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Linear Circuit Models of PWM Flyback and Buck/Boost Converters

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications · September 1992
DOI: 10.1109/81.168931 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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688 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS-I, FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS. VOL 39, NO R, AlJmJST 1992

cumpkx polynumials'," IEEE Trans, Circuits Syst., vol. 38, pp.

1397-1400, Nov. 1991.
[18] H, Bo uguerra, B. C, Chang ,
H, H, Yeh, and S, S, Band a , " Fast
the convex combination of stable polynomi­
stability checking for
als," IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr., vol. 35, pp. 586-588, May 1990.

Linear Circuit Models of PWM Flyback and (al

Buck/Boost Converters

Dariusz Czarkowski and Marian K Kazimierczuk

Ahstroct-A new method of modeling PWM converters operating in

continuous conduction mode (CCM) is introduced, The procedure of
deriving the models consists of three steps. First, static voltage and
current transfer functions of the idealized switching part of the convert­
ers are found. Second, the linearization of these transfer functions at the
(b)
operating point is carried out and the idealized switching part is
replaced by dependent current and voltage sources. Third, the equiva­
lent average resistance
average voltage
(EAR) of parasitic resistances and equivalent
(RAV) of offset voltage sources of switches are deter· CD
'
D' n:,
n CJJ 'TI � -
mined using the principle of energy consenJation. The method leads to
linear de and small-signal circuit models of a PWM converter. The rL ·
rc
obtained models give the same de and small-signal characteristics as the
� R �
state-space averaging method. To illustrate the method, the analysis of L
• C
the PWM flyback converter is given, taking into account parasitic
resistances of the transformer, the filter capacitor, the switch, and the
diode as well as the diode threshold voltage_ Design equations for dc (cl
voltage trausfer function, efficiency, and small-signal characteristics are
derived.

nVf
I. INTRODUCTION

�.n:'rn
-
PWM dc/de switch-mode converters are usually modeled D(,ns +Tn)
using the state-space averaging technique and linearization n'(I.D) (rn+R,)
[1]-[5]. This method of modeling is quite laborious, especially '< R Vo
when the equivalent circuit contains a large number of compo­ • C
nents. To overcome this problem, linear circuit models of con­ L
vertcrs have been discussed in [6], [7]. Interesting nonlinear L-____________�____� +

design techniques have been reported in [8]-[10]. Howevcr, a (d)

systematic method for including parasitic components into aver­ Fig. 1. PWM flyback converter, (a) Circuit. Cb) Eq uivalent circuit with
aged models has not been presented. ideal components. (c) Equivalent circuit with actual co m pone nts. Cd)
The purpose of this paper is to introducc a simple method of Equivalent circuit with equivalent averaged re s i stances connectcd in

obtaining dc and small-signal linear models of PWM dc/de series with the magnetizing inductance of the transformer.
converters, taking into account parasitic resistances of reactive
components and power switches and offsct voltages of power resistance of the secondary of the transformer, VF is the thresh­
switches. A comprehensive analysis of the PWM flyback con­ old voltage ot the diode, RF is the forward resistance of the
verter is given to illustrate the new method. diode, and rc is the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the
filter capacitor.
II. ANALYSIS OF FLYBACK CONVERTER
A circuit of the flyback converter is shown in Fig. l(a). It is A. Assumptions
comprised of a controllable switch S (e.g., MOSFET), a trans­
The analysis of the flyback converter of Fig. Ha) begins with
former with a turns ratio n, a diode DI, a filter capacitor C, and
the following assumptions.
a load resistance R. The switch is turned on and off at the
switching frequency Is = liT with the ON duty ratio D = ton/T, 1) The power MOSFET in the ON state is modeled by a
wherc ton is the interval when the switch is ON. Fig. Hc) depicts constant resistance 'os and in the OFF state by an infinite
an equivalent circuit of the converter, where ros is thc transistor resistance. Its output capacitancc and lead inductance (and
ON resistance, r T1 is the winding resistance of the primary of the thereby switching losses) are zero.
transformer, 'L is the magnetic core series resistance, L is the 2) The diode in the ON state is modeled by a constant-voltage
magnetizing inductance of the transformcr, 'T2 is the winding battery VF and a constant forward resistance RF and in
the OFF state hy an infinite resistance. The chargc-carrier
Manuscript rec eiv ed October 4, 1991; revised May IS, 1992. This work lifetime is zero for p - n ,junction diodes (and therefore
was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant ECS- switching losses due to thc reverse recovery are zero), the
8922695. This paper was recommended by Associatc Editor F. Y. Chang.
diode junction capacitance and lead inductance are zero.
The authors are with the Department of Elec trical Engineering,
Wright Stat e University, Dayton, OH 45435. 3) The transformer leakage inductances and the stray capaci­
IEEE Log Numbe r 9203653. tances are neglectcd.

