Notes Vales eerie indiated, wemeion are my oon, ' eee Cite 1. There is good graphic account of the problem in Noam Gowns, Lenguage end Responsibly (New York: Panton, 1977). 6. ‘See alo Edward W. Sud, Covering Llane (New York: Panton, 1981). pp. 10-164 72, The example ofthe Nex who read Rilke nd then wrote out go cial orders to ie concenraton-camp underlings had nat yet Become ell Inown. Perhepe then the Durrell Seoreary of Defenteancodote might not ‘ne scr swoefl to ny exe end. “6. Sec the evidenes in Samuel Chew, The Green and the Rose: {stam and Bglend Ding the Renaissance (New Yor: Oxford Univesity Prom 1937) 7, Averach, “Phllogy sod Welter,” trans. M. snd E. W. sid, Cenenial Review, 13 (Wate: 1969), p. 17. Hog of St. Vier, Didescalion ‘rns. Jerome Taylor (New ‘York Calmble Univesity ren 1961), p 9. See my Orientation (New York: Pstheon, 1978), emp. chap. 1 10 A. L. Kroeber and Gide Klucthahn, Cuter: Cita! Re: Teg? Cre a Doon 1988 rt New Yor Vig oss 2s286 Notes 1 Pager 10-36 11, Mathew Arpold, Qulture and Anercly ed. J. Dover Witon (186 rp. Cambridge: Cambri University Pres, 1968) p.70 1, Ibid, p 204. 13, Lind Telling, Beyond Culture: sey om Learwing ond Liters. ‘are (New Yorks Viking Pest, 1965). 175. 14 Quoted in Philip D. Curtin, ed, Imperiation (New York Walter and Conny, 1971), p12 15. Ere Stokes, The English Usliterians ond India (Orford, ‘Clarendon Press 1959), p. 298 1 Se Orin, op 8-16 a the ingrant dy y Bryan Turner, Marr end the End of Orieation (Leadon: Allen end Unwi, 1978). 17, See my Beginnings: Inemion end Method (New Yor: Basi Books, 1975), pp. 81-88 and pas. 1. The information i weflly proved by Lynda Gordon, Hor’ Early Years (Oxford and New York Onford Univesity Pes, 197). 19. TS. Blo, Selred Bizye (1932; tpt. Londo: Faber end Faber, 1953), pp. 4-344. 20. Geog Simmel, The Confit ix Modern Cultre and Other aay, trans. ad ed K: Peter Etshora (New York Teachers Cologe Pres, 1968), p12 21, lan Wat, Conrad in sh Nintenth Century (Behey: Univer shy of Calfrnia Pros 1979), p 32 22. John Fekete, The Crise Titight: Explorations in tbe Ideology ‘of Ango-americen Literary Theory from Blt 1o Meluben (Londow ole and Kegan Pal, 1977) pp. 195-98 75. Form extended analysiof the role of communis, sce unley Fy Is Three Test Ti Clas (Canes Harvard OS, ‘erty Press, 196). 24, Raymond Wiliams, Poiir and Leterr: Ineriner with New Left Reviews (London: New Le Books, 1979) p22 1. The World, the Test, and the Critic 1, Paul Ricoeur, "What Iss Tex? Esplenton and loterprecaton” in David Rasmussen, Mythic Symbolic Language ond Philosophical Aw Ubroplagy: A Contractor Interpreation of be Thought of Pal Rica (CThe Hage: Nit 1971). 138. Por a mre ineretng dination be- ‘ween oeuvre and te see Rand Bart, "De 'Oxuvre ste” Reve Pexbtbiqa, 3 (1971, 225-232. 2.1 have discs this in chp. 4 of Begining: Intention end Mabod (Nev York Basie Boos, 1975). 3. Rife, “The Sel Sofcient Tex.” Dizeics (Fall 1973), 4. This eth main polemical point fn thi trac Arras, ‘od. Shawhi Du (Car, 1947). The tet dts from 1180 teen. 9. Toe Journals and Papers of Gerard Manley Hopi, ed apy Hout tl Gn Stee (London: Oxo ivy Pe Spi Fa ip. The om of Gard Manly Holi W. Harter and 1Z The Later of Gerard Manly Hopkins wo Robert Bridge, o ‘CandeCoiler Abbot (Onford: Oxford Univeray Pres 1955), pp 31-32. 15. Quoted in Anthony Bissbot, SJ, “Hopkine’ Lazer to hs Oat We De Preis (New York: Vinge, 1964), p18 Ta, p06. i pp 435. 2, Midler, e. Gordon 5. Haigh (oxox: Hoon Mit fin, 1988), p92. 2 Lord fim (Beto: Houghton Ming, 1956), p16. 2: Rp ia 2% Ke Marz Der Acksmte Bronsive der Louis Bonoperis, (1052, Beste Dies Veg, 1007) pe 2 Nich rly in thi ight ae ob ond erry- wherein his wrk, bu copay The Genel of Marl an The Witte Pooer 25, Soin parila Et Renan, Hive génrale sie com ‘pera lengua in Oro comple Peart Poca {ein Caine Liy, foto), Vill, PI. 3%. Mich Foo, “The Discus on Language” in The Ar hey of Kel tat AM Shrine (New ark: amon, imple [is Porrai of te Ariat Young Man (New York Viking Pre 1964.10 28. Fon, The Wretched ofthe Earth, wan, Costne Friogton (sew Yer: Grove Pre, 1964), p. 3-32 °B Jcgos Dera "La Pasmace de Pann Le Disttion (Pui Su 1972), pp. 143 ad pi.The World, the Text, and the Critic Edward W. Said Harvard University PressCopyright© 1983 by Edward W. Suid ‘Alright reserved Prine inthe United Stes of Amerce Library of Congres Cealoging in Pubiaton Data ‘Sai, Edvard W "The word he wea, and thee. Tnclos biogepbie reerences and index, 1 Caco. tory and clon, 1. Te. msasser 196s” rss TeBOee BAeo7 ss 0-674.96187-0 (pepe) Soph 20H Acknowledgments URING the twelve years when the contents ofthis book vere taking shape, nomerous fends and colleagues pve, sme the beat oftheir mere. Other provided me with exason ro ‘reset my ideas in public Tam gael tothe following forthe en- Gourgement: Marry Keege, Engenio Doon, Hayden White Richard oir, Ronald Profs, Alber Hourani, Willzm Spnos, a. The ny eal be ev oe et ‘Completion of the manuscript was made posible by 2 generous {ellowship fom the National Endowment of the Humanities nd ‘bbatial leave from Columbia University. Eric Bur helped me a feat deal inthe preparation of the manuscript. To the admirableIntroduction: Secular Criticism sion in the United States later than it did in Europe: people like ‘Walter Benjamin and the young Georg Lukacs, for intance did thei theoretical workin the early years ofthis century, and they wrote int |nown, if not univereally uncontested, idiom. American iterary the ‘ny, despite the pioneering studies of Kenneth Burke well before ‘Werld War Two, exe of age only inthe 1970, snd thet because of «m observably deliberate attention to prior European models (strac- ‘arafnm, semiotics, deconstraction). “The esayscolected inthis book derive from all four forme, even if the realms of journalsie book reviewing and clasroom literary =~ precitton are not directly represented, But the facts that my activ ‘des during the twelve yetrs (1969-1981) when theve enays were 12 Seculr Criiciom ritten involved mein all four varieties of erry critical practice. ‘That ofcourse san ordinary enough thing and true of most literary enough cites today. But if what in thie volume I ell ertcism or crtieal ‘consclouanens has sny contribution to make, tis in the attempt to go ‘eyood the four forms ax defined above. And this effore (if not ies succent) characterizes the eitical work undertaken in these esys ‘ver and above the cccations end the conventions to which they are indebeed. "Now the prevaling situation of criticism is such that the four Moreover, erly within the eulure (“our” culture, as it is sometimes known), ‘hat the culture is ennobled and validated by them, and yet that i the ‘vetson of ealtare inculested by professional humanists nd literary {ritiythe approved practice of igh culareis marginal to the serious political concerns of society. “This bas given tee to «cult of profesonsl expertise whos effect in general