Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

A formal proposal for a Project that will be submitted in partial fulfillment of a

University of South Africa (Unisa) for National Diploma ( NDEEN) .

VOLTAGE ANALYSIS OF THE 33KV (TSCHUDI GUINAS) RETICULATION

NETWORK IN NAMIBIA

Name : Edwin Zaaruka

Student Number : 60589566
Program of Study : NDEEN(Power Engineering)
Email Address : 60589566@mylife.unisa.ac.za
Contact Number : +264 81 8479466

Submission Date : 24 April 2023

Course code : DPJ391U
Supervisor : Raonga Havarua
Email Address : rhavarua2@gmail.com
Contact Number : +264 81 3939006

Topic Area: Voltage drop, Distribution line, DigSilent Power Factory, Shunt
Compensation
Abstract

This project will be based on CENORED, Regional Electricity Distribution Company in the
central part of Namibia, which is experiencing a voltage drop on one of the overhead line
feeder (Tschudi quinas 33kv reticulation). High voltage drop might cause damage to
electrical and electronic equipment at consumer premises.

Therefore, in this project simulation of a 33kV reticulation will be done on DigSilent Power
Factory software with all the loads (customers) connected from which analysis will be
made on the voltage profile at different bus bars. Key problem areas will be outlined and
produce three possible suggestions from which the most effective one will be chosen,
recommendations will be made based on the findings.

EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

Glossary

CENORED Central Regional Electricity distribution

NAMPOWER (Namibia Power Cooperation) is the national power utility

company in Namibia.

DG Distributed generation

LDC Line Drop Compensation

LTC Load Tap Changer

GRN Government Republic of Namibia

MV Medium Voltage (11kv to 33kv)

ii

EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

Table of Contents
Abstract ..............................................................................................................................i
Glossary ............................................................................................................................ ii
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background............................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement...............................................................................................1
1.3 Literature review ...................................................................................................1
1.3.1. Capacitor Banks ...............................................................................................2
1.3.2. Voltage Regulation on MV feeder using Tap Changing Transformer......3
1.3.2.1. Voltage control with On Load Tap Changing Transformer.....................3
1.3.3. Placement of Distributed Generator (DG) ....................................................3
1.4 Possible Solution ..................................................................................................4
2. Aim and Objectives..........................................................................................................5
2.1 Preferred Solution.................................................................................................5
2.2 Scope of Project....................................................................................................5
2.3 Performance Specifications ................................................................................5
2.4 Technical Specification ........................................................................................6
2.4.1 Conductors .........................................................................................................6
2.4.2 Transformers......................................................................................................6
2.4.3 Maximum Arms measured ...............................................................................7
2.5 Project Constraints ...............................................................................................7
2.51. Cost Constraint: .................................................................................................7
2.5.2 Time Constraint: ................................................................................................7
2.5.3 Resources Constraint: ......................................................................................7
3. Methodology flow chat include them........................................................................8
3.1 Methods Used .......................................................................................................8
3.1.1 Theory………......................................................................................................8
3.2 Step Involved.........................................................................................................9
4. Outcomes ...............................................................................................................10
4.1 Results..................................................................................................................10
4.2 Findings................................................................................................................11
4.3 Recommendations..............................................................................................11

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EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

 4.4 Benefits.................................................................................................................11
4.5 Target group ........................................................................................................11
5. Project Plan.............................................................................................12
5.1 Work breakdown Structure................................................................................12
5.2 Gantt Chart: .....................................................................................................13
5.3 Tracking................................................................................................................13
5.4 Contingency Adaptation ....................................................................................13
5.5 Budget ..............................................................................................................13
5.5.1 Own financing ..................................................................................................13
5.5.2 Project Financing.............................................................................................14
6. References.......................................................................................................15
7. Appendices ......................................................................................................15

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EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 : Capacitor bank in a Distribution line [1] ...........................................................2

Figure 2: On Load Tap Changing Transformer [5]............................................................3
Figure 3 : Work Breakdown Structure .............................................................................12
Figure 4: Project Financing..............................................................................................14

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Line Parameters ..................................................................................................6

Table 2 :Transformer Data.................................................................................................7
Table 3 : Theory……........................................................................................................9
Table 4 : Budget………….................................................................................................13

EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

This project will be based on Tschudi quinas 33kv reticulation, a reticulation in Tsumeb
Namibia supplying power to almost 200 customers. For the past few years’ customers
have been raising complains about the voltage drop mostly during peak hours. There exist
assumptions on what the causes are but no amicable solutions have been found.
Therefore, this project will focus on simulating a network on Dig Silent with all the loads
connected, analysis on the voltage profile at different bus bars will be prepared, to identify
the problem area and to produce possible solutions at the end of the report.

