Simulation of Quasi Cascaded H-Bridge Boost Inverter

with Sinewave Output

Dr. D. Devendranath Jadav Pravalika Nagala Bhargavi Reddy
B.E., M.E., Ph.D., FIE Graduating Student Graduating Student
Electrical and electronics engineering Electrical and electronics engineering Electrical and electronics engineering
Vignana Bharathi institute of technology Vignana Bharathi institute of technology Vignana Bharathi institute of technology
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
Deven0995@gmail.com pravalikajadav@gmail.com bhargavireddy5751@gmail.com

Valakula Ashok Yemula Krishna Yadav

Graduating Student Graduating Student
Electrical and electronics engineering Electrical and electronics engineering
Vignana Bharathi institute of technology Vignana Bharathi institute of technology
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
valakula.ashok@gmail.com yky6234@gmail.com

Abstract: An inverter, also named as power inverter, which converts dead-time between two switches in the leg must be used to avoid short circuit
direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). This paper proposes in the DC source [14].
a simulation of single phase single-stage quasi-cascaded h-bridge boost A CHB quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) with single-stage power conversion
inverter (qCHB-BI) with sinewave output. The proposed inverter has was proposed in [15] and [16]. Fig. 1(b) shows the CHB five-level Qzsi[15],
improved quality output waveform with low total harmonic distortion (b)
(THD) in the output voltage and low electromagnetic interference
(EMI). In this, the number of h-bridges are reduced by connecting two
h-bridges in series. A capacitor with low voltage rating is added to the
proposed topology to remove an offset voltage of the output AC voltage
when the input voltages of two modules are unbalanced. In this, phase
shifted-SPWM technique is used to minimize the switching losses. A
superior sinewave across the load is achieved and it is simulated using
the software MATLAB and SIMULINK.
The different field of applications include its use as UPS,
Variable Frequency Drives, High power conversion applications, power
quality improvement etc. The advantages of proposed inverter are:
reduction in number of passive components, shoot-through immunity
and in increase in efficiency. This paper presents circuit analysis, the
operating principles, and simulation results of the proposed system.

Index Terms— MATLAB and SIMULINK, Quasi Cascaded H-Bridge

with Boost Inverter (qCHB-BI), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD),
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).

