1.

1 STATISTIK DESKRIPTIF
1.1.1 Data Demografi
Kajian ini melibatkan responden seramai 100 pelajar tahun akhir UPNM dari Fakulti
Pengajian dan Pengurusan Pertahanan (FPPP). Kesemua responden telah dianalis mengikut
jantina, bangsa, umur dan status pelajar. Taburan demografi responden ditunjukkan seperti
berikut:

i. Jantina
Didalam kajian ini, jantina lelaki dan perempuan telah disoal selidik sebagai responden
mengenai maklumat demografi. Jadual 1 digunakan bagi menunjukkan keputusan kajian dan
majoriti daripada responden yang menjawab soal selidik adalah lelaki iaitu 58% (N=58) dan
selebihnya merupakan perempuan iaitu sebanyak 42% (N=42). Peratusan responden
mengikut jantina ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1:
Jantina
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Lelaki 58 58.0 58.0 58.0
Perempuan 42 42.0 42.0 100.0
Total 100 100.0 100.0

1.2 UJIAN DIAGNOSTIK

1.2.1 Pembersihan Data

Statistics
Jantina Bangsa Umur Status Pelajar Pendidikan
N Valid 100 100 100 100 100
Missing 0 0 0 0 0

i. Data Demografi

Berdasarkan Jadual 6, mengesahkan bahawa tiada data yang tercicir atau yang tidak sah
terhadap semua pemboleh ubah.
1.2.2 Ujian Kebolehpercayaan
 Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
.823 7

i. Kepuasan Pelajar

Pembolehubah Soalan Cronbach’s Alpha Rumusan

B1
B2
B3
Kepuasan Pelajar (B) B4 0.823
B5
B6
B7
CA1
CA2
CA3
Motivasi (CA)
CA4
CA6
CA7
CB1
CB2
CB3
Persekitaran (CB) CB4
CB5
CB6
CB7
CC1
CC2
CC3
Kewangan(CC) CC4
CC5
CC6
CC7
Berdasarkan Julat Cronbach;s Alpha, kebolehpercayaan pemboleh ubah Kepuasan Pelajar
adalah sebanyak 0.823, kebolehpercayaan pemboleh ubah Motivasi pula sebanyak,,,,,,, dan
………. kebolehpercayaan terhadap pemboleh ubah Persekitaran. Ketiga-tiga pemboleh ubah
ini dikategorikan sebagai kebolehpercayaan yang……... Manakala, pemboleh ubah
Kewangan mendapat kebolehpercayaan sebanyak ……, iaitu ………..
 1.2.3 NORMALITY
i. NORMALITY SKEWNESS & KURTOSIS

Jika taburan tindak balas untuk pembolehubah merentang ke arah ekor kanan atau kiri
taburan, maka taburan itu dirujuk sebagai condong. Untuk kurtosis, garis panduan umum
ialah jika bilangannya lebih besar daripada +1, taburannya terlalu memuncak. Begitu juga,
kurtosis kurang daripada -1 menunjukkan taburan yang terlalu rata.

Eg: The skewness of [variable name] was found to be -.89, indicating that the distribution
was left-skewed.

Eg; The kurtosis of [variable name] was found to be -,89, indicating that the distribution was
normal distribution.

ii. NORMLITY SHAPIRO -WILK

 Sig = P-value
 If p ≤ 0.05: then the null hypothesis can be rejected (i.e. the variable is NOT normally
distributed).
 If p > 0.05: then the null hypothesis cannot be rejected (i.e. the variable MAY BE
normally distributed).

Eg; The distributions were significantly non-normal for the variables X1 (W = 0.93, p <
0.01), X2 (W = 0.95, p < 0.01), and X3 (W = 0.91, p < 0.01) according to Shapiro-Wilk tests.

Eg; Shapiro-Wilk tests showed that neither X1 (W = 0.93, p < 0.01) nor X2 (W = 0.95, p <
0.01) were normally distributed.
 1.3 T-TEST

Group Statistics

- Mean (M)
- Std Deviation (SD)

Independent T-Test

- Levene’s (F &Sig)
- T-test (t &Sig)
- Sig = p-value

Reporting a significant t-test for independent groups (μ1 ¹ μ2):

UW students taking statistics courses in Psychology had higher IQ scores (M = 121, SD =
14.2) than did those taking statistics courses in Statistics (M = 117, SD = 10.3), t(44) = 1.23,
p = .09.
Over a two-day period, participants drank significantly fewer drinks in the experimental
group (M= 0.667, SD =1.15) than did those in the wait-list control group (M= 8.00, SD=
2.00), t(4) = -5.51, p=.005
1.4 ANOVA

ANOVA

Descriptives

- Mean
- Std Devation

ANOVA

- F
- Sig(P)

Reporting a significant omnibus F test for a one-way ANOVA:

An analysis of variance showed that the effect of noise was significant, F(3,27) = 5.94, p
= .007. Post hoc analyses using the Scheffé post hoc criterion for significance indicated that
the average number of errors was significantly lower in the white noise condition (M = 12.4,
SD = 2.26) than in the other two noise conditions (traffic and industrial) combined (M =
13.62, SD = 5.56), F(3, 27) = 7.77, p = .042
 1.5 CHI SQUARE

Chi Square Test (Pearson Chi-Square)

- Value (X1)
- Asymp Sig (p-value)

Symmetric Measure ( Phi and Cramer’s)

- Value (to know how strength assiociation).

Reporting the results of a chi-square test of independence:

A chi-square test of independence was performed to examine the relation between religion
and college interest.The relation between these variables was significant, X2 (2, N = 170) =
14.14, p <.01. Catholic teens were less likely to show an interest in attending college than
were Protestant teens.

Reporting the results of a chi-square test of goodness of fit:

A chi-square test of goodness-of-fit was performed to determine whether the three sodas were
equally preferred.Preference for the three sodas was not equally distributed in the population,
X2 (2, N = 55) = 4.53, p < .05.

1.6 CORRELATION

It always takes on a value between -1 and 1 where

- -1 indicates a perfectly negative linear correlation between two variables

- 0 indicates no linear correlation between two variables
- 1 indicates a perfectly positive linear correlation between two variables
I. A Pearson correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship
between [variable 1] and [variable 2].
II. There was a [negative or positive] correlation between the two variables, r(df) = [r
value], p = [p-value].

Correlation .

Hours spent studying and GPA were strongly positively correlated , r ( 200 ) = 0.81 , p =
0.001. Hours spent playing video games and GPA were negatively correlated , r ( 184 ) = -
0.53 , p = 0.035 . There was a non - significant correlation of .08 ( p = n.s ) between self -
efficacy and grade point average
 1.7 REGRESSION
A. Simple linear regression .

Simple linear regression analysis indicated that participants who heard one Metallica song on
repeat for 120 min reported no less anxiety than those who heard one Beethoven movement
on repeat for 120 min , R² = .22 , F ( 1 , 32 ) = 7.33 , B = 9.3 , p = .003 , 95 % CI [ 8.11 ,
10.23 ] . Our hypothesis that the genre difference would influence anxiety levels was rejected
.

B. . Multiple regression .

We tested if personality traits significantly predicted participants ' ratings of neuroticism .

The results of the regression indicated the two predictors explained 46.8 % of the variance
( R² - .43 , F ( 2,61 ) -5.56 , p < .003 ) . It was found that extraversion significantly predicted
neurotic tendencies ( B1 = .46 , p < .001 ) , as did agreeableness ( B2 = -38 , p < .01 ) .