Ventures Primary Science and Technology Learner's Book Grade PA\college pressTopic 1: Health and safety. Unit 1: Human body Unit 2: Nutrition... Unit 3: Diseases and prevention... Unit 4: Safety Topic 2: Materials and structures... Unit 6; Tools. Unit 7: Structures... Topic 3: Energy and fuel Unit ergy Unit 9: Fuel... Unit 10: End of first ferm assessment Topic 4: Electricity and electronics. Unit 11: Electronics .. Topic 5: Forces and magnets... Unit 12: Gravity . Topic 4: Design and technology. Unit 13: Design and technology Topic 7: Water Unit 14: Properties of water. Unit 15: Sources of water Unit 16: Water and the environment Unit 18: Seasons... Unit 19: Weather and climate hazards. Unit 20: End of term two assessment. Topic 10: Landforms and maps Unit 24; Landforms and maps Topic 11: Sustainable resource management Unit 25: Sustainable resource management Unit 26: Uses of waste. Unit 27:,End of year assessment .Health and safety Unit 1 Human body 1. describe the main parts of the respiratory system 2. describe the structure of the respiratory system 3. demonstrate the breathing system through manipulating the model of the rib cage 4. describe the components of the circulatory system 5. explain functions of the components of the circulatory system of the blood. Through which part of your body do you breathe in air into your lungs? ~ Keywords SP respiration nostrils oxygenated deoxygenated diaphragm intercostal muscles haemoglobin 1.1 The main parts of the respiratory system Respiration is a chernical process that uses oxygen and glucose to produce the energy needed by the body. The respiratery system enables us to breathe in fresh air containing oxygen into ourlungs, and breathe out air containing carbon dioxide. nose mouth trachea tlbcage—— ‘ wronchi diaphragm Figure 1,1 The respiratory systemNose The nose has nostrils. Nostrils are passages which connect the nose to the trachea. During breathing in, air moves from the nose, through the trachea to the lungs. During breathing out, used air moves fromthe lungs through the trachea, then out of the body through the nose. Mouth Just like the nose, the mouth can also act gs an entrance through which air can move from the atmosphere into the lungs. That is the reason why people open their mouths to ‘catch their breath’ affer running, for example. Airway The airway isa passage through which air moves asit goes tothe lungs. This passage includes the nose. mouth, trachea, bronchi and the bronchioles. The bronchi are the main corridor leading into the lungs. Lungs Lungs ore divided into the fight section and left section, Lungs are spongy and full of air spaces. They also have a network of blood capillaries. The blood capillaries cary blood from the body to the lungs. Rib cage and diaphragm . The lungs are protected by the rib cage. The ibs are found’on the sides of the lungs. Below the lungs is a muscle called the diaphragm. The diaphragm is an important muscle in the breathing process. It also separates the lungs and other upper body parts from the abdomen. Making a model of the respiratory system of a human Materials needed: « Abell jor or a plastic 2 litre bottle with the bottom cut off » A*Y" shaped glass tube * Arubber band + Two balloons A plastic sheet *t eres caity igs iaphragm Figure 1.2. A model of the human: Tespiratory systemA bell jar or'an empty two-ltre bottle whose bottom has been cut off can be used. The bell jar or plastic bottle represents the outward frame of the chest cavity. The chest cavity is made up of the ribs joined together by muscles called intercostal muscles. Infercostal muscles are the muscles found between ribs. Below the bell jar or plastic bottle, fit in a plastic sheet using a rubber band. The plastic sheet represents the diaphragm muscle. The *Y’ shaped glass tube is fitted inside the’ bell jar. Two balicons are attached at the ends of the ‘Y’ shaped glass tube. The balloons represent the lungs, while the ‘Y’ shaped glass tube represents the trachea and bronchi. Demonstrating the breathing system through manipulating the model of the respiratory system asa - Air is drawn in When breathing in (inhaling), the diaphragm muscles contract and tighten. This forces the diaphragm to move downwards, thereby increasing the space (volume) in the chest cavity. At the same time, the intercostal muscles will cause the ribcage to move outwards. This also increases the volume of the chest cavity. This increased space in the chest cavity causes air to rush into the lungs through the nose. This is the same thing that will happen when we pull down the plastic sheet: the volume inside the model will increase and air will rush in to fill up the balloons. This is shown in Figure 1.3. Diaphragm moves down Figure 1.3 Breathing in Airis released When breathing out (exhaling), the diaphragm muscles expand and relax. The diaphragm moves upwards, decreasing the volume in the chest cavity. At the same time, the intercostal muscles cause the ribcage io move inwards. This also decreases the volume of the chest cavity. Carbon dioxide is emitted during breathing out. The process of breathing out is shown in Figure 1.4. Diaphragm moves up Figure 1.4 Breathing outActivity 2 Use the model you made in Activity 1 for this activity. Method 1. Pull the plastic sheet tied at the bottom of the bell jar. ‘Observations a) What happens after you pull the plastic at the bottom of the bell jar? b) Which breathing process is demonstrated by this exercise? Method 2. Push the plastic sheet tied at the bottom of the bell jarinwards. Observations a) What happens after you push the plastic at the bottom a the bell jar? b) Which breathing process is demonstrated by this exercise? Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Achemical process that uses oxygen and glucose to produce the energy Featee by the pee iscalled___. A. respiration B. inspiration Cc. diaphragm D. transpiration 2. ae list has the main parts of a respiratory system only? A, Teeth. feet, heart and lungs. B. Nose, mouth, airway, lungs, ribcage and diaphragm. C. Intercostal muscles, nostrils and respiration, D. Nose, heart and mouth. 3. Which of the following highlights characteristics of lungs? They _- A. have thin walls B. have corridors with bronchioles C. are hard and crowded D. are spongy and full of air spaces 4. The ______ is. a breathing muscle which separates the lungs and heart from the abdomen. A. airway B. mouth Cc. diaphragm D. ribcage 5. State the function of the following parts in the respiratory system: a) mouth b) lungs c) rib cage [3] 6. Name any two parts found in the airway. 0) 7. What happens to the diaphragm muscle when a person breathes in? [2]1.2 Components of the circulatory system The blood is pumped by the heart. This is why we feel the heart beating whenever we place our hand on the left side of our chest. The blood circulates throughout the body through blood vessels. The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries. The human heart The function of the heart is to pump blood to the rest of the human body. The heart is offen described as the strongest and most important organ inside the body. It has fo pump blood throughout a human's life without stopping. Once the heart stops pumping blood, a person dies. As the blood circulates, it caries with it oxygen and food to the rest of the body. Figure 1.5 shows the heart and its chambers. The heart has got four chambers which are divided into two atia and two ventricles. The four chambers are the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and the left ventricle. The blood flows into the heart through the right atrium. The blood entering into the atrium does net have oxygen. It is carried by the vena cava. Superior The blood entering the heart through the vena cava is called de-oxygenated blood because it does not contain any oxygen. De-oxygenated blood is dark red in colour. The is q [inferior Vena Cava blood is pumped to the right Figure 1.5 The human heart ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the de-oxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The blood from the lungs contains oxygen. The oxygen-ich blood from the lungs is called oxygenated blood. Oxygenaied blood flows back to the heart from the lungs through the pulmonary vein. The oxygen-ich blood will enter the heart through the left atrium. From the left atrium, the oxygen-ich blood is pumped to the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the oxygenated blood is pumped into the aorta. The aorta is a major blood vessel which supplies blood to the arteries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood being pumped by the heart to the organs of the bo@y.Place your hand on the left side of your chest. Can you feel your heart beating? Count the number of times your heart beats per minute. Blood vessels Blood vessels are tubes carrying blood that form a network throughout the body. There are five major blood vessels. These are arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries. Arteries: arteries carry blood that is being pumped by the heart to the rest of the body. Arteries have thick walls which enable them to withstand the blood moving through them at high pressure from the pumping heart. Veins: veins carry back blood flowing from the body organs to the heart. The blood flowing in veins is not being pumped by the heart therefore, the veins do not have to be thick-walled. Veins have valves inside them which ensure that the blood only flows tewards the heart and does not flow backwards inside the vein. a) Artery b) Vein Figure 1.6 An artery anda vein Table 1.1Differences between arteries and veins Pa MoT Carry blood’ being pumped by the Cary load from the body to the heart heart to the rest of the body ‘Cam naied blood — Cary deoxygenated Blood The pulmonary artery: caries The pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood oxygenated blood Have thick’walls to withstand pressure: Walls are thin’ from the pumping heart \HavevaivesArterioles: arteries break down into smaller arterioles as they reach the bedy organs. Venules: venules are smaller blood vessels that join to form veins. Capillaries: capillaries are very thin blood vessels that are in contact with the cells in the organs of the body. Capillaries carry oxygen, glucose and other food substances to the cells. Figure 1.7 shows arterioles, venules and capillaries. arterioles