I. INTRODUCTION
Multilevel inverters have recently received many attentions from
researchers due to their advantages over the conventional three-level pulse-
width modulation (PWM) inverters. The advantages of the multilevel
inverters are as follows: improved quality output waveforms with lower total
harmonic distortion (THD), smaller filter size and lower electromagnetic
interface (EMI) [1]. Three general multilevel inverter topologies are: flying
capacitors, neutral point clamped (NPC), and cascaded H-bridge (CHB)
inverters. Among these topologies, the CHB inverter has unique advantages
in modularity and its contribution of high power. These advantages make the
CHB inverter an attractive option for many applications such as
uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), grid-connected system, StatCom
system, motor drive, etc. [2]–[11]. However, the traditional CHB multilevel
inverter is a buck DC-AC power conversion, where the peak AC output
voltage is limited by the total DC source voltages. In [12] and [13], an
additional DC-DC boost converter is demanded for each module in the CHB
topology to achieve the high AC output voltage when the DC input voltages
are low. Adding DC-DC boost power converter results in low efficiency and
high cost. Fig. 1(a) shows the conventional two-stage CHB boost-five-level
inverter (CHB-BFLI) [12]. Two capacitors, two boost inductors, two diodes, Fig. 1. Conventional CHB five-level inverters based on (a) DC-DC boost
ten switches, one filter inductor and a resistive load are utilized in the converter and (b) qZS network.
conventional CHB-BFLI. The boost DC-DC converter is used to control the
DC-link voltage on each H-bridge circuit. As shown in Fig. 1(a), both the top
and bottom switches in the same leg cannot be switched on simultaneously where a qZS network with two capacitors and two inductors is connected to
because the DC-link capacitor is connected to each leg in parallel. And a each H-bridge circuit. In the CHB-qZSI, a shoot-through (ST) state is used
to boost voltage without any damages in the power circuit. In one switching Novel single-stage quasi-cascaded h-bridge boost inverter
period, the number of the ST states in the single-phase qSBI is two. (qCHB-BI) with sinewave output is proposed as shown in Fig. 3. The
Therefore, the operating frequency of the inductors is twofold the switching proposed inverter consists of two separate DC sources, two quasi-boost
frequency. In the CHB-qZSI, the input DC current is continuous with low inverter (qBI) modules and an inductor filter connected to the resistive load
ripple. Each module in the CHB qZSI can produce the same DC-link voltage in series. Each qBI module contains one capacitor, one boost inductor, four
by control the ST duty cycle. An effective control method, including system- switches and twelve diodes. A phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse-width
level control and PWM for single-phase CHB-qZSI based grid-tie modulation (PS-SPWM) strategy for the proposed qCHB-BI. For module 1,
photovoltaic (PV) power system is presented in [17]. Three-phase CHB- two control voltages, -Vcontrol and Vcontrol are compared to a high-
qZSI’s control is proposed and demonstrated in [18] for application to PV frequency triangle voltage, Vtri1, to produce control signals for the S1 and
power systems. A qZS modular cascaded converter is addressed in [19] for S2 switches.
dc integration of high-power PV systems. Energy stored CHB-qZSI based
PV power generation system is proposed in [20]. Fault-tolerant CHB
inverters using Z-sourced network are investigated in [21] and [22]. A
cascaded transformer-based multilevel inverter using single Z-source
network is presented in [23]. An active-front-end (AFE) CHB multilevel
inverter based on dual-boost/buck converter is proposed in [24]. Like the
CHB-qZSI, the AFE-CHB inverter also has the shoot-through immunity and
buck/boost voltage.
However, the CHB-qZSI in [15]-[23] and the AFE-CHB inverter
in [24] use a large number of passive elements with raising the size, cost,
and weight of the power cascaded system. A quasi-switched boost (qSB)
network in [25]-[27] is used to replace the qZS network. In comparison to
the qZS network, the qSB network uses one less capacitor, one less inductor,
one more diode and one more switch in front of the main H-bridge circuit.
An isolated high step-up DC-DC converter is proposed in [27] based on the
qSB network. In this paper a simulation of single phase single-stage quasi-
cascaded h-bridge boost inverter (qCHB-BI) with sinewave output is
proposed. The proposed inverter has improved quality output waveform
with low total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output voltage and low
electromagnetic interference (EMI).
The main features of the proposed qCHB-BI are sinewave output
voltage with boost voltage ability, reduction in a number of passive
components and shoot-through immunity. Section II presents the existing
system. Section III presents proposed cascaded topology. Section IV Fig. 3. Proposed qCHB-BI with filter
presents project implementation. Simulation results are shown in Section V.
The proposed sinewave inverter has the advantages over the
II. EXISTING SYSTEM: cascaded h-bridge quasi-Z-source inverter (CHB-qZSI) in cutting down
The conventional two-stage CHB five-level boost inverter (CHB- passive components. In the CHB-qZSI, the operating frequency of the
FLBI) has two capacitors, two boost inductors, twelve diodes, ten switches, inductors is twofold the switching frequency.
one filter inductor and a resistive load are utilized in the conventional CHB- Therefore, the high-frequency current ripple on inductors of the
FLBI. The boost DC-DC converter is used to control the DC-link voltage on proposed qCHB-BI is a half that of the CHB-qZSI. Capacitor voltages of the
each H-bridge circuit. proposed inverter are higher than those of the CHB-qZSI. However, total
capacitor voltage stresses in each module of both inverters are the same. The
voltage stress on diodes and switches of the proposed inverter equals to that
of the CHB-qZSI.
Advantages:
 Sinewave output voltage with boost voltage ability.
 Reduction in number of passive components.
 Shoot-through immunity.
 High-frequency current ripple is less.
 Increase in efficiency.

IV. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

A. Block Diagram

Fig. 2. Conventional CHB five-level inverters based on DC-DC boost

converter

Both the top and bottom switches in the same leg cannot be
switched on simultaneously because the DC-link capacitor is connected to
each leg in parallel. And a dead-time between two switches in the leg must
be used to avoid short circuit in the DC source.
Fig. 4. Block diagram of qCHB-BI
Disadvantages:
In the above Fig. 4.3 we can see two subsystems, one is controller
 More complex circuit and the other one is proposed topology. In controller circuit, we have
 More number of component and two sine waves with a phase difference of 180° and two triangular waves
 Less efficiency with a phase shift of 90°. When a sine wave and a triangular wave are
compared, stepped pulses are produced and these are given to the respective
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM:
switches, such that they produce positive levels (i.e., +V and +2V). When a
sine wave with 180° phase shift and a triangular wave with a phase shift of
90° are compared, stepped pulses are produced and these are given to the
respective switches, such that they produce negative levels (i.e., -V and -2V).
As per the controller circuit, the triggered pulses are produced in the
controller circuit and these pulses are given to the respective switches of
proposed topology and a sinewave output is obtained. This sinewave voltage
waveform can be observed in shown Fig. 5.1.
B. Control Circuit
Control circuit is also known as triggering circuit. This is used to
produce gate triggering pulses for switches (thyristors). In these two
(b)
sinusoidal waves of amplitude 0.8V at a frequency of 50Hz (fundamental
Fig. 6. Phase-shifted SPWM output waveforms (a) and (b)
frequency) with a phase difference of 180° is produced. Two triangular
waves of amplitude 1V at a frequency of 10 kHz (high frequency) with a
phase shift of 90° are produced. Then, this both sine waves and triangular
waves are compared. Whenever these triangular waves values are greater
than the sine wave, stepped pulses are produced and these pules are given to
the respective switches, as per the control circuit such that, we obtain a
sinewave voltage at output or load. The control circuit is shown in Fig. 5 as
below

Fig. 7. Switching pulses for qCHB-BI.

