| Name ] CLass INDEX No. | ST. PATRICK'S SCHOOL END OF YEAR EXAMINATIONS 2016 CHEMISTRY 5073 DATE: 4" October 2016 LeveL; SECONDARY 3EXPRESS —_Durarion: 2Hr INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES (DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. 1 Write your name, class and index number on the cover page of this Booklet and the Optical Answer Sheet in the spaces provided. On the Optical Answer Sheet, itis also required that you WRITE and SHADE your index number (please ask the invigilator if you are not sure). 2 Answer ALL questions in Section A on the Optical Answer Sheet provided, 3 Answer ALL questions in Section B in the spaces provided in this booklet. 4 Answer only 3 questions in Section C in the spaces provided. The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted. 5. Calculators may be used where necessary. Where numerical answers are not exact, give answers to three (3) significant figures. 6. Submit the Optical Answer Sheet and this booklet SEPARATELY at the end of the examination. Score | Teacher's comments, if any: __Parent's signature This paper consists of 28 printed pages, including this cover page and the Periodic Table. oth 1Section A (20 marks) Each question is provided with four possible answers (A, B, C and D). Select the most appropriate answer and shade your choice on the Optical Answer Sheet provided. 1 Astudent takes 2 g samples of calcium carbonate and adds them to 20 cm® samples of dilute hydrochloric acid at different temperatures. She measures how long it takes for the effervescence to stop. Which apparatus does she use? fiter | measuring batance | stopwatch) iret) |e teaor! | thermometer soap RR Hy eK SK SS Kx 2 Asample of a drug is analysed by using a chemical test for aspirin and measuring its melting point. The chemical test is positive but the melting point is 130°C not 135°C as it should be. What is correct? the sample contains aspirin the sample has an impurity A yes yes B yes no c no yes D no no, 3 What could be the boiling point of water containing dissolved sodium chloride? boiling point/ °C 95 100 103 com> 2504 ‘The diagrams show a cooling experiment and the results. thermometer temperatures°c {cooling mixture What liquid could X be? A sodium chloride solution B pure.water © alcohol D mercury Diagrams 1, 2 and 3 represent the three states of maiter. For which states can diffusion be demonstrated by using simple laboratory apparatus? A tonly B tand2 © 2and3 D 1,2and3 abs‘The diagrams show models of molecules. soe A x Y z Which molecules could the above models represent? x v: Zz A helium chlorine water B helium hydrogen chloride carbon monoxide © hydrogen chlorine water D hydrogen hydrogen chloride carbon monoxide ‘Two gases, P and Q were separately released in a laboratory on a cold day. The ‘experiment was repeated on a hot day. The time taken for the gases to reach the ‘opposite end of the laboratory was recorded for each experiment. ‘The M- of gas P was 34 and the M, of Q was 64.Which gas on which day would reach the end of the laboratory in the shortest time? gas: day A P cold B Pp hot c Q cold D a hot 15 The symbol of an element is ,, As. How many electrons does an ion of this element contain? A 30 2 B c 36 D 4210 Element X has six electrons in its outer shell. CO hey @©=eleciron @® @® How could the element react? A by gaining two electrons to form a positive ion by losing six electrons to form a negative ion by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form two covalent bonds by sharing two electrons with two electrons from another element to form four covalent bonds ooo Two isotopes of helium are 27fe and {ie . Which two diagrams show the arrangement of particles in these two isotopes? key © eeatron ® proton @ neutron ake .41 12 13 14 Which numbers are added together to give the nucleon number of an ion? ‘A. number of electrons + number of neutrons B__ number of electrons + number of protons © number of electrons + number of protons + number of neutrons D__ number of protons + number of neutrons. Which statement describes the changes in the elements from left to right across a period of the Periodic Table? A The ability to conduct electricity increases. B The metallic properties decreases. © The number of vatence electrons decreases. . ‘The number of neutrons in an atom decreases. Eloment X forms an acidic, covalent oxide. ‘Which row in the table shows how many electrons there could be in the outer shell of an atom of X? [_ 1 2 6 7 A v x x x B v v x x [oc x | ok x v Lb x x Z v Which statement describes the trends going down group VII of the Periodic Table? A The boiling point and melting point both decrease. B_ The boiling point and melting point both increase. ° ‘The boiling point decreases but the meting point increases. D__ The boiling point increases but the melting point decreases.15 16 7 Astatine is an element in Group Vil of the Periodic Table. It has only ever been produced in very smali amounts, What is the best description of its likely properties? colour state reaction with aqueous potassium A black solid no reaction B black liquid brown colour © green solid ‘no reaction D yellow liquid brown colour The diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement of compound J that contains the elements Y and Z. ‘What type of compound is J? A analloy B amacromotecule © covalent D- ionic ‘The relative atomic mass of oxygen is 16 and that of hydrogen is 4 This means that ...(i)....of oxygen has the same mass as ...(i)... of hydrogen. Which words correctly complete the gaps? @ A an atom thirty two molecules B an atom eight molecules c a molecule sixteen atoms D a molecule eight atoms 26}18 — Anoxide of element X dissolves in water to form a solution of pH 5. ‘Which line in the table is correct? type of element type of oxide A metallic B metallic basic c non-metallic acidic D non-metallic basic 19 The diagrams show two experiments. experiment 4 experiment 2 ww Baro wwe DS ries a Tian poner rus paper ‘ms paper apes — ner ioan sooner Sees jis atte | Shox se nat What happens to the pieces of litmus paper? experiment 1 experiment 2 A blue tored both pieces bleached B_ blue tored ‘no change © redtoblue both pieces bleached D redto blue ‘no change* 20 Which elemeftt is most likely to be a transition metal? melting point in°Cvalencylvalencies of oxide colour of oxide A 98 1 white B 328 2 yellow ts 651 Sand 4 white D 1240 24 and 6 blackSection B (50 marks) ‘Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. Bt (a) Enzymes are biological catalysts. They are used both in research laboratories and in industry. Enzymes called proteases can hydrolyse proteins to amino acids, The amino acids can be separated and identified by chromatography. The diagram below shows a typical chromatogram. solvent frant 0 9 _— samples are placed on this tine + = inpen—=| sample 8 initia eved of solvent @ i) Some Ry values for amino acids are: AS 2] glutamic acid = 0.4 glycine = 0.5 alanine = 0.7 leucine = 0.9 Identify the two amino acids on the chromatogram, Explain why the chromatogram must be exposed to a locating agent [1] before Rr values can be measured,(b) When liquid nitrogen boils the following change occurs. a Ne)» Ne(a) ‘The boiling point of nitrogen is very low. Suggest an explanation. B2_ A sample of soluble sulfur dioxide can be prepared by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to sodium sulfite and warming the mixture. Study the diagram of the apparatus used. {a) Fill in the boxes to show the chemicals used. [2] (b) Show by using an arrow, on the diagram, where heat is applied. 1 10B3 fa) (b) (6) Identify and explain two mistakes in the diagram. 4) mistake 1: exp mistake pat ‘Selenium and sulfur are in Group VI. They have similar properties. ‘The electron configuration of a selenium atom is 2. 8.18.6 Selenium forms a compound with potassium. Draw a ‘dot and cross diagram of 2} this compound. Draw only the valence shell electrons. Use o to represent an electron from an atom of potassium. Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium. Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram of the compound selenium chloride. Rl Draw only the valence shell electrons. , Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium. Use 0 to represent an electron from an atom of chlorine.(c) Selenium dioxide behaves like sulfur dioxide and reacts with sodium hydroxide in the reaction shown. 0] ) B4 (a) ‘SeO2 + 2 NaOH — NaaSeOs + H20 Name the type of reaction, Explain. 2 Predict the pH of the solution formed when selenium dioxide dissolves in a water. Rock phosphate (calcium phosphate) is obtained by mining. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form the fertiliser, superphosphate, (Predict the formula of each of these phosphates. 2 fertiliser ions calcium phosphate Ca% and POs > calcium superphosphate Ca®* and H2POs~ ———— (i) Balance the chemical equation and write the lonie equation for the ri reaction of calcium phosphate with sulfuric acid __Cax{PO4)2(s) +__H»SOs (aq) -+_ CaSOu (8) +___HsPOs (aq) ionic equation: 2(b) In an experiment, 25.0om? of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 0.4mol / dm?, was neutralised by 20.0cm* of aqueous oxalic acid, HzC20s. 2NaOH + HeC204—+ NacC20s +2H20. (Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25.0cm$ of 0.4 mol dm? [1] solution. (ii) Caloulete the number of moles of H2C20s in 20 om? of solution. @ (iii) Calculate the concentration, mol/ dm%, of the aqueous oxalic acid, imBS (a) (b) (co) Four bottles were known to contain aqueous ammonia, dilute hydrochloric [2] acid, sodium hydroxide solution and vinegar, which Is dilute ethanofc acid. ‘The bottles had lost their labels. The pH values of the four solutions were 1, 4, 10 and 13. Complete the table. solution pH aqueous ammonia dilute hydrochloric acid sodium hydroxide sofution vinegar When nitric acid is added to water the following reaction occurs. 2 HNOs + HzO —» NOs Hs0* Give the name and the formula of the particle which is transferred from nitric acid to water. Name: Formula: This question is concerned with the following oxides. (You may use the oxides once, more than once er not at all.) aluminium oxide AlzOs calcium oxide CaO carbon dioxide CO2 carbon monoxide CO magnesium oxide MgO sulfur dioxide SOz (i) Which two oxides will react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous [1] sodium hydroxide? “4(il) Which two oxides will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with [1] hydrochloric acid? (il) Which of the above oxides will react both with hydrochloric acid and [1] with aqueous sodium hydroxide? (iv) Which of the above oxides will react neither with hydrochloric acid nor —_[1) with aqueous sodium hydroxide? B6 The first three elements in Group IV are carbon, silicon, germanium, (a) Draw the element germanium which hes a diamond-type structure, uy diamond, graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity (Explain why graphite has these properties. 2) (i) Give a.use of graphite that depends on one of these properties. propertyCC) 87 (a) Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide have similar formulae but different types of structure, (i) Give the formulae of these oxides. i (i) How are their structures different? a (iii) Carbon formed the hydride called methane, CHs. Predict the formula of [1] the hydride formed by germanium. ‘The Group | metals show trends in both their physical and chemical properties. (How do their melting points vary down the group? t !)_ Which element in the Group has the highest density? a (ii) All Group | metals react with cold water. Write a balanced chemical rea} equation for the reaction of rubidium with water. Include the state symbols. 