1057-7122/92$03.00 © 1992 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS-I: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, VOL. 39, NO.8, AUGUST 1992 689

4) Passive components are linear, time-invariant, and fre­
quency-independent.
S) The output impedance of the input voltage source is zero
for both dc and ac components,
6) The ac current ripple on the dc CUTTent I L through thc
primary of the transformer is negligibly small.
7) The frequencies of ac components of the input voltage and
the duty cycle are lower than one-half the switching fre­
quency, similarly as for the state-space avcraging method
[2], [3].
B. de and Small-Signal Circuit Models of Flybaek Converter
An equiva1ent averaged resistance (EAR) of the switched
resistances can be determined using the principle of energy
eonsemation. This concept is analogous to the equivalent aver­
aged resistance of a switched capacitor in switched-capacitor
filters. The dc component of the inductor CUTTent TL is taken as
a reference current. The switch S is ON for the interval 0 < t ::;
DT and OFF for DT < t ::; T. The instantaneous switch current
in the circuit of Fig. I(c) is i, '" Iv for 0 < t ::; DT, resulting in
the RMS value of the switch current
1
-fTi; dt = mIL' (IS)
T 0

From thc steady-state analysis, the dc voltage and current

The power dissipated in the resistor rDS
transfer functions of the idealized switching part of the con­
verter shown in Fig. l(b) are [2]-[4] Frs = Ilrmsrvs = DrDs Il (16)
VD Vo D is equal to the power dissipated in the equivalent averaged
Mv= - = - = �--- (1)
Vs Vs n(1- D) resistance rsav of rDS

ID n(I-D) (17)
M I= - = ---'._-- (2)
I[ D resulting in the EAR of rDS
where Vs is the dc component of the voltage across the ideal (18)
switch, VD is the dc component of the voltage across the ideal
diode and is equal to Va,ID is the dc component of the current Likewise, the EAR of r T1 is
through the diode Dl equal to the dc output current 10, and II (19)
is the dc component of the input current.
The total instantaneous quantities of the converter can be The diode is ON for the interva1 DT < t ::; T during which its
presented as the sum of the dc and ae components current is i 0 '" nlv for DT < t ::; T. The EAR of the diode
forward resistances RF is obtained in an analogous manner and
+ V (3)
v[ = Vi i is given by
il = 1[ + ii (4) (20)
rF = n2(1- D)RF •
V Vs
s= + VS (S)
Similarly, the EAR of rn is
d·mT=D +d (6)
rna" = n2(1 - D)rT2' (21)
iD = ID + id (7)
The same approximation of the EAR's is achieved by determin­
V() = Vo + Vo' (8) ing the RMS values of the currents through the resistances using
The magnitudes of the ac components are assumed to be much trapezoidal switch and diode current waveforms.
lower than the dc components. Connecting the EAR's in series with the magnetizing induc­
From (1 ) and (2), tance and transferring VF to the primary of the ideal trans­
former leads to an equivalent circuit of Fig. l(d).
(9) Since the ac components were assumed to be much smaller
than the dc components, a linear circuit model of the converter
. _ ' _
n (t - dTOT ) .
for dc and small-signal operation can be obtained by neglecting
'D - MI'I - 1[. (10) the products vod and iid in (12) and (14). This model is shown irt
dTOT Fig. 2(a). Since the voltage across the filter capacitor is constant
Substitution of (S), (6), and (8) into (9) yields during the time interva1 (1- D)T, the avcrage inductance cur­
rent IL flows through the parallel combination of rc and R
(D + d)(Vs + vs )= n(l - D - d)(Va + vol (11)
during the time interval DT, resulting in the resistance con­
which can be reaTTanged using (1) to the form nected in series with the diode
1 n (t - D)
Vs rR = D(rcIIR). (22)
V� + + I5vsd = Va
D
Hence, the EAR of rR is
n(l - D) nVo n
Vo - �-d - -v d. (12)
+
D D2 D U
rRa" = n2D(1 - D) rR' (23)