Analysis shows that this technique has many advantages:
 The semiconductor device can be used in such a low switching
frequency that the switching loss is reduced greatly.
 With phase - shift SPWM, the undesirable harmonics in the
output are canceled considerably. In this way, the quality of the
power system can be ameliorated very much.
 Since the converter system has a reasonable bandwidth of the
modulating signal at a low switching rate, it is very easy to apply
different control strategies.
D. Proposed Topology
In proposed topology, two h-bridges are connected in cascaded
with boost circuit for two individual h-bridges. Each h-bridge consists of four
switches, one inductor, one capacitor and two diodes. In addition to these,
there is one more capacitor for bridge balancing connected between these
two h-bridges and one resistor with an inductive filter for removing ripples
is connected at load. Below Table 1. shows the comparison between existing
and proposed system.
Table 1. Comparison between existing and proposed system.
CHB-FLBI qCHB-BI
Fig. 5. Control circuit with phase shifted SPWM Number of inductors 2 2
Number of 2 3
C. Phase-Shift SPWM: capacitors
In very high power converter systems, it is often too difficult to Number of diodes 12 12
apply SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) technique because of the Number of switches 10 8
upper frequency limitation of the semiconductor device (such as GTO in high Shoot-through No Yes
power turnoff cases). Here, a novel technique phase-shift SPWM is immunity
developed in multi-converter systems. Input current Continuous Continuous
In this phase-shift SPWM we have two sine waves with 180° Inductor frequency Fs 4fs
phase shift and two triangular waves with 90° phase shift as shown in Fig. 6.
When we compare these two sine waves and two triangular waves respective Where, fs – Switching frequency.
pulses are generated as shown in Fig .7.

(a)
 The below Table 3. represent the tabular form of switching ON
and OFF of the switches.
Table 3. Switching table.
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
+2V ON OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF OFF
+V ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF
0 OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
-V OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF
-2V OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF OFF ON

F. SHOOT-THROUGH STATE:
It takes a finite amount of time for MOSFETs/IGBTs to switch
off. Due to this, in half bridge (or one leg of a full h-bridge), there exists a
time where both switches are on at the same time. This essentially creates a
short circuit across the supply thus resulting in a high current flowing through
the devices and distortion thereof in the load voltage waveform. The high
current is due to the short circuit is known as the shoot through.
One of the easiest ways to prevent this is to implement dead time.
This is a short time when both switches (same leg) are off and therefore
(during transition or commutation if you may) thus preventing shoot through.
While shifting the switches in same leg, switches get dead short
Fig. 8. Proposed switching circuit.
circuit for few milli seconds. Therefore; there will be a high current flow
In above Fig. 8. proposed topology consists of two h-bridge
through the switches. The capacitor across will stores the energy and that can
circuits, which are connected in series. In this, each h-bridge consists of four
be utilised in output voltage for high efficiency. The pulses generated during
switches, two diodes, one inductor and one capacitor. In addition to these,
shoot through state can be shown below in Fig. 9.
there is one more capacitor for bridge balancing is connected between these
two h-bridges and one resistor with an inductive filter for removing ripples
is connected at load. Two individual dc sources are required for this
topology. The output of this topology is sinewave output. The sinewave
voltage can be seen across the load (resistor).
In Table 2 the simulation parameters of quasi cascaded h-bridge
sinewaveboost inverter and their ratings are specified.
Table. 2. Simulation Parameters of qCHB-BI.