The author has been working for CENORED for almost 5 years as technician, mostly
responsible for attending to power outage and connecting new customers on the grid.

1.2 Problem Statement

Due to high demand for electricity in Namibia, the number of customers requiring electricity
increase on the daily basis thus placing pressure on the utility to try and keep up with the
demand. Utility company like CENORED has been experiencing voltage drop on one of
their reticulation (Tschudi Quinas 33kV) mostly during peak hours. It has been reported
that during peak hours’ voltage level goes below 5% of the nominal voltage and according
to the regulation, the voltage level that the consumer terminal must be within +- 5% of the
nominal voltage. Electrical and Electronics equipment’s are designed to operate on
specific voltage. Any change from the specified voltage values will result in a serious
problem to the power system and equipment.

1.3 Literature review

Various authors have discussed different methods on how to reduce voltage drop on a
distribution networks. Some of their ideas will be discussed below.

1
 1.3.1. Capacitor Banks
Authors like N.M. Neagle and Dr. Samson
Considered the losses reduction can be achieved by installation of capacitor banks on the
primary feeders. In this method the peak power requirement was minimized, he also
developed some formula calculating loss reduction as offered by a shunt capacitor, Figure
1 show the connection of the capacitor bank in to the distribution network .[1][2]
[3]

Figure 1 : Capacitor bank in a Distribution line [1]

According to Carlisle et Al, the author believes that electric energy from the generating
point to the end users (consumers) via the transmission and distribution networks is
escorted by losses. Most of these losses occur on the distribution system. It is widely
recognized that placement of shunt capacitors on the distribution system can lead to a
reduction in power losses.[1][4]
Authors M.A. Yadav, D.s. Reddy and K.S.N. Hitesh, developed an analytical method for
the calculating power losses reduction by applying a number of shunt capacitors of
same
size, to a uniformly loaded feeder for a constant reactive load level. [1]
2
1.3.2. Voltage Regulation on MV feeder using Tap Changing Transformer

The main objective of voltage control in conventional feeders is to minimize losses on the
feeder or to operate the voltage closer to the nominal voltage. Two methods are used to
control the voltage.[5]

1.3.2.1. Voltage control with On Load Tap Changing

Transformer
In power distribution system tap-changing has to be performed on load so that there is no
disruption to supply. It operates in the range of +- 10% of nominal voltage. The LCT will
maintain the voltage at the sending end constant with in the specified range. As the
voltage decreases towards the receiving end, the LTC will be set to ensure that the voltage
at the receiving end is high then the minimum allowed voltage and the sending end voltage
is lower than the maximum allowed voltage. Since the LTC keeps the sending end voltage
constant, maximum loads can be connected to the feeder with minimum losses. When the
feeder is too long, the LTC will not operate properly and it will be necessary to install a
shunt capacitor on the feeder. Figure 2 Bellow shows type of on-load tap-changing
transformer.[5]

Figure 2: On Load Tap Changing Transformer [5]

1.3.3. Placement of Distributed Generator (DG)

Distributed Generation [DG] is any small-scale electrical power generation technology that
provides electric power at or near the load site; it is either interconnected to the distribution

3
system, directly to the customer’s facilities, or both. As DG systems generate power locally
to fulfil customer demands, appropriate size and placement of DG can drastically reduce
power losses in the system. DG inclusion improves supply quality and reliability and
reduces greenhouse effects In this work, voltage profile is improved better when DG is
connected with appropriate size and location.[2]

None of the authors from the literatures has analyzed the voltage drop on Tschudi
Quinas
33kV Reticulation, therefore this study stands district in this area.

With the help of NDEEN theory I obtained on Power systems, Power System Simulation
and protection . Tschudi Quinas Reticulation will be Simulated on DigSilent Power
Factory, analyzes will be made on voltage level at each bus bar with all the loads
connected. All possible solutions will be applied to rectify the voltage drop and the best
one will be chosen.