Likewise, substituting (4), (0), and (7) into (10), one obtains Therefore, the overall EAR in series with the magnetizing
inductancc L is
(D + d)(ID + id) = n (l - D - d)(I[ + i;) (13)
r = rL + rsav + rna" + rF + rna" + rRa"
from which (and (2»
= rL + D( rDS + rn) + nZ(1- D)(RF+ r T2)
. 1. n(l - D) n(1 -D) . nIl n .
ID+ld+I5'dd= 1[+ li- 2d-I5lid.
D D D + n2D(1-D)(rJR). (24)
(14) Bccause the model depicted in Fig. 2(a) is linear, the principle of
690 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS-I: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, VOL 39, NO, 8, AUGUST 1992

913

613
10+ io
� 313

t-.�
" ,
13

(a)
-313

.131 .I Ie lee

f(kHz)
(a)

13

-45
R
-913

-135
(b) 's .. ..
-Ise
, .f-I--

-225 ,
-Z7�

.el . I Ie llim

f(kHz)
Y, Y. (b)

Fig. 3. de voltage transfer function M v DC and efficiency 1/ as functions

(e)
Fig. 2. Model of the flyback converter for CCM. (a) Averaged mode l
for de and small-signal operation. (b) de model. (e) Small-signal model.
s�perposition can be used to derive a de model shown in Fig.
2(b) and a small-signal model shown in Fig. 2(c). The important
of the on duty cycle D at R = ]4, 28, and 140 ° for VF = 0.7 Y,
Vo = 28 Y, n = 5, 'L = 2 0, 'DS = 0.5 0, TTl = 50 mO, TT2 = 10 mO,
RF = 25 mO, and 'c = 50 mO. (a) MVDC versus D. (b) 1/ versus D.
ing method. Fig. 3 shows plots of MVDC and T/ as functions of D
for different values of R for Va 28 V, n = 5, rL
= 2 n, =
'DS 0.5 n, 'Tl 50 mn, VF = 0.7 V, RF = 25 mn, and
= =

'n = 10 mn. These parameters are for the converter designed

advantage of the models of Fig. 2 is that they contain standard
in the Appendix.
circuit elements and therefore can be analyzed using circuit
simulation programs. C. Small-Signal Characteristics
Referring to Fig. 2(c), Vo = 0 if [nO - D)/Djij (n/D2)1[d.
=

Accordingly, the control law is d = (1- DXiJlj). The small-signal dynamic characteristics of the flyback con­
The dc model of Fig. 2(b) leads to the dc voltage transfer verter can be derived using the small-signal model of Fig. 2(c).
function They are valid for frequencies I up to about one-half the
switching frequency Is' They will be plotted for the converter
Va nRD(l - D)

( v:)
MVDC"'y =
designed in the Appendix.
v: . The control-to-output (or duty ratio-to-output) transfer function
j rD[n(l- D) + D] + R[n(l- D)]2 1 +
in the s-domain is

I
(25)
v (s)
The efficiency of the converter is found from (2) and (25) as T (s )-
= o
P des) Vi(s)�O [n(l - D) + D](1- D)(R + rc )
Vola VOID n(l - D ) MVDC
T/ '" v:J = v:J = MVDCMj = D
j j j j
(5 + w,c) (s + wll)
R[n(l - D)f (27)
s2 + 2g,w,s + w,2