16(b) Complete the table below on the trends down Group | and Group Vil. tm Groups Reactivity 1 vil {c) Colourless potassium bromide will give a brown colour if reacted with chlorine (2) gas. Explain.Section G (30 marks) Answer ALL 3 questions from this section, The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted C1 Asstudent investigated the temperature changes that occur when two solid compounds A and B, react with hydrochloric acid. The apparatus below was used. — thermometor i — plastic cup hrydrctiore cid [ee Experiment 4 By using a measuring cylinder, 30cm? of hydrochloric acid was added to the plastic cup. The timer was started, and some of the solid A was added to the cup. Immediate effervescence occurred. The mixture was stirred by moving the cup until the effervescence stopped. More of A was then added and the student continued adding A in this way until all of solid A had been added. Experiment 2 Experiment 1 was repeated using solid B. The results of the experiments are shown in the tables.Table of results Experiment 1 timeliin 00 15 5 20 30 0 Thar ar 20 25 25 25 ddagrarn 1s 2 2 20 temperature/*C | = 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 35 35 » 20 30 20 25 | | 42s 25 25 20 20 30 29 28 aT sxpenmen 2 timeimin [0.0 05 1s 20 25 25 25 Hy 20 20 15 thermometer pes 20 2 6 18 8 ‘0 16 10 10 5 temporaiure/*C 9 7 14 rT 35 40 45 50 15 20 20 20 20 10 1s 6 5 18 10 10 10 10 14 15, 16 17 2B(a) Plot the results from both experiments on the grid below. For each set of BI results draw a smooth line graph. Indicate clearly which line represents, Experiment 4 and which line Experiment 2, Temperature °C 40 20 10 ° 1 2 | 4 5 Time in minutes (b) (i) Find the temperature of the reaction mixture for solid A and solid Bat [2] 2 minute 15 seconds. 20(i) Deseribe the trends of the results obtained from your graph. a (c)_ Suggest what type of compound is A. Explain. 2 (@)._ The plastic cup and final reaction mixture are left for one hour. a Predict the temperature at this time for solid A and hydrochioric acid. Explain, ay2 (a) @ ® Iron (Ill) hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide are insoluble. Aluminium hydroxide dissolves in excess aqueous sodium hydroxide but not iron (ill) hydroxide. Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to 4.0 cm? of aqueous iron(Ill) chloride. Both solutions had a concentration of 1.0 molidm®. After each addition, the height of the solid deposits of iron(II!) hydroxide was measured, The results are shown on the following graph. heitot pracitate oft hycrona Tom a er a ee, volun of equsous sium hydroxide fom? Name the type of chemical reaction described above. a if 4.0 cm? of 1.0 mol/dm? aluminium chloride had been used instead of [2] iron(Itl) chloride, the shape of the graph would be different. How is the shape of this graph different at the end of the experiment and why? {b) Name two suitable reagents to form barium sulfate, an insoluble salt. fo)Magnesium hydroxide reacts with phosphoric acid to form magnesium phosphate and water. @ wi) (i) 3Mg(OH)2 + 2HaPO;—+ Mgs(PO:)2+6H20 Define relative molecular mass. 1 Calculate the percentage purity of a sample of Mg(OH}if 2.568g {3 sample of Mg(OH)e required 2.523 g HsPOs to react. A sample of 15.0 g Mg(OH)2 was reacted with an excess of HsPOs. ” * [2] Calculate the percentage yield of MgxPO.)e if 15.5 g of Mgs(POa)zis obtained. ot 2EITHER 3 (a) Astudent prepared solution Q which contained 0.125 mol/dm? of aqueous iron (I!) sulfate dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid. Solution Q was left in the laboratory for five days and a small portion of it was converted to iron( til) sulfate. (On the fifth day, a student carried out titration to determine the actual concentration of iron(|!) sulfate in solution Q by titrating it with potassium manganate(VIl) solution. {t was found that 24.50 cm? of 0.02 mol/dm? potassium manganate( Vil) solution reacted with 25.0 cm? of solution Q. The ionic equation for the reaction above is Fe (aq) + MnOx (aq) + 8H! (aq) —» Mn% (aq) + 4420 (aq) + 5Fe% (aq) (i) From the titration results, calculate the concentration of iron (I!) sulfate [2] in solution Q on the fifth day. (ii) Hence, calculate the % of iron (I!) sulfate in solution Q thathad been — [2] changed to iron (Ill) sulfate. (i) 0.681 g of iron (II) sulfate crystals FeSOs. yH20 was foundtohave [2] reacted completely with 24.50 om? of 0.02 molidm? potassium manganate(Vil) solution. Find the value of y.