause efflorescence and other
problems in the masonry
where Wd = dry weight of specimen

Ws24 = saturated weight after 24‐hour submersion in cold water, and
Wb5 = saturated weight after 5‐hour submersion in boiling water
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 Grades
 Past: SW, MW, NW (severe, moderate, non‐weather conditions)
 Most recent CSA A82: EG (exterior grade), IG (interior grade)
 Types
Type S:
For general use. Default type when type is not specified.
Type X:
When a higher degree of mechanical perfection and minimum
permissible variation in size are required.
Type A:
Manufactured and selected to have characteristic non‐uniformity
in size, color and texture for architectural effect.
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Standard modular brick Examples of clay brick and tile units
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Nominal and specified dimensions
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 What is it?
 a plastic mixture of cement, lime, sand, and water
 weakest part of masonry
 Function
 to provide uniform bearing between masonry units
 to bond individual units into a composite assemblage that will withstand
the imposed conditions of loads and weather
 Classifications
 In North America, classifications M,S, N, O, and K are adopted, which
correspond with every second letter in the words MaSoN wOrK
 Type S:
Suitable for general and below‐grade uses, particularly when high lateral strength
is required. Intended for Structural applications such as loadbearing walls.
 Type N:
Has moderate strength with increased deformability suitable for above grade
exposed conditions. For non‐loadbearing applications such as masonry veneer.
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* Workability
 Good workability means:
a) will adhere to the trowel yet slide off easily;
b) will spread readily;
c) will adhere to vertical surfaces; and
d) will squeeze out of joints so that it can be struck off cleanly
 Flow test: A measure of workability in the lab

The percent increase in the diameter
of a 100 mm diameter cone at its
base, after the flow table has been
dropped through a height of 12.5mm
25 times in 15 seconds.
For example, if the final diameter

of the flow cone after the test
is 8 in., the flow is 100.
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* Water retentivity
 the ability of mortar to retain its mix water when subjected to
an absorptive force
 measured in the lab by repeating the flow test after some water has been
removed by subjecting the mortar to a standard vacuum pressure of
51 mm of mercury (Hg) for one minute
 expressed as the flow after suction in terms of a percentage of the flow
before suction
 can be improved by adding finely ground plasticizer or lime
* Air content
 introduce air entraining agents to enhance workability and improve
durability
 freeze‐thaw resistance of mortar is improved by air entrainment
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* Bond
 the most critical factor that affects masonry construction
 influences both long‐term strength and serviceability of the finished masonry
 achieved by mechanical interlocking and to some degree by chemical adhesion

 affected by mortar type, water‐cement ratio, air content, properties of
masonry units, the workmanship, and curing conditions
Typical variation of tensile bond

strength with changes in flow
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* Compressive strength
 has an influence on masonry compressive strength and typically used as a
measure of quality control
 standard mortar specimen is a 50 mm cube cast in a nonabsorbent mold
 minimum of three specimens is typically required and these are cured under
specified conditions before testing at ages of 7 or 28 days
 typical failure involves a pyramidal shape
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Compressive strength of mortar cube
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* Volume change
undergoes volume changes such as elastic and creep shortening under
compressive load, shrinkage, and thermal movement
* Durability
ability to withstand climatic conditions without premature deterioration
 main cause of mortar deterioration are frost action, erosion, and chemical attack
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 What is it?
 A high‐slump mixture of cementitious materials, aggregate,
and water that is poured or pumped into place
 Different from normal concrete
 Must always be a high‐slump (200‐250 mm),
high water‐cement ratio mix
 The minimum compressive strength of grout is
14 MPa (2000 psi) at 28 days
 Function
To bond individual wythes together to form a
composite masonry
 To bond reinforcement to the masonry so that
the two can act as a composite material
 To increase the volume, which results in higher density,
improving overturning resistance and enhancing bearing area and fire resistance
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Slump test of fluid grout
Water from the fluid grout is absorbed

into the block and results in surface wetness
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 Fluid mixture of PC, lime, sand, and water
 Used for finishing either masonry walls or
framed (wood) walls
 Used for either exterior or interior walls
 Stucco is plaster used to cover exterior walls
 Average compressive strength of plaster is
about 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) at 28 days
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CHAPTER 8

 for example, “Renaissance Stone”

Structural clay tiles – hollow

Glass blocks – solid

CMU Clay Bricks Structural Clay Tiles

Gross area Net area

 calculate sectional properties based on net section

Compression test: Failure of a brick

 use secant modulus of elasticity

 slope of a line from zero stress to approximately 33% of the

 Modulus of rupture test

Moisture content (%) =

where E: wet weight

Gross area Net area

 Easy handling & transportation

 Higher thermal & fire resistance

 Lower sound resistance

 Concrete facing bricks (ASTM C1634)

 have stricter requirements

 maximum allowable water absorption is less

 minimum net area compressive strength is higher

Stretcher Single Corner Double Corner

Stiff‐mud process ( “wire‐cut” process)

where Wd = dry weight of specimen

 Flow test: A measure of workability in the lab

For example, if the final diameter

 achieved by mechanical interlocking and to some degree by chemical adhesion

Typical variation of tensile bond

Water from the fluid grout is absorbed

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