Figure 1.7 Arterioles, venules and capillaries The blood Human bloodis made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Blood plasma: |s the liquid part of the blood and it is yellowish in colour, It holds blood cells in the suspension. It makes up the areater part of blood. Red blood cells: (erythrocytes) carry oxygen to the different organs of the body. The red blood cells have a substance which transports oxygen called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin combines with exygen to form a substance called oxy-haemoglobin. Oxy-hemoglobin is bright red in colour. This is why exygenated blood is bright red in colour, See Figure 1.8. White blood cells: help to defend the body against pathogens that invade the body and cause diseases. The white blood cells encircle, digest and destroy pathogens. Figure 1.9 shows white blood cells. Platelets: are small cells foundin the bleed that help the blood fo form a clot. Figure 1.9 White blood cellsIfone gets an injury, or a cut on the skin, the blood platelets will form a Clot on the wound. The clot will stop, the blood from flowing out of the cut or wound. See Figure 1.10. Functions of components of the circulatory system Transporting substances throughout the body The blood helps to transport Figure 1.10 Blood platelets dissolved mineral salts and other food substances such as amino acids and glucose throughout the body. Unwanted substances such as carbon dioxide and urea are also transported to excretory organs and removed from the body. Immunity immunity is the body's ability to defend itself against diseases. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, help to protect the body against iriVasion by disease- causing organisms such as bacteria and virus. The white blood cells digest and destroy invading bacteria or virus. That way, the body is able to use white blood cells to protect itself against diseases. Respiration in the body cells The blood that is pumped from the aorta will be carrying a lot of oxygen and food to the body organs. The oxygen and the food are used during respiration. Respiration, as: you remember, isa chemical process that uses oxygen and glucase to produce the energy needed by the body. Carbon dioxide and water vapour are also produced during respiration. Carbon dioxide has to be removed from the body. Blood moving from the organs of the body to the heart contains q lot of carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide is removed from the blood at the lungs and exchanged with oxygen. The carbon dioxide is breathed out of the body through the nose. “Construct a model of the human heart. You can springbeard.on the following video for creative ideas: hitpsy//www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwO4RMbsoJI1 Answer the questions below. 1. The purpose of the heart is to. — A. feel pain B. pump blood C. produce tears D. produce oxygen 2. Arteries carry blood —___ A. from the lungs B. rich in carbon dioxide C. from the heart D. under low pressure 3. Arteries are thicker than veins because arteries carry — A. oxygenated blood B. blood from the lungs CC. de-oxygenated blood D_ blood under pressure 4. In order to stop blood from flowing back, veins have —___ inside them. A. valves B. capillaries C. bones D. hair 5. The blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs is called the pulmonary A. capillary B. vein Cc. venule D. artery 6. The blood vessel that caries deoxygenated biood from the rest tot the body to the heart is the —____. ise B A. pulmonary artery B. vena cava c. aorta D. pulmonary vein 7. The blood vessel that caries oxygenated blood from the’Reart is the A. aorta B. pulmonary vein Cc. vena cava D. pulmonary arresy 8. Blood from the vena cava first enters into the —__ A. tight ventricle. B. right atrium C, left atrium D. left ventricle 9. The cells that camy oxygen fo the various organs of the body are called A. whité blood cells B. reproductive cells ¢. platelets D. red blood cells 10. ______ help to protect the body against diseases. A. Platelets B. Red blood cells C. White blood cells D, Bone cells Figure 1.11 The human heart | =11..Draw the heart in Figure 1.11 and label the following parts: a) vena cava b) tight atrium ¢) right ventricle d) left ventricle e) left atrium [5] 12.) Why must blood be pumped to the lungs before itis pumped to the rest of the body? [2] b) Explain how white blood cells are able to protect the body from invading bacteria and viruses. 