( �) .
(26)
rD[n(l- D) + D] + R[n(l - D)]2 1 + where

According to the assumptions, this expression does not take into

account the conduction losses caused by the ac components of wIe =
-
(28)
currents and switching losses, similarly as the state-space averag- Crc
IEEE TRANSACOONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS-I: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS, VOL 39, NO.8, AUGUST 1992 691

61<!
/1
1 .c::T+
�{ : I

:!;+---i, � 31<! V- t-
If: , �
Q;'f----i V I'--
'�8 Di h"
I<!
j/\ l
;' - V

....�"'.�
.
04D\\ -3�
-�r- \' .0001 .O�l .01 .1 10 100

D J(kHz)
(a) (a)

�
r--
-45

I'--
-91<!
..
-
-135 "" -
� -. -
-lSI<!

-ZZ5

\" :
.
,
. ,
-Z71<!

.omll .mll • (l1 .1

I'-- f--
10 l��
,

\.\:
\ j(kHz)
D (b)
(b) Fig. 5. C�ntrol-to-out�ut transfer �nction Tp � I 1J, lej<h for n_� 5, L �
Fig,4, Control-to-output transfer function � n � 5, L �Tp I"lp lei<l> for 1 mH, C - 47 /LF, R - 14 n, TL - 2 U, TDS - _ U.S n, 'n - 50 mn,
Tl2 � 10 mn, RF � 25 mn, 'c � SO mn, and D � 0.91965 (solid line),
1 mH, C � 47 /LF, R � 14 n, 'L � 2 n, 'os � u.5 n, rTl � 50 mn,
0.9197, and 0.91975. (a) IT l against f. (b) '" against J.
'n � lO mn, RF � 25 mn, 'c � 50 mn, and D � 0.1 (solid line), 0.5, p
and 0.9. (a) ITpl
against J. (b) '" against J.

MVDC reaches its maximum at the same value of D at which Wt,

crosses zero.
(29 ) The input-la-output voltage transfer function (or the audio
susceptibility) is

n2(l - D)2Rre } I
{
v
C r(R + rd +
D[n(l D) + DJ
+ L M (s) = o(s)
v

}
_
vieS) d(s)�O
(30)
n2(1 - D)2R
2 LC(R + rd r
{ + [(
D n 1 - D) + DJ
n(l - D) Rrc

n2(! - D)2R The input-to-output voltage transfer function Mv is illustrated in

-,
r + -=-:,---- ---:=,-:--=_:_ Fig. 6 for D 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9.
=
D [ n(! - D) + DJ
W, = (31) The open-loop input impedance is
L C(R +'c)
v( [n(1 - D) + DJ L ,\'2 + 2�twtS + w?
I
Fig. 5 shows the magnitude and the phase of the control-to-out­ s)
ZJs) =-.'-
D s + W C
put transfer function Tp as a function of frequency at D 0.1, = lies) d(s)-O '

0.5, and 0,9, The zero w" is located either in the right half of the (33)
s-plane or the left half of the s-plane, depending upon the value
of D for fixed resistances in the circuit. Therefore, the boost
where
converter is a nonminimum phase system. As D increases from
0.9 to 1, the zero Wt/ is moved from the right half to thc left half
of s-plane. Tp has w" = 0 at D "" 0.9197. The behavior of Tp (34)
when w" crosses zero is illustrated in Fig. 5 for D 0.91965, =

0.9197, and 0.91975. For D = 0.91965 and 0.91975, plots of ITpl

are identical and plots of </> differ at low frcquencies by about Fig. 7 shows thc input impedance Zi as a function of frequency

180°. Close examination reveals that, neglecting VF in (25), for D = 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9.
692 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS-I: FUNDAMENTAL THEORY AND APPLICATIONS. VOL. 39, NO.8, AUGUST 1992

101

1101101101101

-3101
=
11011l1l
iii' s:
::::.
,
� -6101 11011l
-',

,
1101 II ---
-9101

. 1011 .1 1101 1101101 .1011 .1 III 11l1l

f(kHz) f(kHz)
(a) (a)

101 .... .. -...

