A Project Report

On

Grid Interconnection of DC Microgrid at Distribution level using

Power Electronic Converter System-MATLAB/Simulink Modeling
And Analysis
BY

GROUP: 23

STUDENTS NAME STUDENTS COLLEGE ID

PRACHET PANKAJ CHOUDHA 2019B1A31123H
ANAMOL BAJPAI 2019B2A81542H
YASH VIMAL SARAVGI 2019B2A31530H
SHANTANU TRIPATHI 2019B2A31482H
KARTIKAY BANSAL 2019B2A81444H
GANDE AKSHAY KUMAR 2019B3A30647H
SAMANVITHA THEEGELA 2019B1A30969H

Under the supervision of

Dr. Sudha Radhika

SUBMITTED AS AN EVALUATION COMPONENT OF

Course: Power Electronics

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI

HYDERABAD CAMPUS

(MARCH 2023)
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 ABSTRACT

The demand for electricity is rapidly growing, and renewable energy systems play a significant role

in meeting that demand. One solution to this challenge is using microgrids, which are self-sufficient

electrical systems that can function independently or in connection with the main grid. Microgrids

typically consist of local energy generation sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and

wind turbines, as well as energy storage systems and loads.

This discussion's proposed DC microgrid system consists of a solar PV system and a permanent

magnet DC generator. These sources are designed to generate 5,000 watts of power with a constant

DC load of 3,500W. Energy storage is not necessary as the generation is always greater than the

demand, and any excess power can be fed into the main grid through a grid-interfacing inverter.

This inverter uses bipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation to regulate the output voltage and

frequency, ensuring compatibility with the main grid.

The interconnection of DC microgrids with the main grid is a rapidly growing field of study, with

power electronics converters being a crucial component in ensuring reliability and compatibility.

However, integrating intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar PV and wind has also

introduced many technical challenges, including power quality, grid interconnections and controls,

and regulations. Despite these challenges, the use of microgrids is expected to continue growing as

policies promote the use of renewable energy.

With Matlab Simulink, we’ll try to implement a solar PV System, a PMDC Generator Model, a

Boost Converter, and a Complete DC microgrid system and try to analyze its different modes of

operation.

In conclusion, the DC microgrid system offers a solution to the increasing demand for electricity

and the challenges posed by renewable energy sources. By connecting to the main grid, the
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microgrid system can provide additional power and even generate revenue by selling excess

electricity. This system is especially promising for rural areas where low-power DC loads and solar

PV systems are becoming more common. The shift to a more efficient DC system through the use

of microgrids is a promising step forward.

KEYWORDS: Renewable energy; microgrids; grid interconnection; power electronic converter;

phase locked loop (PLL)

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 CONTENTS
Title page……………………………………………………………….1

Abstract………………………………………………………………....2

1. Introduction……………………………………………….………….5

2. Methodology………………………………………………………....6

2.1. Solar PV System……………………………………………………6

2.2. PDMC Generator Model……………………………………………7

2.3. Closed Loop Boost Converter….……………………………………7

2.4. Pulse Generator………………………………………………...8

2.5 .Complete DC Microgrid System……………………………………9

3. Simulations……………………………………………………………10

4. Results………………………………………………………………...13

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………16

6. References…………………………………………………………….17

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1. INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy systems have become essential for meeting the increasing demand for electrical

energy. Microgrids comprising multiple loads and dispersed energy resources can operate in

parallel with the utility grid or as an electrical island. However, integrating distributed generation

(DG) systems with power-electronics converters present obstacles such as power quality, reliability,

safety and protection, load management, grid interconnections and controls, new regulations, and

the economics of grid operation.

Renewable energy supply accounts for a modest portion of total commercial energy consumption.

However, policies provide a strong incentive for renewables, and the supply is projected to

quadruple over the next decade. Microgrids are defined by IEEE Std 1547.4-2011 as electric power

systems with distributed resources and demand, the ability to disconnect and operate in parallel

with the regional EPS, including local EPS, and deliberate planning.

The grid interconnection of renewable energy generation systems with power electronic converters

has been discussed at length in many scholarly works. Most of the literature focuses on the

interconnection of three-phase systems with DC sources as renewable energy generation systems.

Using a single-phase inverter, this project describes the grid interconnection of a DC microgrid

consisting of a solar PV system, permanent magnet DC generator system, and fixed DC demand at

approximately 230V RMS.

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2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. Solar PV System:

A Solar PV system has been designed to produce around 3000 Watts of power, despite fluctuations

in solar irradiation. Simulink 3.1 displays the Solar PV array, which receives a constant Irridiance

which is varied in the range of 400 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 . We can see the output voltage in the

display which is optimum for 1000 W/m2 at a contant temperature of 25° Celsius.

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2.2. PMDC Generator Model:

Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) generators transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. The

PMDC generator has a permanent magnet rotor and a stator with a wire coil looped around it. When

a turbine or motor turns the rotor, the permanent magnet's magnetic field creates an electrical

current in the stator's coil of wire, producing electrical energy.Portable generators, wind turbines,

and solar power systems use PMDC generators. They are efficient, reliable, and easy to maintain.

PMDC generators' key benefit is that the rotor's permanent magnet generates a magnetic field

without external power. Other generators need an excitation system, but this eliminates it.

