ASSIGNMENT – 1

NAME:- Shalini

CLASS:- 3rd year “c”

COURSE:- B-TECH
BRANCH:- CSE
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.:- 2001320100127
SUBJECT NAME & SUBJECT CODE:- Computer Networks(KCS -603)
SUBMISSION DATE:- 14/02/2023
SUBMITTED TO:- MD. JAVED KHAN
Q1.) Write about each devices given below, their differences along with their
respective images.
Switches, bridge, repeater, hubs, routers.
ANS:- 1.) SWITCHES :-
A network switch connects devices in a network to each other, enabling them to talk by
exchanging data packets. Switches can be hardware devices that manage physical
networks or software-based virtual devices. Switches form the vast majority of network
devices in modern data networks.

2.) BRIDGES:-
A bridge in a computer network is a device used to connect multiple LANs together with
a larger Local Area Network (LAN). The mechanism of network aggregation is known as
bridging. The bridge is a physical or hardware device but operates at the OSI model's data
link layer and is also known as a layer of two switches.

3.) REPEATERS:-
A repeater is a dynamic network device used to reproduce the signals when they
transmit over a greater distance so that the signal's strength remains equal. It can be
used to create an Ethernet network. A repeater that occurs as the first layer of the OSI layer
is the physical layer.

4.) HUBS:-
Hubs are networking devices operating at a physical layer of the OSI model that are
used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect
computers in a LAN. A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected
to the network is plugged in to one of these ports.
5.) ROUTERS:-
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or
subnetworks. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by
forwarding data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use
the same Internet connection.
Switches Bridges Repeaters
A switch is a multiport A bridge operates at the data link A repeater operates at the
bridge with a buffer layer. A bridge is a repeater, with Physical layer. Its job is to
and a design that can add on the functionality of filtering regenerate the signal over
boost its efficiency(a content by reading the MAC the same network before the
large number of ports addresses of the source and signal becomes too weak or
imply less traffic) and destination. It is also used for corrupted to extend the signal
performance. A switch interconnection two LANs can be transmitted over the
is a data link layer working on the same protocol. It same network. An important
device. The switch can has a single input and single point to be noted about
perform error checking output port, thus making it a 2 repeaters is that they do not
before forwarding data port device. Amplify the signal. When the
, which makes it very signal becomes weak, they copy
efficient as it does not bit by bit and regenerate it at its
forward packets that star topology connectors
have errors and connecting if original strength.
forward good packets It is a 2- port device.
selectively to the
correct port only.  In
other words, the
switch divides the
collision domain of
hosts, but the 
broadcast domain
 remains the same.
HUBS
A hub is a basically multi-port
repeater. A hub connects multiple
wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector
in star topology which connects
different stations. Hubs cannot filter
data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices.  In other words,
the collision domain of all hosts
connected through Hub remains
one.  Also, they do not have the
intelligence to find out the best path
for data packets which leads to
inefficiencies and wastage.  hosts connected through it.
ROUTERS
A router is a device like a
switch that routes data
packets based on their IP
addresses. The router is
mainly a Network Layer
device. Routers normally
connect LANs and WANs
and have a dynamically
updating routing table based
on which they make
decisions on routing the data
packets. The router divides
the broadcast domains of
Q2.) Write about each type of networks topology given below, their
differences along with their respective images.
Star topology, Mesh topology, Bus topology, Ring topology, Tree
topology.
Ans:- 1.) Star Topology:-
Star topology is a type of network topology in which every device in the network is
individually connected to a central node, known as the switch or hub. When
represented visually, this topology resembles a star which gives it its name.

2.) Mesh Topology:-

Mesh topology is a type of network topology in which all devices in the network
are interconnected. In a mesh topology, data can be transmitted by routing (sent
the shortest distance) and flooding (sent to all devices). The two types of mesh
topology are: Full mesh topology.
3.) Bus Topology:-
Bus topology, also known as line topology, is a type of network topology in which
all devices in the network are connected by one central RJ-45 network cable or
coaxial cable. The single cable, where all data is transmitted between devices, is
referred to as the bus, backbone, or trunk.