,,,-
-45 45

'- 0
-9101
" 13 -
-. � I-""
�

-135
-45
f'..
t--t--'
-18101
-913
.1011 .1 1101 IBIl 113 11313
.IH .1

f(kHz) f(kHz)
(b) (b)
Fig. 6. Input-to-output transfer function M" � IM"Ie'<PM for n � 5, Fig. 7. Open-loop input impedance Zi � IZileHzi for n � 5, L � 1
y
L � 1 mH, C � 47 p,F, R � 14 fl, 'L = 2 fl, 'DS = 0.5, fl, 'Tl = 50 mH, C � 47 p,F, R � 14 fl, 'L � 2 fl, 'DS � 0.5 0, 'Tl � 50 mfl,
mfl, 'T2 � 10 mfl, RF = 25 mH, 'c = 50 mfl, and D � 0.1 (solid 'T2 = 10 mO, Rp = 25 mO, 'c = 50 mO, and D = 0.1 (solid line), 0.5,

line), 0.5, and 0.9. (a) 1M) against f. (b) <PMv against f. and 0.9. (a) IZ;lagainst f. (b) <PZi against f.

The open-loop output impedance is RT

Zo(O) =
--n
- -2(1
- ---D-""'2 (40)
) -R-
Rrc (s + w, J( s + wof ) r + -=-::--:-:---::
:-:--=-:;-
+
D [n(l - D) D]
R + rC S2 + 2�,w,s + W,2
(35) Equation (38) is different from (25) because VF has been as­
sumed to be a short circuit for small-signal analysis.
All the models and expressions for the buck/boost converter
where
can be obtained by substituting n = 1, TTl = 0, and TT = O.
2
This is because the transformer is replaced by an inductor which
(36) is modeled by an inductance L and an ESR 'L'

The output impedance Zo is illustrated in Fig. 8 for D = 0.1, V. CONCLUSIONS

0.5, and 0.9. A new method of modeling the PWM Ryback and buck/boost
The low-frequency asymptotes are obtained by substituting converters operating in the continuous conduction mode has
s = 0 into the above expressions been introduced. In this method, the derivation of de and
small-signal models begins from the static voltage and current
transfer functions of the idealized switching part of the con­
verter. Next, both transfer functions are perturbed and lin­
D(I - D){n2(1 - D)2 R + D[n(l - D) + D]r}
earized at the operating point. Finally, the equivalent averaged
(37) resistances of switched resistances are determined using the
principle of energy conservation. This procedure leads to pure
nD(1 - D)R circuit models consisting of standard components. An important
M (0) -
v
(38)
n2(1 - D)2R + D[n(l - D) + D]r advantage of the models is that they can be used in circuit-simu­
lation programs such as SPICE. Using the new models, the de

1 voltage transfer function, the efficiency, and small-signal charac­

2 2
Z;(O) + (39) teristics have been derived, taking into account all parasitic
=
D 2 (n (1 - D) R D[n(l - D) + D]r}
resistances of the converters. In most previous papers, the ON
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS-I, FUNDAMEI'TAL THEORY A:<D APPLICATIONS. VOL. 39, NO.8. AUGUST 1992 693

B small-signal operation of PWM converters at a given operating

point. Large-signal dynamic behavior of the convertcrs should be
described using nonlinear techniques [10].
6

APPENDIX
�
'I A power stage of a PWM flyback converter shown in Fig. l(a)
�o will be designed to meet the following specifications: continuous
=
2
conduction mode, v;. 240 to 300 V, Va
= = 28 V, 10 0.2 to 2
A, Is =
200 kHz, v,./Vo S; 1%, where v,. is the maximum peak­
C " I" to-peak value of the ripple voltage on the dc output voltage.
iii The minimum and maximum values of the load resistance are
• iii1 .1 1 iii Rmin = Vo/ lo max = 1 4 VO/IO min = 140 n, re­
=
nand Rm ..