The wind speed has been varied from 70m/s to 77 m/s. In this model,the permanent magnet DC

generator hass been designed to generate power of 2000 Watt using variable wind speed.

2.3. Closed Loop Boost Converter:

In order to maintain a constant DC link voltage, closed loop boost converters are utilised in this

system. Boost converters are a form of DC-DC converter that increase the output voltage by

boosting the input voltage. The difference between the output voltage and the reference voltage is

used to control the duty cycle of the converter in a closed loop configuration. This ensures that the

output voltage remains constant even if the input voltage or load connected to the converter

changes.

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When a constant DC link voltage is required in a system, boost converters with a closed loop are

typically employed. This is because the DC link voltage is essential for the operation of the system,

and any fluctuations can result in problems such as voltage surges or voltage drops, which can

impact the system's performance. By utilising a closed loop control system with a boost converter,

the DC link voltage can be maintained at a constant level, thereby ensuring the system's stability

and dependability.

2.4.PULSE SINE GENERATOR:

A pulse sine generator is a device that produces a waveform consisting of a combined pulse and

sine signal. Typically, the pulse signal is a square wave with a fixed amplitude and frequency,

whereas the sine signal is a sinusoidal waveform with variable amplitude and frequency.

Using a technique called pulse-width modulation (PWM), the pulse signal and sine signal are

combined. In PWM, the amplitude of the sine signal modulates the duty cycle of the pulse signal.

The resulting waveform has the same frequency as the pulse signal but varies in amplitude in

accordance with the sine signal.

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Pulse sine generator outputs can be utilised in a variety of applications, including motor control,

power electronics, and audio signal generation. It is also capable of simulating various signal types,

such as an AC voltage waveform.

Various forms of electronic components, such as operational amplifiers, digital signal processors,

and microcontrollers, can be used to implement pulse sine generators. The implementation depends

on the application's requirements and the available resources.

2.5 .Complete DC Microgrid System:

The SPV system, PMDC generator system, and output boost converters comprise a 48V DC link.

The DC link is connected to a 3500 watt constant DC demand. Consequently, around 1500 watts of

excess power can be pumped into the AC distribution infrastructure via synchronisation and output

voltage control.

The comprehensive model of a DC microgrid is depicted in the next section. The waveforms of DC

link voltage and generated power, respectively are also shown in the next section. The DC link

voltage and consequently the generated power are observed to be quite distorted. These distortions

can be eliminated with the use of an appropriately designed filter.

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3. SIMULATION

3.1. Solar PV System Simulink:

3.2. PMDC Generator Model Simulink:

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 S.No Parameters Rating

1 Resistance of Armature 2.581 Ω

2 Inductance 28 mH

3 Output Power 2kW

4 Torque Constant 0.62877

5 Voltage 36-42V

3.3. Closed Loop Boost Converter Simulink:

Sr no. Parameter For SPV System

1 Switching Frequency 20KHz

2 Vout 48V

3 Duty Cycle 33.3%

4 KI 7

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3.3. PULSE SINE GENERATOR:

3.4 Complete Microgrid system

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4. RESULTS

4.1. Solar PV System Results:

Sr no. Parameter For SPV System

1 Open circuit Voltage 363V

2 Irradiation 1000 W/m2

3 Temperature 25deg Celcius

4.2. PMDC Generator Model Results:

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4.3. Closed Loop Boost Converter Results:

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Final DC Voltage and Power

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5. CONCLUSION

Due to their minimal environmental impact and affordability, renewable energy sources such as

solar and wind are gaining popularity. By incorporating these sources into DC microgrids, the

system may minimise its reliance on conventional fossil fuel sources and promote the use of

sustainable energy.

Our findings indicate that this system may integrate renewable energy sources effectively and

provide a constant and reliable power supply to the grid. Using power electronics converters

provides control and adaptability over the power flow between the microgrid and the main grid,

hence providing effective power quality and grid stability.

The simulation results also reveal that the system can better handle load variations and maintain the

DC voltage level of the microgrid. Overall, the study indicates the potential advantages of creating

DC microgrid grid connections at the distribution level and lays the groundwork for the further

development of such systems. DC microgrids are developing as a viable alternative to standard AC

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distribution networks, offering various benefits, such as increased energy efficiency, less energy

losses, and greater integration with renewable energy sources. By linking these DC microgrids to

the main grid, it is feasible to use the existing infrastructure and offer clients with a dependable and

sustainable power supply.

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6. REFERENCES:

[1] P. V. Joshi, Y. S. Bhavsar, S. S. Dhamal, A. M. Lulhe and T. P. Pandhi(2016), "Grid

interconnection of DC microgrid at distribution level using power electronic converter
system-MATLAB/Simulink modeling and analysis, International Conference on Automatic Control
and Dynamic Optimization Techniques (ICACDOT),1056-1061

[2]Oner, Y., Bekiroglu, N., Ozcira(2010): Dynamic Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator with Power Electronics. Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering,20(2), 11-15. 

[3]K. Dubey and M. T. Shah(2016), "Design and simulation of Solar PV system, International
Conference on Automatic Control and Dynamic Optimization Techniques (ICACDOT), 568-573

[4]JN Rai, Nikhil Gupta, Prashant Bansal(2016): Design and analysis of DC-DC Boost Converter,
International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation,4(3),499-502

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