fs pernicious, For the inellcral class, expertise hat tuualy been «service rendered, and told, to che contral authorzy of ‘society. This ithe trabisom der clercs of which Jlien Benda spoke in the 1920 Expertise in foreign sar, fr example, has urually meant legitnistion of the conduet of foreign policy and, what is more to the point « mstined inverment in revaldating the role of experts foreign alsin The etme sort of thing is true of inrary eis and ‘humanists, except that their expertise ix bared Doninerference ia what Vico grandly calls the woeld of nations | Which prossically might jst a well be ealled “the work” We tll \ our and our general constiacncy that we defend the casics, eduction, andthe precious pleasures of ter tire even as we alo show ourscves to be alent (perhaps incompe- Ute) hr eH ed cl wee wih a ha ns ake “Tie degree to which the calearal realm and its expertise are insti tionally divorced from their reel connecsions with power was won ‘erflly Msrated for me by an exchange with an old college fiend ‘who worked in the Deparunent of Defense for a period during the ‘Vietnam war. The bombings were in fall coure then, and I was na- ively trying to underrtnd the kind of person who could order daly [B52 shes over a distant Asian country inthe name ofthe American interest in defending freedom and stopping communism. “You lenow," my friend sai "the Secretary i complex aman being: he doen't tthe pietre you may have formed of the cold-blooded im- Seculer Crticiom 5 pevialst murderer, The lr ine Iwas in his fice I noticed Darrel's ‘Alezendria Quartt on bis dev” He peused meaningfully, asiftolet ‘Duels presence on that desk work tx awful power alone. The far ther impllation of my frends story was that no one who read and ‘appreciated « novel coald be the cold-blooded butcher {oe might suppose him to have been.* Many years Inter this whole Iimplenible specdoce (I do not remember my response tothe com- ‘lex conjonction of Darrell with the ordering of bombing inthe si fies) strikes me ae typical of what actually obtsine: humanists and in tellcuals accept the idea that you can rea clasny fiction as wel {el and maim becaure the eotural world is available for that partic lar sort of eamonflaging, end because culrral types are not mppored tw interfoe in matters for which the socal system has not certified them. What the anecdote strate isthe approved seperation of High level bareavera from the reader of novels of questionable worth snd definite sats. ‘During the late 1960s, however, literary theory presented itself ‘with new clans, The intellectual origina of terary theory in Europe fneorrectionary. The wadtional Seuware, Lkace, Batale, Lévi-Strauss, Vreud, Nietzsche, and Marx Theory proposed isi st eynthess overriding the petty ff ‘dome within the word offtellecaal production, and it was mani ‘em literary theory of the late seventies had retreated into the lb ‘iach of “rexusly,” dragging alg with it the most recent spostles : ae fums-Aflantic canonization mad domestication they themeciver temed sadly enough tobe encouraging. Iie not too much to my that ‘American of even European iterary theory now explicitly accep the principle of nooinerference, and that ts pecaliar mode of sppro- ‘rating is aabjoct matter (Co se Althusser’ formule) isnot to ap- Dropriste anything that is world, circumstantial, or socially con faminated. “Teoality” ie the somewhat mystical and disinfected ‘abject matter of Biterary theory. "Testuality has therefore become the exact sntichesis and displace-4 Seouer Crim ment of what might be called history. Textslity is considered to take ‘place, yea, But by the same token i doesnot take place anywhere or {aytime in particular. Ie is produce, but by no one and st no time. It ‘can be read and interpreted, although reading and interpreting are fwutiely understood fo occur in the form of misreading and mis- interpreting. The lit of examples could be extended indefinicly, ‘bu the pot would remain the same, Ast is practiced in the Amer ‘an academy todty, Etersy theory has for the most part isolated {extuaity from the cumstances, the events, the physical senses that Tren if we accept (4 inthe main Td) the anguments put forward by Hayden White thet there i way to gt pat text in ordar to spprebnd "eal" ory recy’ il pole ony that och len need no ab lina fret nthe events tnd the ea txanceseatled by and expresed in the texs themacve Those ‘rents and ccumaances are tara oo (ney all of Conrad’ aes {Eu nea preset wa with stion—eay«grovp of ends tg ‘or ahip's dec Hating to a ory—giving Het the narrative hat form the ext), and mh that gos on in text alludes oth, efi sternly to them. My poston i thar tes are Wordly, to tome dere they ar events, abd, even when ty spear deny ‘hey ae neve # part ofthe socal word, homme, and of ‘oure the hinoriel momen fn which they are located and inner Literary theory, whether ofthe Laft or ofthe Right, ha tarned its ‘back on these things. This can be considered, T chink, the triamph of spending, and a massive turn to the right on matters touching the ‘coonomy, social services, and organized labor.” In having given up the ‘world entirely for the sporian and unthinkable paradanrs of «tex, ‘contemporary critic has retreated from its eonritoeacy, the cit ‘zens of modern society, who have been left to the hands of “ree” ‘market fores, multinational corporations, the manipulations of coo- ‘ramer appetves. A precios jargon as grown up, end its formidable ‘complies obscure the social realities that, singe though it may tom, enoourage a scholarship of "modes of excallenee” very far fram Aaya the age of declining American power Seoul Cris 5 (Crccim can no longer cooperate in or pretend to ignore this ex~ ‘ecprise. tis not practicing etic ether to validate the status quo foto join up with «priestly caste of acolytes and dogmatic metaphy- ‘cians. Each essy in thie book affrme the connection between texts {tod the existential actuals of man life, politics, societies, and ‘events. The realities of power and authority—as well as the jes I propor that these realities are what shoald be taken account of by excl and the ential conscioumess. It shouldbe evident by now that this sor of cfiticirm can only be practiced outside and beyond the consensus ruling the art today in the four sccoped forms I mentioned earir. Yeti this isthe function ‘of crtciom athe preset time, to be between the dominant exltare tnd the toalizng forme of critical systems, chen there is some com- fort in recalling that this har also been the destiny of crccal con- ‘eioumess inthe recent past reader of Erich Auerbtch's Miners one ofthe most admired and inftocaial books of literary criticism ever ‘writen, ha fled to be impresed by the circumstances ofthe book's ‘ual writing. These are referred to almost exsually by Auerbach in {he lar ines of hi epilogue, which stands a very brief methodolog- teal explanation for what fe