1.4 Possible Solution

The following possible solutions will be considered:
1. On-load tap changing Transformer to be installed at the distribution Station (Tschudi
Quinas 66/33kV station)
2. Compensation of reactive power by using Shunt capacitors (to be installed on the
distribution network).
3. Placement of Distributed Generator (DG)
 Solar (PV) grid infeed
 Wind power grid infeed
2. Aim & Objectives

2.1 Preferred Solution

Preferred solution will be chosen from the listed possible solutions based on,
availability, operation ability, financing, location and many more that will be analyzed later
in the report.

2.2 Scope of Project

The project will include the simulation of the Tschudi Guina 33kV Reticulation network in
Digsilent Power Factory Software.

The project will require site visit in order to take voltage readings on the retic, individual
peak current readings of each customer connected to the grid. Currently the system
controller at CENORED is assisting with all the information needed.
No funding has been allocated to this project.

2.3 Performance Specifications

Input
1. Line impedances
2. Transformer Impedances
3. Voltage levels
4. Current levels
5. Base MVA (Apparent Power)
6. Transformer MVA ratings
7. Load Impedances

Output
 System Voltage Profile
 Load profile
 Voltage at each bus bar

5
 2.4 Technical Specification

2.4.1 Conductors
Tschudi quinas reticulation is constructed using two types of conductors (rabbit and
Goffer). Table 1 below show line parameters of conductors used in this project.

Overhead line Conductors Parameters

Positive Sequence data Zero Sequence data
Resistance Reactance Capacitance Resistance Reactance Capacitance Material
Rated
Current R' X' R0' X0'
Type Name (kA) ohm/Km ohm/Km C' (uF/Km) ohm/Km ohm/Km C0' (uF/Km)
Aluminium
ACSR Rabbit 0.185 0.6049 0.4733 0.0083588 0.8269 1.593 0.00594 -Steel
ACSR Gopher 0.124 1.189 0.415 0.0095493 1.336 1.788 1 Aluminium

Table 1: Line Parameters

2.4.2 Transformers
On this project different sizes of transformer will be used, Table 2 below contains all the
transformers information that will be required.

Transformer Data
Positive Sequence data
Transformer Size Voltage ratings Vector group Z% XL R
Dyn11 0.09999998 0.00007
25kVA 33/0.42 4
50kVA 33/0.42 Dyn11 4 0.09999998 0.00007

6
 Dyn11 0.09999998 0.00007
100kVA 33/0.42 4.2
Dyn11 0.09999998 0.00007
200kVA 33/0.42 4.07
Dyn11 0.09999998 0.00007
315kVA 33/0.42 4.25
Dyn11 0.09999998 0.00007
2.5MVA 66/0.42 4.27

Table 2: Transformer Data

2.4.3 Maximum Arms measured

With a help of a billing officer at CENORED Tsumeb Office, we managed to get maximum arms
each customer used during peak hours. See Attached Appendix B.

2.5 Project Constraints

2.51. Cost Constraint:

The project will require a site visit (Tschudi Quinas station), which is located in Namibia.
Money will be required for travelling from South Africa to Namibia.

2.5.2 Time Constraint:

Time allocated for the completion of the project might not be sufficient; hence the
project will require onsite planning and customer to customers visit. The project is based
in Namibia.

2.5.3 Resources Constraint:

It is not easy to get Technical specification from the company on time.

7
3. Methodology & Theoretical Backgroung

3.1 Methods Used

 The network will be modelled using DigSilent Power Factory software.

 Calculation for load flow will be done using Gauss Seidel Method and Newton-
Raphson Method.

3.1.1 Theory
The following Theory will be used for this project

Theory Subjects Section

Electrical Steady state operation of the system
Distribution
( ELD3601)  Type of lines used in Distribution
line.
 Transmission line Model, (Long
Line)
 Distribution lines Parameters

Per Unit System

Power flow
 Gauss Seidel Method
 Newton –Raphson Method
Power System Power Factory DigSilent Software
Simulation  Will be used for Simulation of the network

Electrical Capacitor Bank protection

Protection
(ELM3601)  Power system reactive requirements
 shunt capacitor applications

8
  capacitor bank designs

Table 3: Theory

3.2 Step Involved

Step 1: Research on the Topic/Project

Deliverable:

 Read what other authors have written about the topic (Voltage drop on distribution
network).
 Contact CENORED’S systems controllers for information on the problem.
 Gather technical specification and useful information for the network.
 Consult my supervisor
 Compile proposal (Draft)
 Consult my Supervisor
 Edit Proposal
 Consult my Supervisor
 Final proposal (Submit)