!(kHz) spectively. Let us assume n = 5. From (25), D ax "" 0.38 and

m
Dmin "" 0.32. From the condition for continuous conduction
(aJ mode,

nRmax 2
91i1 Lmin = -- (1 - Dmin) = 809.2 IA-H; let L = 1 mHo (AI)
2fs

'IS The maximum allowable value of the peak-to-peak ripple

voltage is v,. = Vo/lOO 280 mY. The maximum value of the
=

0
peak diode current IDJlfmax 10 maJO - Dmax) 3.23 A. As­
=
=
iii
0 suming the ESR of the filter capacitor re 50 mn, the maxi­
=
"
--s- mum value of thc peak-to-peak voltage across the ESR is
"
-'IS v,.c = rcIDMmax = 50 x 3.23 = 161 mY. Thus, the maximum
permissible value of the peak-to-peak voltage across the filter
capacitance C is Vema x =
v,. - v,.c = 280 - 161 = 119 mY. The
-91i1
minimum value of the filter capacitance is found as
• iii1 .1 1 iii 11i11a
l()max Dmax
!(kHz) Cmm �
= 31.9IA-F; let C = 47 1A- F. (A2)
fsVcmax
(b)

Fig. 8. Open·loop output impedance � Zo IZoleiq,zo

for n = 5, L = 1
mH, C � 47 �F, R = 14 n, rL = 2 n, rDS = 0.5 n, rTl = 50 mn,
rn = 10 m n , Rp = 25 mn, rc = 50 mn, and D � 0.1 (solid line), 0.5,
and 0.9. (a) 1Zol
against f. (b) <Pzo against f.
resistances of the switch and the diode, and the threshold
voltage of thc diode have been neglected. The effects of the duty
ratio on the dc and small-signal characteristics are illustrated. It
is shown that one of the zeros of the control-to-output transfer
function moves from the right half of the s-plane to the left half
of the s-plane as the duty ratio approaches 1. In this case, the
phase of the control-to-output function changes from 0°
-180° at low frequencies. Although not shown, effects of the
load resistance, and of the parasitic resistances, were also exam­
ined. The load resistance influences significantly all of the dy­
namic characteristics except the input-to-output transfer func­
tion. Variations of the EA R in series with the inductor affects
only the output impedance at low frequencies. The ESR of the
capacitor influences the converter dynamic characteristis at high
frequencies. Thc dc and small-signal characteristics derived from
the introduced circuit models are the same as those obtained
from the state-space averaging method. Experimental results
validating these characteristics are given in [1]. The proposed
linear circuit models are suitable for modeling and analyzing
REFERENCES
[1] R. D. Middlebrook and S. Cuk, Advances in Switched-Mode Power
Conversion, vols I and II. Pasadena, CA: TESLAco, 1981, pp.
73�89.
[2] R. P. Severns and G. Bloom, Modern DC-to-DC Switchmode Power
Converter Circuits. New York: Van Nostrand, 1985.
[3] D. M. Mitchell, Switching Regulator Analysis. New York: Mc­
Graw-Hill, 1988.
[4] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronic"
Converters, Applications and Design. New York: Wiley, 1989, pp.
81-87, 214�217, and 237�239.
[5] A. Kislovski, R. Redl, and N. O. Sokal, Analysis of Switching-Mode
DC / DC Converters. New York: Van Nostrand, 1991.
to [6] Y. S. Lee, "A systcmatic and unified approach to modeling switches
in switch-mode power supplies," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.
JE-32, pp. 445-448, Nov. 1985.
[7] V. Vorperian, "Simplified analysis of PWM converters using the
model of the PWM switch, Part I: Continuous conduction mode,"
IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 26, pp. 497-505, May 1990.
[8] H. J. Sira-Ramirez, "Switched control of bilinear converters via
pseudolinearization," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-36, pp.
858�865, June 1989.
[9] --, "Nonlinear P-I controller design for switchmode de-to-de
power converters," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-38, pp.
410-417, Apr. 1991.
[10] H. Sira-Ramirez and P. Lischinsky-Arenas, "Differential algebraic
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