afterall « monumental work of lcrary ‘In emarking that for 9o ambitious a srady as “the epre- seonation of reaity in Western Literature” he could nat deal with Crerything that had been written in and about Western Iiteretre, ‘Avetbach then ade:6 Seouer Crim ‘with all the work thar has been done on so mumy subjects, I ‘might never have reached the point of writing” “The drama of thie ite bit of modesty is considerable, in part because ‘Auerbach’ quit tone conceals much ofthe pai of his exile. He was ‘Jewish refugee from Nazi Enrope, and he was also a European ‘scholar inthe old tradition of German Romance scholarship. Yet now in Imanbul be was hopelesly ou of touch with the literary, cltaral, snd politica bass of tht formidable tradition. In writing Mimaris, te lmplies to us in a later work, he was not merely practicing his pro fession despite adversity: be was performing an act of cultural, even —& ‘worldly slfstusting, a sensitive response tothe dominant eoltare— thatthe individual conscioumes is not naturally end easily x mere child ofthe coltur, but ahistorical and social actor in it. And beeause ‘f thar perspective, which fmroduces circumstance md distinction ‘here there had only been conformity and belonging, there is di {ane or what we might sls call eritcim. A knowledge of history, 2ide word ‘Bur to repest: the critical conscioumess is a pat of ts actual sca) ‘world and of the eral body thatthe consciousnes inhabits not by {Zey medns an escape from ether one or the other. Although as Ichar- tiered him, Averbach was away from Enrope, his work is seeped In the realty of Enrope, jst a the speciic creumstances of his exile cabled a concrete critical recovery of Europe. We have in Auerbach tn instance both of Sliation with his natal caltore and, becuse of ‘tile, afiiaton with it through ertcl conscionsmes and scholarly ‘work. We mart look more closely now at the cooperation between ‘lation and afiliation that ir located at the heart of exitieal con- (TIONSHIPS of Sstion and afiliston are pletifl EX ie men cer ty, One ray son erst pattern, for example, originates in a large group of late ninerent- End early ewentieth-century writer, in which the failure ofthe gen- Crativeimpolee—the filure of the expacty to produce or generate ‘Children “is portrayed in auch a way a2 to stand fora general cond- ‘ion aficing society and cule together, to sey nothing of indvid- ‘al men and women. User and The Waste Land ae two especially ‘well;nown instances, but there is similar evidence to be found in Death in Venice ox The Way of Al Flesh, Jude the Obscure, la re. See on aoe open coral sce nel Seagekek spel tetsu ml ot Te rpernon col he pst ven asp work ht blige Incl tad poly te tnther elven of nae! story end Cas Constumenschere i tuch the me thai Thing vcd about the ica nd limaly th impauy ti onl isto fo, Lakes sy, reiletion the ination of ‘ten rom wha they hive podocor andthe sry ance ‘Secular Crtcon 17 tmising severity of his vision that he means by this ll the products of Inuman labor, children included, which are so completely separated fem each other, tomized, and ence froze into the eaegory of on- leg objec atm een tral retntp ily i Cildiess couples, orphaned children, aborted childbirhs, and ‘enregeneratly celibate men md women populate the world of high ‘moderniam with remarkable insistence, al of them suggesting the ‘GiGcalies of Satin” Bur no less important in my opision isthe second par ofthe patter, which is immediately consequent upon the frm, the pressure to produce new and diferent waya of conceiving ‘numan relationships. For if biological reproduction is either too dif calor too tmpleasen, is there some other way by which men and ‘women can create social bonds between eachother thit would sub ‘tue for those ties that connect member of the same family across ‘generations? ‘Atypical srwer ie provided by TS. Eliot daring the period right sie the appearance of The Waste Land. His model now is Lancelot ‘Andrewes, « man whote prose and devotional style seem to Eliot 0 ‘nave transcended the personal manne of even s fervent and effective ‘Chien preacher as Donne. Inthe shift from Donne o Andrewes, ‘which I believe underin the sift in Elio’s sensibilicy from the ‘work-view of Prafrock, Gerontion, and The Waste Land to the ‘aversion poetry of Arh Wednesday and the Arial Poems, we have ‘ict exying something ike the following: the aridity, wartefuness, sd serlity of modern ife make Slition an unreasonable alternative ‘ter, an tnatsinable one st most. One exnot think about contine- iy in Ullogial terms, a proportion that may have had wrgent cor ‘aboration inthe recent failure of ERot's Set mariage bu t which ‘Bioc's mind gave afar wider application.” The only othe alterna- ‘ves seme tobe provided by institution, aocatons, and comm ‘in whowe social existence war notin fact guranteed by biology, tout by afliaion. Thus according to Eliot Lancelot Andrewes con- 57 in is writing the enfolding presence of the English charch, “Somehing representative ofthe finest spirit of England ofthe time and]... tamerpioce of ecclesiastical statesmanship.” With Henn, Andrews invoked nett beyond simple Prot x crs of egaliy with che Continental antagonists end eel Sorc Ces cdo te petit rl1 Secaar Critiiom preacher of Bor the yoice of Andrewes is the voice of a mun who has 2 formed visible Church behind hin, who speaks with the ld aa- thority and the new eulrure.”” lio’ reference to Hooker and Andrewes is figurative bat it i meant with a quite Iteral force, just ax that second “merely” (Lat- {mer is merely'« Protestant) is an assertion by Blic of “the old a= thority and the new cular” Ifthe English church is not ina direct Tine of filiaton semming from the Roman church, is nevertheless ‘something more than a mere lal herey, more chan a mere protest- ing orphan. Why? Beeause Andrewes and others like him to whose sntecedent authority Eliot has now subscribed were able to hares the old peteral anthorty oan ineurgeat Protestant and national ‘culture, thereby creating 4 new instication based not on direct genes- Fogicl descent but on what we may all, barberouly, horizontal af- {fidation. According to Hiot, Andrewes' language does not simply ‘express the anguished distance from an originating but now unrecor- ‘rable father that a protesting orphan might fel onthe contrary, it ‘converts that language ito the expreston of an emerging afilitive ‘orporation--the English church which commands the respec and the aention ofits adherens. In Eli's poetry much the same change occurs. The speakers of Prufrook and Gerontion aswell asthe characters of The Waste Land ‘rectly express the plight of orphenhood end alienation, wheress the [persons of Ash Wednecday and Four Quartets speak the commen [inguage of other communicants within the English church, For Eliot, the church stands infor the let family mourned throughout his ear lier poetry. And of course the shift is