Step 2: Investigate DigSilent Power Factory (Know how to use it)

Deliverable:

 Simulate Tschudi Quinas 33 kV Reticulation on DigSilent software using all data’s

gathered.
 Run a load flow
 Analyze the voltage profile at different Bus bars with all load connected.
 Voltage drop at each bus bar should be within +-5% of the nominal voltage.
 Identify problem area (Bus bar with voltage drop).
 Apply all possible solutions to solve the voltage drop on the Network.
 Choose the best possible solution.
9
Step 3: Hands on Calculations

Deliverable:

 Determine the voltages and angles at each bus bar using Gauss Seidel and newton
–Raphson Method.
 Compare the calculated value with the simulated results.

Step 4: Compare the results

Deliverable:

Step 5: Compile the Final Report

Deliverable:

 Present the findings in the form of a report.

 Recommendations to be made based on the compared result from DigSilent
software

Step 6:

Compile final project report

4. Outcomes

4.1 Results

The result will contain the Power Factory Simulated voltage profile, load Flow.

10
4.2 Findings

From the possible solutions, the preferred method (solution) must be able to reduce
the voltage drop during peak hours.

4.3 Recommendations

Recommendation will be based on the best possible solution.

4.4 Benefits
The project expected benefits are

 To Improve voltage profile

 Reduce cost
 Reduce Power losses
 Improve power quality
 Improve power factor

4.5 Target group

This project will benefit Cenored, NamPower and other utilities that experiencing similar
problem.
Figure 3 : Work Breakdown Structure

12
 5.2 Gantt chart:
Gantt chart attached on Appendix c

5.3 Tracking

Once done with Literature review and other missing information in the report. I will use MS
Excel to then track this project in terms of expectation and actual timelines which will be
contained in the final thesis.

5.4 Contingency Adaptation

DigSilent Power Factory is available on my Laptop, if fails, there is one at work that I can
use. It won’t be easy to get all information that I might need from the company therefore
from time to time; the author will be force to travel to Namibia.

5.5 Budget

5.5.1 Own financing

Table 4 bellow shows the total estimated cost for the project.

ITEMS Quantity Unit Total

Computer 1 4,500.00 4,500.00

Airtime 1 500.00 500.00

Software Plus Training 1 7,000.00 7,000.00

Transport 1 6,000.00 6,000.00

Lobour 300 100.00 3,000.00

Food 1 4,500.00 4,500.00

Sub Total 25,500.00

15% Handling Charge 1 0.15 3,825.00

Total 29,325.00

Table 4 : Budget

13
5.5.2 Project Financing
Table 5 show estimated budget for the project.

MATERIAL Quantity Unit Total

Cable Connection 45 41.27 1,857.15

Rabbit 300 9.43 2,829.00
33KV SURGE
ARRESTOR 6 743.82 4,462.92
Shunt Capacitor 1 220.00 220.00
LTC Transformer 1 3,000.00 3,000.00
Sub Total 12,369.07
15% Handling Charge 1 0.15 1,855.36
Total 14,224.43

LABOUR

Supervisor 3 241.40 724.20

Artisan 7 162.07 1,134.49
Semi-Skilled 4 155.16 620.64
Labourer 4 80.84 323.36

Sub Total 2,802.69

TRANSPORT

2x4 Pick-up 2 100.00 200.00

4x4 Pick-up 5 300.00 1,500.00
Truck 1 4,000.00 4,000.00
Truck with Crane 2 5,000.00 10,000.00

Sub Total 15,700.00

Total 32,727.12
15% VAT 1 4,909.07

TOTAL N$37,636.19

Figure 4: budget
 6. References

[1] M. A. Yadav, D. S. Reddy, and K. S. N. Hitesh, “Performance Improvement of the

Radial Distribution System by using Switched Capacitor Banks,” vol. 10, no. 2, 2014.

[2] C. T. G. L.Ramesh, S.P.Chowdhury, S.Chowdhury, A.A.Natarajan, “Minimization of

Power Loss in Distribution Networks by Different Techniques,” Int. J. Electr.
Electron. Eng., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 521–527, 2009.