(b) Chloroform, CHCls, reacts with chlorine, Cl, to form carbon tetrachloride, CCl, and hydrogen chloride, HCI, {nan experiment 25 g of chloroform and 25 g of chlorine were mixed, -- (i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. i a (i) Whatis the limiting reagent? Show your working and exptain. 2 ort 25OR 3. (a) Titanium is a transition element. Itis isolated by the following reactions. titanium ore —» titanium(IV) oxide — titanium(IV) chloride —» titanium Tie TiCl 4 Ti (i) Whyis it usually necessary to include a number in the name of the ui compounds of transition elements? i) Contos ‘A and B in the tabte which shows some of the properties of [2] uses. The first line has been completed as an example. related use property nung steel titanium alloys _ | making aircraft and space vehicles (ii) The titanium ore contains the following composition by mass: BI) 36.8% iron, 31.6% titanium and the remainder is oxygen. Using an appropriate table, determine the empirical formula of this titanium compound. 6(b) A student describes transition elements as having giant metallic lattice of atoms surrounded by a'sea of immobile electrons’. () Is the statement above correct? Explain, 2 (i) Draw the kind of bonding in transition elements. 2 End of Paper Hy nebs§ eet. exd bed wows Siuswora 849 40 81984 DIpoHed OuL 28i eZ ST. PATRICK'S SCHOOL YEAR END 2016 Susvect Chemistry 5073 Date =: 2016 Lever 3 Express Durarion: 2 hrs SECTION A (20m) 1 2. [346 6 7 {8 a 10 BA [co ib |e |a fete tet 13° [1415 16 jis 719 — 720 D JB > [8 aT" c ip —{b SECTION B (50m) Calculations: No statement at all, 0 marks Some statements, -m BT (a) |i Ais glutamic acid (1) | B is alanine (1) Accept names only, NOT Rr values Spelling incorrect: incorrect | because acids are colourless or to make them positions of the samples or distance travelled te (1) or to show (b) ‘weak intermolecular (or between molecules) forces 7 Van der Waals forces between molecules / low amount of energy required to break ‘weak intermolecular forces between molecules; (1) Independent marking B2 @ boxes completed correctly to show position of hydrochloric acid (1) and sodium sulfite (1) (b) arrow undemeath flask (1) Mistake 7 passed through water(1) explain: SO2is soluble in water (1) Mistake 2 :collected by upward delivery (1) explain: S02 is denser than air (1) mistake and explain: dependent and go together: then mark - vagawarded concepts correct, marks awarded B3 Correct ionic diagram of 2K’ with brackets (1) Correct ionic diagram of Se* with brackets (1) Wrong use of symbols( dot and cross): OK Correct covalent diagram of SeClz (2) 0.or2monly No chemical symbols (-m) oe) |@ Neutralization (1) 2 mark dependent on 1% mark selenium dioxide behaves like an acid (1/2) selenium dioxide an acidic oxide behaves like an acid (1) incorrect if wrong concept pH less than 7 ( any no less than 7) Caa{POs)2 (1) _ CalH:PO»)2(1) —_—CaalPOxe (8) +3 H2SO; (aq) +3 CaSO; (8) +2 HsPO« (aq) (1) ionic eq’: Cas(PO.)s (s) + 3504" (aq)-3 CaSO« (s) +2 POF (aqy(1) no state symbols: incorrect moles of NaOH = 25/1000 x 0.4= 0.01 Mark conseq to (i) NaOH:H2C:0. 2mole: tmole (1) moles of acid = 0.01/2 = 0.005 (1) ‘Mark conseq to (iy concentration of acid = 0.005 x 1000/20 = 0.25 molidm?