publicly completed in After Strange Gods whose slmest bellgereat emouncement ofa credo of royals, cassciem, and eatholiciem form a set of sfiations fchieved by Elio outside the lial (republican, romantic, protestant) patter given him by the facts of his American (end oatlndish) ‘ire, “The turn from filiaton to afiliation isto be found elsewhere inthe ‘cukure and embodies what Georg Simmel calls the modern eultaral Seculr Criticiom 19 proces by which life “incemently genertes forms for itself” forms ‘hat, once they appear, “demand a validity which transcends the mo- ‘next, and is emancipated from the pulse of fe For this reason, life ‘ways in 2 latent opposition to the form.” One thinks of Yeats fying from the blendishments of “the honey of generation” to the Fresences who are “eel-born mockers of man's enterprise,” which he ‘ex down in A Vision ccording to spacious afiliative order be in- eed for himself and his work. Or, as Ian Wat bas aud aboot ‘f pirical end intellecal freedom: these writers “then invite sto thre the lager transcendental (afiliatve] or private systems of ‘order snd value which they have adopted and invented.” In his best ‘work Conrad shows ts the faiicy of ruch private systems of order td value (ory the urpian world created by Charles and Amelia ‘Gould in Nostromo), bat no less than his contemporaries he too took. ten in his own life (a did Eliot and Henry James) the adopted idea ‘ty ofan emigré-tarned-Fglah-gentleman. On the other side of the tectram we find Lakace saggorting that only class consciousness, it ‘nif m inrorrectionary form ofan atempt a sfliston, could posi- Uy break through the antinomies and stomizations of reified exis tener in the modern capitalist work-order. "What I am describing eth transition from afulled idea or posi- ‘bry of filiation toa kind of compensatory order that, whether itis jay, mn inmieaton, x calture, ast of bets, or even world-rision, [rovides men and women with « new form of relationship, which 1 thve been calling afiietion bur whichis also new eyrem. Now tsi een hina cr mode freon a 10 {found smong conservative writers lke Bit or among progressive ‘wr Hke Lakes and, in his own special way, Frend, we will fd ‘the deliberately explicit goa of using that new order to reinstate ves tiga of the kind of ruthorty associated in the past with filative der. Thi, Sally ie the third par ofthe pattern. Freud's prychoan- ‘Syed end Lukac’ notion ofthe vanguard party ae no less pro- ‘de of what we might all restored suthorty. The new hierarchy (rf is lees a hierarchy then a community, the new eammonity20. Seculr Critic that something resembling cultura este extablisbed. Thos fa filial relationship was beld together by narural bonds and natara forms of sothorty involving obedience, fear, lve, respect, and in- stincteal cotfice—the new alae reltonship changes these tbnds inc what seem to be traspersoalfrme—such a guild on- sclousoes, consensus caleiliy, profesional respect, clas, and the Ihogemony of a dominant culere The Sitve scheme belong to the ‘als of mature and off” wherea afatin belong exclusively to culture and society. Tis worth saying fncidcatally that what an extimable group of li cary atin hve adumbrated ia the passage from fliston to afi ‘tion parallels similar observations by sociologists and records core. Spending developments in the structure of knowledge. Teanies' no- ton ofthe shif from Gemefncbaft wo Gereichaft an easily be e- ‘onciled with the idea of fiiation replaced by efiiation, Simiary, 1 ‘lieve de increased dependence of the mader scholar upon the smal, specialized guild of people ia his or her fld (a indoed the ‘ery iden of Geld el), and the notion within elds tht the og ‘ating Iuman subject in of lat importance than transhuman rules nd theories, accompany the transformation of satura itive ints systematically afilitive relaionahips. The ls ofthe subject, sit kas commonly been refered to, sin various ways the lou as well of ‘he procreative, generational urge authorizing fiiative relationships. "he repr peer {ave Br doing awh te procese of flation and afliation as they have been depictod—can {Ciera nes of he page amma ctr wll ran instanceof bow afiiation can easly become a sytem of Thought no less orthodor sd dominant chan cule fee. What 1 “ean abruptly to talk shout a thin junetre ae the effets of this pat- term an they have affected the medy of terature today, at» consider- sbi reno fm aly Yes afoot. The ure of trary Knowledge derived from the academy is heavily imprinted with the thee pare pattern T have larated bere. This imprinting hes oo ‘crred in ways that are impressive fara rtcal thought (sezord- jing vo my notion of what ought tobe) is concer, Let me pase dlecly now to concrete examples, ‘Bre sine Hot, and fer him Richards and Leavi, there has been san almost unanimously held view that it nthe duty of humanistic ‘holar in our calere to devote themselves to te study ofthe reat, ‘monuments of literatare. Why? So that they may be passed on 0 ‘younger student, wo in furh become members, by filiaton and ‘Seclar Orci 21 ‘ormition, ofthe company of educated individuals. Thus we find the perience more of les ofcally conscrating the pact be- (pocets, This has alos aways been the cae historically within “Fier migh be ealed the clistral world of the traditional Wester, TRocrtily of the Eastern, university. Bot we are now, thinkin t Jarod of word history when forthe fit tine the compenstory af- [iscve relationships interpreted during the academic course of soy jn the Western university actually exclude more than they inciude. ‘Gor formally into stodents in Western universities through the {fers fui to sal, represents aly a fraction ofthe real human fRlsonahips and interactions now taking place in the world. Cor- CGinly Auerbach was among the lat great representatives of those ‘who bicyed that European culture could be viewed coberently and eportantly 25 unquestionably central to human history. There are ttrndant reasons for Averbac’s view being no longer tenable, not i soquiscence and deference xc- ‘nor what is best i on, that is, the only, tradition. Moreover they are ‘Soph thar vu fields tthe manites and such subtlds as “itera~ tae” exit in a relatively neutral political element, that they are to be Spprecare and venerated that they define the lite of what i a- approptate, and legitimate far as culture is conceraed. In (Gus is good, and therefore deserves tor programs of humanistic arody, and what is no ours this ulti-22 Seculer Crscom mately provincial sensei simply left out. And out of this representa: ‘don come the systems from Northrop Frye's to Foucault's, which ‘lim the power to how how things work, once and forall roaly tod predicively. Ie should go without saying that this new aflitve ‘Rrocture and is eystems of thought more or less directly reproduce the skeleton of family authority left behind when the Family was left behind. The