[3] N. M. Neagle and D. R. Samson, “on Primary,” no. October, pp. 950–959, 1956.
[4] J. C. C. A. A. El-keib and D. B. K. Nolan, “A Review of Capacitor Placement
Techniques on Distribution Feeders,” no. 1, pp. 359–365, 1997.

[5] F. A. Viawan, A. Sannino, and J. Daalder, “Voltage control with on-load tap changers
in medium voltage feeders in presence of distributed generation,” Electr. Power
Syst. Res., vol. 77, no. 10, pp. 1314–1322, 2007.

7. Appendices

Appendix A

15
 16
EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL
Tschudi Quinas Reciculation

17

EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

Appendix B

Highest Arms Recorded

18

EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

 Appendix C

Gantt chart

Task Mode Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors

VOLTAGE
ANALYSIS OF THE
QUINAS
33KV (TSCHUDI)
Manually Mon
123 days Mon 3/4/23
Scheduled 20/09/23
RETICULATION
NETWORK IN
NAMIBIA

Manually Research the

37 days Mon 3/4/23 Fri 23/5/23
Scheduled Topic/Project
Consult
Manually
CENORED for the 5 days Mon 3/4/23 Fri 7/4/23
Scheduled
topic

Auto Read about the 5 days Mon Fri 14/4/23

10/4/23 3
Scheduled topic 19

EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL

Manually Consult my Mon Mon
1 day 4
Scheduled supervisor 17/4/23 17/4/23

Manually Gather Technical Tue Wed

7 days 26/4/23 5
Scheduled information 18/4/23

Manually Consult my
1 day Thu Thu 6
Scheduled supervisor 27/4/23 27/4/23
Manually Mon
Draft a Proposal 7 days Fri 28/4/23 7
Scheduled 8/5/23

Manually Consult my Tue Tue

1 day 8
Scheduled supervisor 9/5/23 9/5/23

Manually
Final Proposal 9 days Wed Mon 9
Scheduled 10/5/23 22/5/23
Manually Power Point
1 day Tue Tue 10
Scheduled Presentation 23/5/23 23/5/23
Manually DigSilent Power Tue
10 days Wed 2
Scheduled Factory 24/5/23 6/6/23

Manually Research on Mon

9 days Wed 11
Scheduled Digsilent Software 24/5/23 5/6/23

Manually Consult my Tue Tue

1 day
Scheduled supervisor 6/6/23 6/6/23

Manually Network Fri 11/9/23

49 days Wed 7/6/23 12
Scheduled Construction

Manually Build the network on Tue

10 days Wed 7/6/23 14
Scheduled DigSilent 20/6/23

Manually Simulation the Mon

9 days Wed 16
Scheduled Network 21/6/23 3/7/23

Manually Analyze Voltage Thu

10 days Tue 7/7/23 17
Scheduled profile 20/7/23

Manually Identify Problem Thu

10 days Fri 21/7/23 18
Scheduled area 3/8/23

Manually Apply all Possible Thu

5 days Fri 4/8/23 19
Scheduled solutions 10/8/23

20
EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL
Manually Choose the best Thu
5 days Fri 11/8/23 20
Scheduled solution 17/8/23

Manually Hands on Wed

14 days Fri 18/8/23 15
Scheduled Calculations 6/9/23

Manually Determine all Per

5 days Fri 18/8/23 Thu 21
Scheduled Unit Values 24/8/23
Manually Calculate the
5 days Fri 25/8/23 Thu 23
Scheduled values 31/8/23
Calculate voltage
Manually at each bus Using Tue
3 days Fri 1/9/23 24
Scheduled Gauss and New 5/9/23
Ruphoson Method

Manually Consult with Wed Wed

1 day 25
Scheduled Supervisor 6/9/23 6/9/23

Manually Documentation of Thu Wed

15 days 22
Scheduled Final report 7/9/23 20/9/23

Manually Analyze the Thu

5 days Fri 8/9/23 26
Scheduled findings and results 7/9/23

Manually Draft Final report Mon

5 days Fri 15/9/23 28
Scheduled 11/9/23

Manually Consult my Mon Mon

3 days 29
Scheduled supervisor 18/9/23 20/9/23

Manually Tue Tue

Recommendation 1 day 30
Scheduled 9/29/16 9/29/16

Manually
Final Report 1 day Wed Wed 31
Scheduled 20/9/23 20/09/23

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EDWIN ZAARUKA PROJECT PROPOSAL