4.) Ring Topology:-

Ring topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected to two
other devices on either side via an RJ-45 cable or coaxial cable. This forms a circular
ring of connected devices which gives it its name. Data is commonly transferred in one
direction along the ring, known as a unidirectional ring.
5.) Tree Topology:-
In computer networking, tree topology is a type of network topology that resembles a
tree. In a tree topology, there is one central node (the “trunk”), and each node is connected
to the central node through a single path. Nodes can be thought of as branches coming off
of the trunk.
Star Topology:- Mesh Topology:- Ring Topology:- Bus Tree Topology:-
In the star The mesh In a ring Topology:- Tree topologies have
topology, all the topology has a network, every Bus a root node, and all
computers unique network device has topology other nodes are
connect with the design in which exactly two uses a connected which
help of a hub. This each computer neighboring single cable form a hierarchy. So
cable is called a on the network devices for which it is also known as
central node, and connects to communicatio connects all hierarchical
all other nodes are every other. It is n purpose. It is the included topology. This
connected using develops a P2P called a ring nodes. The topology integrates
this central node. (point-to-point) topology as its main cable various star
It is most popular connection formation is acts as a topologies together
on LAN networks between all the like a ring. In spine for the in a single bus, so it
as they are devices of the this topology, entire is known as a Star
inexpensive and network. It every computer network. Bus topology. Tree
easy to install. offers a high is connected to One of the topology is a very
level of another computers common network
redundancy, so computer. in the which is similar to a
even if one Here, the last network bus and star
network cable node is acts as the topology.
fails, still data combined with computer
has an a first one.This server.
alternative path topology uses When it has
to reach its token to pass two
destination. the information endpoints,
from one it is known
computer to as a linear
another. In this bus
topology, all topology.
the messages
travel through
a ring in the
same direction.
Q3.) Write about each Layers of OSI Referential model along with the devices
used at each layer.
Ans:- Various layers of OSI Referential model are:-
1. Application Layer.
2. Presentation Layer.
3. Session Layer.
4. Transport Layer.
5. Network Layer
6. Data Link Layer
7. Physical Layer

APPLICATION Gives user applications access to network. This

layer represents the services, that directly support
layer 7 the user applications such as software for file
transfers, database access, and E-mail. Devices
used at this layer are:-web server, mail server,
browser, mail client.

PRESENTATION The presentation layer, usually part of an

operating system, converts incoming and outgoing
layer 6 data from one presentation format to another.
Presentation layer services include data
encryption and text compression. Devices used at
this layer are:-web server, mail server, browser,
mail client.

SESSION Opens manages, and closes conversations between

two computers. It performs name recognition and
layer 5 the functions such as security, needed to allow
two applications to communicate over the
network, also provides error handling. Devices
used at this layer are:-web server, mail server,
browser, mail client.

TRANSPORT This layer provides transparent transfer of data

between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible
layer 4 for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It
ensures complete data transfer. Sequences data
 packets, and requests retransmission of missing
packets. It also repackages messages for more
efficient transmission over the network. Devices
used at this layer are:-gateways, e.t.c.

NETWORK Establishes, maintains and terminates network

connections. Routes data packets across network
layer 3 segments. Translates logical addresses and names
into physical addresses. Devices used at this layer
are:- router, firewall, layer 3 switch.

DATA LINK Transmits frames of data from computer to

computer on the same network segment. Ensures
layer 2 the reliability of the physical link established at
layer 1. Standards define how data frames are
recognized and provide the necessary flow control
and error handling at the frame set.

The data link layer is divided into two sublayers:

The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the
Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC
sublayer controls how a computer on the network
gains access to the data and permission to transmit
it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization,
flow control and error checking. Devices used at
this layer are:-bridge, layer 2 switch.

PHYSICAL The Physical layer defines all the electrical and

physical specifications for devices. This includes
layer 1 the layout of pins, voltages, and cable
specifications. Hubs, repeaters and network
adapters are physical-layer devices.

Defines cabling and connections. Transmits data

over the physical media. Devices used at this layer
are:- hubs, repeaters.