curricular structures holding Europer lteratre departments rake that perfectly obvious: the great ea, a ‘wall as the great teachers ani the great theories, have an authority {hat compels respectfl attention not so much by virtue oftheir com tent but beesse they are either eld or they have power, they Have ‘been handed on in time ot seem to have no time, and they have tradi- ‘lonely been revered, a priests, sceatists, or efickent bureauers have eght. Tr muy soem od, but iste, tht in such matters as culture and scholarship Iam often in reatontbe sympathy with conservative st- tirudes, and what I might object to in what I have been describing {oes not have much to do with the acvity of conserving the part, ot ‘With reading great literature, or with doing serious and perbape even ware iarship ‘sumption the the Eurocentric model for the humanities actually rep- resents ¢ natural and proper rubject matter for the humanistic Scholar. ts authority comes not only from the orthodox canon of it~ Cary monuments handed down through the generations, ut slo from the way tht continuity reprodaces the filial eomtinsity ofthe ‘chin of bilogial procreation. What we then have isa subritution of fone srt of order for another, in the proces of which everything tha {2 onbumeniste and nonliterary end non-European is deposited fovtside the structure. If we consider fora minute that most of the ‘world today is ‘at transactions within what the UNESCO/MeBride Report calls the world information onder it therefore not literary, and tht the socialsciences and the media (to fname only two modes of cultural production in ascendancy tod fover the claslally defined humanities) dominate the difsion of [knowledge in ways chat are scarcely imagitable to the traditional ho- ‘manisic scholar, then we will eve some idea of how ostichlike and retrograde assertions about Enrocentic humanities really ae. The process of representtion, by which fillation is reproduced in the [lative structure and made to stand for what belongs tous (28 We Seculer Criticiom 2 pont represen, but on what they areas the re- tit of contested social and poitial relationships. Descriptions ofthe ‘ural mansion, for example, do not st bottom entail only what isto ‘e admired by way of harmony, repose and bemty they should also ‘ail fr the modem reader wha in fact has been excluded from the ‘pouns, the lbor thet creed the mansion, the roial processes of ‘Stich they are the culmination, the dspossesions and theft they ac- i ‘he does not come out and say it, Wiliams’ for in Jane Austen's novele—hat gained ies durable sara a the re- salt of contests involving money snd power. Willams teaches us t ‘ead ins diferent way and o remember that for every poem or novel {B the canon thee ira socal fact being requisitioned forthe page = Truman ie cogage, ¢ clae suppressed or elevated—none of which ‘em be accounted for in the framework rigidly msinsined by the ‘peceses of represetation and sfiliton doing above-ground work Ter the conservation of Slistion, And for every etal eystem grind ingoon there are evens, heterogeneous and uaorthodox social conig- ‘ction, human beings and texts disputing the posibiity of a over~ ‘ge methodology of system. "Everything Ihave oxi san from the verbal echo we ‘war between the words “filation” and “afiiton.” In a certain tenee, what I have been tying to show is tha, ax i bas developedVv 24 Seoaar Critic “The critic enables, indeed transact, the trmafer of legitimacy from ‘Sliaton to efit; Uterally« midwife, the etic ecourages reve ‘ence forthe humanities and forthe dominant clrore served by those ‘bumanites. This keeps ‘within the narrow ciee of what isnatareleppropiste; and valid for “us,” nd thereafter excludes the ‘onlteray, ti non-Earopeen ad above all he poical dimension in which al eratre all texts, canbe found. It lo gives ric to « ‘cial system or theory whose empaton forthe erie Ua re elves al the problems that clare giver rise to. As John Fete x {sid this “expen the modem distin for reality, but progres ‘Bri incorporses sd anaes within the egos of preva ing social (ed ears) ratnaliy. This endows with x double ‘ppea andthe expanding scope of the theory, coreponding to the ‘Spanding mode ofthe production and repradecton of socal is, fre it sutborty ws «major ideology.” "The second aerate i for the forme, Immediately, then, most of the poitieal snd socal world be- ‘comes available for critical and secular scrutiny, asin Affmeris Auer- ‘bach does not simply admire the Europe be has fet throug exile bat ss it anew asa composite socal end historical enterprise, made and ‘remade unceasingly by men and women in society. This scalar erti- ‘al cooscioumess can tlzo examine those forma of writing afilited ‘with Ierarue but exchided from consideration with iteatore as a result of the ideological capture of the terary tex within the Im- ‘mintc curriculum asi now stands. My analysis of recent literary ‘theory inthis book focuses on these chemes in deal, especially in the ‘vay crveal syateme —even ofthe mort sophisticated Knd—ean rao. ‘cumb tothe inherently representative and reproductive relationship berween a dominant culture and the domaing it rules. SWEAT dest mem hares rte concionnes fa have been trying to suggest, the intellecra's sation is aworldly one and yer, by vistue of thar worldines isl, the inel- Teetual's social identity “should involve something more thm strengthening thove aspects of the culture that require mere affirm tion and orthodox compliancy fom its members? “The whole ofthis book is an attempt ro answer this question. My position, again, i thatthe contemporary critical consciousness stands ‘Secular Criciom 25 ‘berween the temptations represented by two formidable and related (powers engaging cca atention. Ones the culture to which critics {re bound fleively (by birch, nationality, profesion); the ther is a ‘method or system soqured afiiatively (by social and political con- ‘ation, economic and historia cireumetances, voluntary effort and ‘wed deliberation). Both of these powers exert preseures that have ‘Don building toward the contemporary sicuatin for long peciods of time: my interest in eighteenth-century figures lke Vico and Swift, {for example, ie premised on ther knowledge the their era also made ‘las on them culturally and eyetematically, and ic was their whole ‘Camprise therefore to resi thee pressures in everything they did, ‘dhe of course that they were worldly writers end materially bound ‘other time. ‘As tf now practiced and as 1 treat i, exitcsm is am academic ‘hing, oeted for the most part far away from the questions that ‘aouble the reader of « daly newspaper. Up toa certain poi this is ad ‘led with cultural dogma, barely eubl- ‘ned ethmocentriem end nationalism, as well xa surprising isis. ‘quasizeligioos quietinn, have transported the profesional nd ‘geber In thar relatively untroubled and secladed world there eems {tbe ao contact