(1) (no unit, -1/2m) BS (a) ‘ammonia 70 hydrochloric acid 4 sodium hydroxide 13 ethanoic acid 4 (1/2m each ) (b) proton / hydrogen ton [1] H® independent hydrogen : incorrect (c) Ji CaO and MgO (no Ym)‘CO2 and SO: (no Yam) ii ‘AlO3 iv co (a) 4Ge atoms around 7 Ge Diagram: Looks tetrahedral or stated to be ( at least 2 layers) (b) Graphite has layers that can movelslip (1) (Ifweak Van der Waals forces between layers only (1/2) ) Graphite has delocalised/free/mobile electrons (1) (b) Property ( only soft and good conductor) and use (must be together) soft lubricant or pencils OR good conductor electrodes or in electric motors (c) | COp and SiOz or XO2 (no 1/2m) CO2 molecular or simple molecules or simple covalent (1) ‘SiOz macromolecular or giant covalent/giant molecular (1) independent no! GeHs fa) decrease down group; francium: 2Rb (S)+ 2H20 (I) 2RbOH (aq) + He (g) State symbols :1m if only chemical equation is balanced and correct (b) _[ Reactivity Increases (1/2) Decreases (1/2) i UPS: a 7 Vil Displaces/Displacement reaction Chlorine is more reactive (1) | Ignore displaces bromine (1) (independent) Section C Ct (301 Ta ) check 22°C , mid- points and peak points (1/2 for each graph) Smooth line graphs (1/2 for each graph) Label led Expt 1(1/2) and Expt 2 (1/2) Solid A: 29-30°C (1) Solid B 12.5- 13.5°C (1) No unit no no dp, 2dp (-1/2) deduct once only | Solid A cause an increase (1/2) in the temperature while sold B cause a decrease in the temperature (1/2) Peakllowest and highest pts: incorrect (looking for trends) Aisa Either 2m or 0 m carbonate, (1) effervescence (1) (dependent) Solid A — value from table 22°C No heat lost (1/2}or No gain of heat (1/2)Precipitation reaction (1) Zero (1) Height decreases or goes down to x axis (1/2) Hydroxide soluble in excess (1) 2"! m depends on the 1" mr Barium nitrate/barium hydroxide and K/Na/ammonium sulfate or ‘sulfuric acid ‘Fverage mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 mass of an atom of || carbon-12 No of mole of Mg(OH)2 =2.568/ 24 + 2(16+1) = 0.04427 (1/2) No of mole of H3PO4 = 2.523/3(1) + 31 +(16x4) =2.523/98 =0.0257 (1/2) Mg(OH)2 : H3PO4 3 mole : 2mole ) (1/2) 3/2 x0.0257 : 0.0257 0.0386: 0.0257 (1/2) Percentage purity of Mg(OH)2 = 0.0386/0.04427 x100 = 87.2% (1) ii No of mole Mg(OH)2 = 15/24*2(16+1) = 0.2586 (1/2) No of mole of Mgo(PO4)2= 1/3 x 0.2586 = 0.0862 (1/2) Mr Mgs(PO4)2 = [3x24+(31464)2] =262 Mass of Mgo(PO4)2 = 0.0862 x 262 =22.58 g % yield = 15.5/22.58 x 100= 68.6% (1) EITHER 3 @10 Mole of KMnOs = 24.5/1000 x 0.02 = 0.00049 (1/2) ‘Mole of iron (II) sulfate = 5 x0.00049 =0.00245 (1/2) Concentration of FeSOs = 0.00245 x1000/ 25 = 0.098 mol/dm3 (1) Concentration of iron (Il) sulfate = 0.125 - 0.0098 = 0.027 molidm3 4a % of iron ({l) sulfate oxidized in Q = 0.027/0.125 x 100 = 21.6 % (1) (ili) |" Mole of FeSOx.yH20 : Mole of KMinOs 2 5 : 4 0.00245 = 0.00049 0.00245 mole = 0.6819 mole = 278 g (1) ‘Thus, 56 + 32 + 4(16) + y(18 )=278 Y=7(1) 6 |@ | CHOS + Ce——> ccw + Her 7 w 2 No of mole of chloroform = 25/ 119.5 =0.209 No of mole of chlorine, Cl2 = 25/71 =0.352 | From equation 1 mole of chloroform will react with 1 mole of chlorine 0.209 mole chloroform should react with 0,209 of Cl2 but 0.352 mole of chlorine is used, chlorine is in excess , limiting reagent is chloroform, CHCI3, (2) Calculations incorrect, limiting reagent correct (1m) “| Gill) =0.209 1 Mass of carbon tetrachloride formed = 0.209 x [12+ 4(36.5)} =322g(1) ‘OR C3 | (a) |()_|a transition element has more than one oxidalion state or valency | 4 | 40 accept different oxidation states/have several chargesidifferent ions/show valency (ii) [Tow density lightweight /Tight (1) - 2 propellers /fitings on ships replacements / ship building / diving equipment (1) \ (il) | Calculation correct for 3 columns(2)— 3 2 columns correct 1m 5 ageNo heading on tabie.-1m formula is FeTiO3 accept TIFeG3¢1) element Fe Oo. | 1% mass 36.8 316 |" No of — | 36.0/56=0.6571 31616=1975 mole Divide by | 0.6571/0.0571= | 0,6583/0.6571=1 | 1.975/0.6571 ~ || smallest no 1 =3 Simplest 1 i 3 ratio(optio nal) Empirical formula FeTiO3~ Om if not table method ) | @ Ithas giant metallic lattice of ions /metallic lattice of ions (1) ‘surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons. (1) independent mark @ Metallic Bonding OOOO OOOO GOQ9 1. Duca (valence eetron- abe Pettey cargos —holina i tice 2m accurate diagram: ions /in orderly layers (at least 2 layers)/electrons Om or 2m _ 2H wp 6