INTRODUCTION TO

PHOTOGRAPHY

UNIT-4
 INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION
ART AND SCIENCE OF PHOTOGRAPHY

=>Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording
light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-
sensitive material such as photographic film.
=>The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots phōtós, genitive of phōs,
"representation by means of lines" or "drawing",together meaning "drawing with light".
The science of photography is the use of chemistry and physics in all aspects of
photography. This applies to the camera, its lenses, physical operation of the camera,
electronic camera internals, and the process of developing film in order to take and
develop pictures properly.

Niépce is regarded as the father of photography

Photography was invented by Frenchman Nicéphore Niépce in 1822. Niépce developed a
technique called heliography.

Around 1717, Johann Heinrich Schulze captured cut-out letters on a bottle of a light-sensitive
slurry.

Around 1800, Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably documented, although unsuccessful
attempt at capturing camera images in permanent form.

In 1826, Nicéphore Niépce first managed to fix an image that was captured with a camera.
 ANATOMY OF HUMAN EYE
Cornea:

It is the first layer,protecting the structures inside the eye,

contributing to the refractive power of the eye, and focusing light
rays on the retina with minimum scatter and optical degradation.
Pupil:
The pupil lets light into your eye as the muscles of your iris
change its shape.
Iris:
The iris controlling your pupil helps your eyes see clearly. The iris is constantly changing how
dilated your pupil is without you controlling it.
Eye lens:
The main optical function of the lens is to transmit light, focusing it on the
retina.

CIilary muscele:
The ciliary body produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor. It also contains
the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a
near object.
Retina:
The retina captures incoming photons and transmits them along neuronal pathways as
both electrical and chemical signals for the brain to perceive a visual picture.
 CAMERA
Filters
It is used to selectively modify the component
wavelengths of mixed (e.g., white) light before it
strikes the film.
lens
A lens is a tool used to bring light to a fixed focal point. In a film camera, the
lens sends the light to the film strip, while in a digital camera (like DSLRs or
mirrorless cameras), the lens directs light to a digital sensor.
Shutter

It admits light and thus expose the film (or the electronic image
sensor of a digital camera)
Sensor
In a camera system, the image sensor receives
incident light (photons) that is focused through a
lens or other optics.

Camera body
Camera bodies allow other settings such as
ISO and shutter speed. They influence the
quality of the image through resolution. But
they are not as important as lenses.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EYE AND THE CAMERA

EYE CAMERA
In human eye the light enters through In camera the light
enters by
pupil aperture.

A human eye can see in 3 dimension . camera sees in two dimension.

The distance b/w eye lens & The focal length of camera lens
retina is fixed,image distance is is fixed but image distance
fixed.but focal lenghth changes changes according to object
according to object distance. distance.
The image is interpreted by The image is interpreted by
retina. sensors.

Flexible lens-controlled by Solid lens-not flexible.

musceles.