wit the world of events and societies, which modern ory, feslleceass, and eis have infact built, Instead, contem- {foay criticom isan iration for pablicly firming the valoes of ‘hat a, Buropean, dominant elie culeare, and for privately st- ‘dng looe the unrestrained interpretation ofa universe defined in ad ‘ance w the endless misreading of misinterpretation. The result has ‘been che regulated, not to say calculated, irrelevance of erticism, x- ‘apt eran adorament to what the powers of modern industrial society {cumect the hegemony of militariam and a new cold war, the depoli- ‘iclemion ofthe ckizenry, the overall compliance ofthe intellectual ‘dat which eres belong. The situation I attempt to characterize ‘modem criticism (not excluding “Left erin) has occurred in pall with the ascendancy of Reagan. The role ofthe Left, nei- ther repressed nor organized, has been important for its complai- do not wish to be misunderstood as saying thatthe flight inco ‘method and eyetem on the prt of etis who wish to eveid the ideol- ‘oy of bumaniem is alrogether a bad thing. Far from it. Yet the dan-| 26 Secor Cision ger of method and system are worth noting. Insofar as they become ‘and as their practitioners lose touch with the resistance and the heterogeneity of civil sociery, they risk becoming wall-to-wall ‘scours, bithely predetermining what they discuss, hecdlemly ‘converting everything into evidence forthe efficacy of the method, ‘areesly ignoring the circumstances ou of which al theory, system, land method ultimately derive. ‘Criticism in shore i always stoateds tis skeptical, secular, refs tively open to ie owm filings. This is by no means to oxy thai is ‘value free. Quite the contrary, forthe inevitable trajectory of eriial ‘Consciousness to arrive at some acute sense of what pliial, soci, {nd homan values are entiled in the reading, prodaction, and tran ‘mission of every text. To stnd between culture and system i there fore to stand cloe to—closeness itself having a particolar value fr tme-—a concrete elity about which politcal, moral, and social judge tment have to be made and, i not only made, then exposed end de- ‘mystified If as we have recently been told by Stanley Fish every act of interpretation is made posible and given force by an interpretive ‘community, then we mur go great deal further in showing what ‘Stuation, what hivtorieal and socal configuration, what political i terest are concretely entailed by the very existence of interpretive ‘lyin the subject of these estas but i the eny form itself. or if Tam to be taken seriously ar saying that soclar criticism deals with local and worldly sitaasons, and that i is ensttutively opposed ro the production of masive, hermetic eystems, then it most fllow th the csory—a comparatively short, Kvesigative, radically skeptical orm—is the principal way in which to write criticism. Cerain ‘themes, naturally enoogh, recur in the esays that make up this book. (Given relatively wide selection of topes, the book's uni, however, is also unity of atrade and of concern. With two exceptions all thecsseys collected here were written durig the period immediasly following the completion of my book Bepinnings: Intention ond ‘Method, which argued the practical end theoretical necessity of & ‘eaoned point of departure for any otlleczual and creative jb of ‘work, given that we exin in secular history, in te “always-already” ‘begun realm of continuously human effort. Thus each esxy presap- ‘poses that book. Yet it is more important to point ott that (agin with Secular Crim 27 two exceptions) all of these eaeays were writen as Iwas working on free books dealing withthe history of relations between East and ‘Wea: Orientelinn (1978), The Question of Palestine (1979), ud (Covering Ilem (1981), Books whowehisorical and social seting is fd caltral inthe mort Urgent way. On matters having t Ab with the relationship between scholarship and polities, between 2 {pode sitation and the interpretation and the production of a wxt, Sewers textual iteelf and social reality, the connection of some ‘emays hereto thove three books willbe evident enough "The eaaye collected ere are eranged in three internked ways, Fem {look ot the worldly and gecular world in which texts take place | and in which cerein writers (Swift, Hopkins, Conrad, Fanon) are ‘Gomplary for their attention tothe deal of everyday exience de- God as stuation, event, and the organization of power. For the etic, the challenge ofthis secalar world i that ts not reducible oan ex- ‘plamtory of originating theory, much las to a coletion of calrral [rls There are instead mall numberof pechape unexpected ‘Gumctristics of wordless tht play role in making eense of tex- {nal experience, among them fiaton and afliation, the body end the {now of sight and bearing, repetition, and the sheer heterogenciy of desl Next I turn to the peeaiar problems of contemporary critical ‘ory a it either confronts or iiores rues raised forthe sxudy of, ts (and vetuaity) by the veclar worl. Finally treat the prob- ttm of what hsppens when the culture attempts to understand, domi- funn or recaprure mothe, less powerful one. "A word is in order about the special role played by Swift inthis ‘oak There ae two esays on him, both of them stressing the resis- tance he offers to the modern exiteal theorist (resstnce being tmuter of cetral relevance to my argoment in this book). The rea- {eon for this are not only that Swift cannot easily be ascimilted to (caveat ideas about “writer,” “the txt," or “the heroic author,” but that his work na once occasional, powerful, and—from the point of tier of systematic teatual pracico—incoberent. To read Swift [souny 2 to try to epprebend a series of events in all their mesry ferent to admire and then calmly to decode a string of high mon- ‘amen In edition, his own socal role was thet ofthe crite involved ‘vit, but never pomeating, ower: alert, forceful, undogmatic, ionic, (ean of orthodoxies and dogmas, respectful of seed uncoereive28 Seculr Critic Perry Anderson in thei dispute over his real (progressive or réac- ‘ionary) political commitments. For me be the ext ‘consciousness in a raw form, «large-scale model ofthe lemmas fac lng the contemporary crise conciousness that has tended to be too Climtered and to straced to eaxy systematiing. He stands vo fr ‘outside the world of contemporary critical discourse ast verve as one ‘agitation and unacaderic design on is political end social conte, Swift's writing eupplies modern critic with what it has sorely ‘needed since Arnold covered crccal writing with the mantle of eal tural authority and reactionary political quiedam. it isan undoubted fon to sy, on the other hand, tha these eateye make absolutely clear what ny ertical poston —ouly implied by Orientaim and my other recent books—eally is. To some this may seem lke «falling of rigor, honesty, or energy. To ‘others ic may imply some radical