Parameters Values
(a)
Power rating 613 watts

Inverter output voltage 112 Vrms

Output frequency 50 Hz

Inductors (L1,L2) 2 mH
C1,C2 4.4 mF/200 V
Capacitors
Cd 4.7 mF/25 V
Inductor (Lf) 3 mH
Load (b)
Resistor (R) 40 Ω
Fig. 9. Shoot-through state for (a) Upper h-bridge circuit and
Switching frequency (fs) 10 KHz (b) Lower h-bridge circuit.
G. CALCULATIONS:
D= 1-M = 1-0.75 = 0.25
E. SWITCHING Where, M= Modulation index (0.75).
A qCHB boost inverter with sinewave output has two H-Bridges.
These two H-Bridges are connected in series. Each h-bridge consists of four (i) Vdc1 = Vdc2 = 50 volts
switches, two diodes, one inductor and one capacitor. In addition to these, VC1 = (1/1-2D1)*Vdc1
there is one more capacitor for bridge balancing is connected between these = (1/1-2*0.25)*50 = 100 volts
two h-bridges and one resistor with an inductive filter for removing ripples Thus, VC1=VC2=100 volts
is connected at load. A dc source is required for each individual h-bridge
circuit. (ii) Switching voltage, S1-S4 = (1/1-2D1)*Vdc1
From Fig. 8. the upper h-bridge consists of switches be S1, S2, = (1/1-2*0.25)*50 = 100 volts
S3, S4 and lower H-Bridge be S5, S6, S7, S8. In positive half cycle, switches Thus, S1-S4 = S5-S8 = 100 volts.
S1, S4, S7 will conduct, and we get the output voltage ‘+V’. Similarly, for
‘+2V’output voltage, switches S1, S4, S5, S6 will conduct. For negative half Table 4. Voltage stresses of the proposed qCHB-BI.
cycle, switches S2, S3 will conduct and we get the output voltage ‘-V’. Proposed Practical Theoretical
Similarly, for ‘-2V’output voltage, switches S2, S3, S8 will conduct. For zero Inverter Values values
voltage no switches are conducted. The final output of this topology is
VC1 (1/1-2D1)Vdc1 108.2 100
sinewave voltage output.
 VC2 (1/1-2D1)Vdc2 108.2 100 waves of amplitude 0.75V at a frequency of 50Hz (fundamental frequency)
Capacitor
with a phase difference of 180° degrees and two triangular waves of
voltage
VCd (D1-D2) VC 0 0 amplitude 1V at a frequency of 10 kHz (high frequency) with a phase shift
(1/1-2D1)Vdc1 109 of 90° degrees. Whenever these triangular waves values are greater than the
Switch S1-S4 100
sine wave, stepped pulses are produced and these pules are given to the
voltage
S5-S8 (1/1-2D1)Vdc2 109 100 respective switches, as per the control circuit such that, we obtain a sinewave
stress
output voltage across the load.
The above results are obtained from the simulation of proposed
H. APPLICATIONS: system i.e., qCHB-BI are sinewave output. The sinewave output voltage can
 It is can be used in uninterruptable power supplies (UPS), where be seen in Fig. 10. The output here we obtained is sinewave with continuous
the conversion of DC power (energy stored in the battery) to AC current and the amplitude of sinewave output is 230V.
power is required.
 The variation of low frequency to high frequency AC power can A. THD of Proposed System
be achieved for the application of induction heating. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is an important aspect in power
systems and it should be kept as low as possible. Lower THD in power
 The proposed circuit can also be used in variable frequency drive systems means higher power factor, lower peak currents, and higher
for speed control of AC motors. efficiency. Low THD is such an important feature in power systems that
 In electrical vehicle drives, the inverters are being used for speed international standards such as IEC 61000-3-2 set limits on the harmonic
controlling and braking of electrical hybrid vehicle. currents of various classes of power equipment.
(a)
 Power quality improvement.
 High power conversion applications.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS:

Fig. 10. Sinewave Output of qCHB-BI.
The output of qCHB inverter with sinewave output consists of
five levels in the output waveform as shown in Fig. 10. The five-level output
can be obtained by connecting the two H-Bridge circuits in series. And
providing pulses to the respective switches such that we obtain sinewave at
output or load. These pulses are produced by comparing two sinusoidal
(b)
Fig. 11. THD representation in the form of Bar graph
for voltage (a) and (b).
The total harmonic distortion (THD) is a measurement of the
harmonic distortion present in a signal and is defined as the ratio of the sum
of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental
frequency. Distortion factor, a closely related term, is sometimes used as a
synonym.
The THD for the existing system is 41.37% as shown in Fig. 11.
(a), which is more compared to THD of proposed system i.e., 3.51% as
shown in Fig. 11. (b).
B. THD OF LOAD CURRENT:

Fig. 12. THD representation in the form of Bar graph for load current.
CONCLUSION
A new single-phase single-stage qCHB boost inverter with
sinewave output has been proposed in this paper. In qCHB-BI we are
acquiring lower THD of 3.51% compared to the conventional CHB-FLBI of
41% and the THD for load current is 3.51%. In proposed inverter lower THD
with high efficiency is obtained and reducing switching losses. The proposed
inverter has the following main features as: sinewave output voltage,
reduction in number of passive components, reduction in number of switches
and shoot-through immunity. Also, circuit analysis and phase-shifted SPWM
control strategy for the proposed system are shown. Simulation results are
shown to verify the validity of the proposed qCHB-BI and comparing the
conventional CHB-FLBI with qCHB-BI.
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