tooereinty on my par a8 to what 1 ‘do stand for, expecaly given the fit chr T have been accased by col leagues of intemperate and even unseemly polemician. To ell ‘othery—and this concerns me more—it may ezem that Tam an unde- | dared Marxist, afraid of loving respectability and concerned by the ‘contradictions eataled by the label "Marsa." ‘Without wishing to answer all the questions raised by these mat ters, I would like my views tobe at clear a posible. On the quertion fof government and foreign policy that pricalarly involve me, noth ing more should be added here than what is seid in the lst four ‘essays in this book. Bu onthe important mater ofa critical position, its relationship to Marxism, Uberalisn, even anarchism, i needs o be ‘nid that esis modified in advance by labels He "Mareiem” ‘econ ew megan Teli rare wy sxravapently hhow the dicrom “sliderity befor etiam” meant the end of e+ cam. I take erticiam ao seriously at to believe that, even in the very ‘midst of « btalein which one is tamistakably on one side against am- ‘other, there shouldbe eritcom, becaase there mst be ential =m ‘sclousnen if there are to be isoes, problems, values, even lives tobe fought for, Right now in American cultural history, "Marais" is ‘principally an arademic, not «politcal, commitment. craks becom {gan academic eubspecialry. As corollaries ofthis unforcanate rath there ar also soch things to be mentioned asthe absence of anim ‘portent socialist party (slong the lines ofthe various Earopean par Secale Crincim 29 discourse of “Left” writing, the seeming nea fect og” Marc ‘Sten dire plied petrens bur tian pr ons ot {Sie gat deo things pig oni the werd ose sna tempeh all this is ‘that I have chp sper way of xpreig al ho sy th setae cnc by Marsa by Marcin ory ee me ie mpumens ung en win twenty Marzo bre fd may teig ch nny nous, Mare ‘Stonc’s) is valuable, expecially if the doctrinal wall keeping out non ‘mombers have not been put up to begin with. The same is true of Cision deriving from 4 profoundly conservative outlook, Aver- tues own, for example; at ts est, this work also teaches us how to ‘been, rer than how tobe good members of school. The posi- tive aes of afliaton are mzay afterall, whichis not to say that a0- ‘Horitaraniem end orthodoxy are any les dangerous. ‘Were Ito use one word consatently along with crticirm (not sxx smodiicaton but as m emphatic) it would be oppositional. If ei erable net «dri nat poll poston on ¢ ‘priculee question, and if iis to be in the world and self-aware si- tec, then ett eee fm othr cls, ‘Gris and foe aystems of thooght or of method. In its egpicion of ‘wcalizing concepts, nits discontent with reid object, in ts impa- ‘dence with guilds, special increas, impeilized fcfdoms, and ortho- dex bits of mind, crtcem is mom elf and, if the paradox cam be teleraed, moet unite itself tthe moment starts toring into org tized dogma “Ironic” is not x bad word to use along with “opposi- ‘iomal” For i the main—end here shal be explicie—criticiom mut ‘thik of if as if-enhancing and constitutively opposed to every form of tyranny, domination, and abuse its social goals are noncoer- {Gre Knowledge produced in the interests of human freedom. If we ‘ape with Reymond Williams, “that however dominant a socal sys- ‘en may be, the very meaning of its domination involves limitation tr election ofthe aivis it covers, so that by definition it cannot tahun all socil experience, which therefore always potentially con- {aim spce for alternative aczs and slterative intentions which are fot yr articulated as socal nation or even project." then crt30 Secer Critic ‘iam belongs in that potential space inside civil society, acting on be- half of those alternative acts and akerntive intentions whose ad vancement is a fondamental homan sod intllecrual obligation. "There isa danger thatthe fucintion of whats dfficult—criticiam being one of the forms of dificalry—might take the joy out of one's bart But there is every reason to suppose thatthe eitic whois tired ‘of management andthe day's wari, ke Yeats’ narrator, quite capa- ‘leat least of finding the sable, pulling out the bot, and vetting ere tive enerpice free. Normally, however, the critic can but entertain, ‘without flly expressing, the hope. Ths is a poignant irony, robe re. called for the benefit of people who that criticism is art, and ‘who forget that, the moment enything acquires the status of # cok teresting. Tha x bottom position are critical aspects ofthe intellectual’ life 1 The World, the Text, and the Critic INGE deme in oer i 94 he Come ‘Pimist Glenn Gould has confined his work to records, ‘ehvsioa, and radio, There is some disagreement among critics 2810 ‘whecher Gonld is always or only sometimes, «convincing interpreter td oe or smother piano pice, but there is no doubt chat each of his ‘now isa least special. One eximple of how Gould has ing recently is euted for diacassion bere. In 1970 he is- Neen operating ined «record of his performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony in {Bs Lint plano transcription. Quite aside fom the suprise one fel at Gould's eccentric choice ofthe pice (which seemed more peculiar then ual even forthe arch-ccentric Gould, whote controversial [paformances hed formerly been associated either with classical or Comemporary music), there were 2 number of oddities aboot this fericalar release: ist’ Beschoven tenocription wat not only ofthe (Gocteeth century but of its most egregious apoct, pianisially peking: not content with ing the concert experience into & ‘fla for the vrtuos'sself-exhibition it aleo raided the literature of ‘ober instrament, making of thei music « flamboyant occasion for the pianists skill Moet transcriptions tend on the whole to sound ‘ic or mod, since frequently the piano i attempting to copy the fesrure ofan orchestral sound. Liea’s Fifth Symphony was less of- {sve than mest transcriptions, mainly becase it was so briliantly ‘adored forthe piano, but evens ts most clear the sound wat an un- {Gol one for Gould to be producing. His sound previously had been ‘he chest and most mudorned of all pianist’, which was why be ted ehe uncanny ability to tar Bech’s counterpoint almost inc a vs- felexpesince The Lie tension, in sor, was an eirely ait aUnless etberoie indicted, trenton: ere my on a ae 1 Thr ed gui west of he pen Nom (Goma, Language end (ew Yor: Pantheon, 1977). 6 ‘See slo Edhar. Sei, Covering Ile (New Yor: Pantheon, 1981) pp. 17-164. 1. The example of the Nei who red Rilke and then wots on ea "had not yt become well sam an England Dering the Renasance (New York: Oxford University Prem 137. 7. verbach, sod Weliteraner,” wan M. nd E. W. Sst Coca ri 13 (Wi 198-7 8. Hoo of St View, Dideselicon rms. Jerome Taylor (New ‘Yorks Calbia University Prom 1961), p10. ‘9, Se ny Oriental (New York Prtheon, 1978), ep. chap. 1. 10. A. L. Krocher and Clyde Klnckbohn, Cua: Crit! Re- sg of Cnc nd Drfetion (95 pt. Now Ye: Vinge Bek, 2s296 Notes 10 Pages 10-36 11, Mathew Aroold, Culture and Amare, ed. J. Dover Wilton (89, pt. Caries Cabri University Pres, 196), p70. Tr Wid, p 208 15, Lent Ting, Beend Caltre Eset on Learning and Litera re (New Yor: Viking Pret 1965). p15. 1 Quoted in Philip D. Corin, ey Imperatnn (New Yor: Walker tnd Company, 1971), . 2 Is re Stokes The" English Ustrias and India (Oxf (Carendon Press, 1959) p. 298 16. See Orientaim, pp 153-156 alo the important study by ‘iyan Tmer, Mart end th End of Oriente (London: Allen and Unwin, 198) 17. See my Beginnings: Intention amd Metod (New York: Basic Books, 1975, pp. 61-8 and pani. 18. Theinfornation weal provided by Lydall Gordon Ets ary Yours (Oxford sod New Yor: Oxo Universe Prom, 1977). 19. 5. hot, Sled Es (1952 rp. Landon: Feber and Faber, 1983). 9p. 38-344 20. Georg Simmel, The Confit in Modern Caltre and Onber ny tna. dK Ptr Baton (New York: Teacher College Pros, 1968) p ian Wat, Conrad in the Ninth Cenery (Brey: Univer xy of Caran Pres, 1979). p.32 22, John Fekete. Te Ciel Tog aploretins inthe Ideology of Angle Amerizen Literary Theory from Blot lo MeLaben (Landon Roatedige and Kegan Pl 1977) pp. 193-194 2, For an extended snlyirof the role of terpretie commune, sce Stanley Fish, I There a Tet This Clas? (Cmbeidge: Harvard Uni 1. The World, the Text, and the Critic 1, Paul Ricoeur, “What I Text? Esplanation and lterpretaton” in David Rasmussen, Mythic Symbolic Language end Phiovopical At- Ubrepology A ConsractoeIterpreation of be Thought of Pal Ricone (The Hague: Ni, 1971), p. 138. For« more intereing distinction be- {oreo oowre and tet, see Roland Barthes, "De 'Oewre tutte.” Reve Tebetbigaa 3 (1971), 225-232 2.0 have daca this In chap. 4 of Begbongr: Intention amd Method (New York Basie Books, 1975). 5 Riltere, “The Sele Suficien Tex.” Dzeier (Fall 1973), p. 4. This the main polemical point inthis tract Arvada mabe, ‘od. Shawhi Dai (Cara 1947). The tot dates ro 1180 Notes Page 37-51 297 Roger Arnalies, Grammaire ot tholgies chex Ibn Hx de Cordon (at Vi 150, td pie There ct some ‘what schema count of Tn Ginn, hn Mae, aod echer in Anis Fea, Nathriget fl Laghe (Brac Al-Makeabe al Jey, 1973). &: Aralden,Granomire shoo 9.12. 7. Wid p. 6. id, p77 4 The Joarele and Papers of Garard Manly Hopi, od “amply Hout and Graban Storey (London: Oxford University Pros, 1959). 195. To. Thi, p. 129, 1, The Poomt of Gerard Manly Hopkins, ed. W.¥. Gardner and [NH Mackenzie (Landon: Oxford University res, 1967), p90. 12, The Latter of Gerard Maney Hoplinsw Robert Bridge, (Gene ler Abert (Oxford: Oxford Universcy Pres, 1958), pp 51-32. 12, Quoted in Artbony Biashl, SJ, “Hopkin Later to his Brother” Timer Literary Supplement, December 8, 1972p. 151. 4. Pow of Hoping p 108. 13, The drt at Crit! Creal Writing of Ozer Wide, Rich sd Elinann (New York Vitae, 1970) p. 386. 16: Complete Works of Oxcer Wil el}. B. Foreman (London: Calling, 1971) p38. 17. Ona Wilde, De Profundis (New York: Vinge, 1964, p18. id, p 061. Bid pp. 3435. 20. Midlemareh, cd. Gordon S. Haight (Boston: Houghton Mit. in, 1956), p 302. 21, Lord im (Boon: Houghton Milling, 1958). 161, 2X, Nicos anny oft thi igh eto be found every where in his work but epoca in The Genealogy of Moras ann Toe Wile Power 28, Sein parla rot Renan, Hive pndral este com- part des enguer seit, a Onvers comple, ed. entae Picar (Gos Can ye) Vi Michel Foucault "The Discourse oo Language” in The Ar- ctsegy of nls MSs Sith eat ain i9ra)ep2 ‘Sx A Poa ofthe Arar Young Men (New York Viking rs, 1964), p08 18, Fanon, The Wretched ofthe Earth rns, Constance Faringon (New Yorks Grove Pres, 1964) pp. 31-32. "h.jcqos Desrda,“La Pharmacie de Pion” in Le Ditton (Paix Sel, 1972), pp. 145 ad pain.286 Notes 1 Pager 10-36 11, Mathew Arpold, Qulture and Anercly ed. J. Dover Witon (186 rp. Cambridge: Cambri University Pres, 1968) p.70 1, Ibid, p 204. 13, Lind Telling, Beyond Culture: sey om Learwing ond Liters. ‘are (New Yorks Viking Pest, 1965). 175. 14 Quoted in Philip D. Curtin, ed, Imperiation (New York Walter and Conny, 1971), p12 15. Ere Stokes, The English Usliterians ond India (Orford, ‘Clarendon Press 1959), p. 298 1 Se Orin, op 8-16 a the ingrant dy y Bryan Turner, Marr end the End of Orieation (Leadon: Allen end Unwi, 1978). 17, See my Beginnings: Inemion end Method (New Yor: Basi Books, 1975), pp. 81-88 and pas. 1. The information i weflly proved by Lynda Gordon, Hor’ Early Years (Oxford and New York Onford Univesity Pes, 197). 19. TS. Blo, Selred Bizye (1932; tpt. Londo: Faber end Faber, 1953), pp. 4-344. 20. Geog Simmel, The Confit ix Modern Cultre and Other aay, trans. ad ed K: Peter Etshora (New York Teachers Cologe Pres, 1968), p12 21, lan Wat, Conrad in sh Nintenth Century (Behey: Univer shy of Calfrnia Pros 1979), p 32 22. John Fekete, The Crise Titight: Explorations in tbe Ideology ‘of Ango-americen Literary Theory from Blt 1o Meluben (Londow ole and Kegan Pal, 1977) pp. 195-98 75. Form extended analysiof the role of communis, sce unley Fy Is Three Test Ti Clas (Canes Harvard OS, ‘erty Press, 196). 24, Raymond Wiliams, Poiir and Leterr: Ineriner with New Left Reviews (London: New Le Books, 1979) p22 1. The World, the Test, and the Critic 1, Paul Ricoeur, "What Iss Tex? Esplenton and loterprecaton” in David Rasmussen, Mythic Symbolic Language ond Philosophical Aw Ubroplagy: A Contractor Interpreation of be Thought of Pal Rica (CThe Hage: Nit 1971). 138. Por a mre ineretng dination be- ‘ween oeuvre and te see Rand Bart, "De 'Oxuvre ste” Reve Pexbtbiqa, 3 (1971, 225-232. 2.1 have discs this in chp. 4 of Begining: Intention end Mabod (Nev York Basie Boos, 1975). 3. Rife, “The Sel Sofcient Tex.” Dizeics (Fall 1973), 4. This eth main polemical point fn thi trac Arras, ‘od. Shawhi Du (Car, 1947). The tet dts from 1180 teen. 9. Toe Journals and Papers of Gerard Manley Hopi, ed apy Hout tl Gn Stee (London: Oxo ivy Pe Spi Fa ip. The om of Gard Manly Holi W. Harter and 1Z The Later of Gerard Manly Hopkins wo Robert Bridge, o ‘CandeCoiler Abbot (Onford: Oxford Univeray Pres 1955), pp 31-32. 15. Quoted in Anthony Bissbot, SJ, “Hopkine’ Lazer to hs Oat We De Preis (New York: Vinge, 1964), p18 Ta, p06. i pp 435. 2, Midler, e. Gordon 5. Haigh (oxox: Hoon Mit fin, 1988), p92. 2 Lord fim (Beto: Houghton Ming, 1956), p16. 2: Rp ia 2% Ke Marz Der Acksmte Bronsive der Louis Bonoperis, (1052, Beste Dies Veg, 1007) pe 2 Nich rly in thi ight ae ob ond erry- wherein his wrk, bu copay The Genel of Marl an The Witte Pooer 25, Soin parila Et Renan, Hive génrale sie com ‘pera lengua in Oro comple Peart Poca {ein Caine Liy, foto), Vill, PI. 3%. Mich Foo, “The Discus on Language” in The Ar hey of Kel tat AM Shrine (New ark: amon, imple [is Porrai of te Ariat Young Man (New York Viking Pre 1964.10 28. Fon, The Wretched ofthe Earth, wan, Costne Friogton (sew Yer: Grove Pre, 1964), p. 3-32 °B Jcgos Dera "La Pasmace de Pann Le Disttion (Pui Su 1972), pp. 143 ad pi.