2] 13. Describe the functions of the following parts of the blood circulatory system: a) red blood cells b) platelets ¢) arteries d) veins €) capillaries [5] Summary * The main parts of the respiratory system are the nose, mouth, airway, lungs, rib cage and diaphragm. * The nose and mouth are the entrance and exit points of air. * lungs enable the breathing process by providing oxygen in the bloodstream and pushing out carbon dioxide. The rib cageprotects the lungs. * During breathing in, the diaphragm muscle contracts and tightens. During breathing out, the diaphragm muscle relaxes. * The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels include arteries, veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries. * Components of the circulatory system function to transport substances throughout the body, to act as the body's immunity and for respiration in the body cells.Unit 2 Nutrition in this unit you wit: 1. identify food preservation methods 2. classify food preservation methods 3. demonstrate food preservation 4. justify the importance of preserving plant food 5, list indigenous foods 6. recognise the benefits of indigenous foods 7. make an indigenous dish 8. distinguish between the indigenous and GMOs foods 9. appraise indigenous foods. liked about the foods. Have you ever eaten any of the following: dried vegetables (mufushwa/ umfushwa), kapenta (matemba/amatemba}, mopane worms (madora/ amacimbi), or dried meat (chimukuyu/umhwabha)? Discuss in pairs what you ( QP Keywords preserve canning dehydrate foodimadiation Food preservation Various methods are used to prevent food from decaying and losing its nutrients. Bacteria, fungus and yeast cause food decay. Both vegetables and meat can be preserved through various food preservation methods. To preserve is io keep food from going bad. Classifying food preservation methods GMOs. > There are two main categories of food preservation which are indigenous and exotic methods. Indigenous methods of preserving food Indigenous methods of preserving food are ways used by local people in a specific area to keep food from going bad. Zimbabweans have preservation methods which have been passed down from generation te generation. Sun-drying: Sun-drying involves exposing food to the sun in order to remove water/ moisture from the food. Removing moisture from food reduces the growth ofbacteria. In Zimbabwe and many paris of Africa, people dry meat and vegetables in the sun, A lot of salt has to be applied to ensure that the food does not decay while itis being dried. Figure 2.1 shows tomatoes being sun-dried. Salting: Salting involves adding lot of salt to food. The salt removes moisture and dries up the food. Kapenta is usually salted before drying. See kapenta being dried through salting in Figure 2.2, Smoking: This is g preservation method mostly Used for fish. If involves exposing the fish to heat and smoke. Figure 2.3 shows how fish is smoked. Exotic methods of preserving food Exotic methods of preserving food are ways used fo keep food from going bad that are not of local origin. These methods are adopted from other places. Canning: This is a method of preserving food in sealed tins. Foods such as baked beons, fish and beef are preserved through canning. Canning preserves food by removing the oxygen thatis needed by bacteria, fungus and yeast to grow and reproduce. Canning is shown in Figure 2.4. Chilling and freezing (refrigeration): Very low temperatures discourage the growth of bacteria, yeast and fungus which cause food decay. Therefore, storing food in refrigerators and deep freezers prevents food decay. =i = a7 Figure 2.1 Tomatoes being sun dried ei e Figure 2.4 A can of baked beansBehydrating: Thisis.a process of removing moisture from the food to prevent decay. To dehydrate is fo remove water. Dehydrating reduces the activity of bacteria, yeast and fungus which multiply rapidly in the presence of moisture. This method involves heating food to evaporate moisture from the food. Care must be taken not to. destroy food nutrients in the heating process. Food imadiation: This is the process of exposing food to energy such as electromagnetic waves (such as gamma rays) which have the power to kill parasites and micro-organisms in food. The treated food is free of food borne diseases. Radiated food does not emit radiation energy soitis safe to eat. Radiation is used where food is stored for very long period before it is eaten. Figure 2.5 briefly describes what happens with food irradiation. Bacteria dying Gamma rays ‘ Sone oS = eee Figure 2.5 Food irradiation |. What are the most commonly used methods of preserving food in yourarea? 2. Select one method of preserving food commonly used in your area and demonstrate how vegetables or meat can be preserved. Importance of preserving plant food Plant food should be preserved because: + Itis veryrich in food nutrients such as vitamins and mineral salts. + Some vegetables and fruits are seasonal. For example, grapes can only be produced during the summer season. Preservation enables people to store plants when they are in season and eat them off-season, + Some fruits and vegetables easily decay. For example, tomatoes can start decaying after being harvested. This makes it necessary to preserve them. + Surplus harvest can be stored, Preserving food reduces wasting food if there has been a bumper harvest and people cannot eat all the food at once.List of popular indigenous foods in Zimbabwe Table 2.1 Popular indigenous foods in Zimbabwe Ndebele Sadzar Maize-with peanut butter OK Pumpkin leaves Maize energy. drink Kapenta Round nuts Rosted com. Sour milk Roasted nuts Whole grain rice with peanut butier Pumpkin pomidge Mopane worms Fying termites Sadza Munhucht unedevi Derere Muboora Mahewu Matemba Nyimo, Maputi Mukaka wakakora Nzungu dzakakangwa Muptnga unedovi Nhopi Modora Ishwa IstshWalg, lishakada eliledebi iIdelele Bhobola Amahewy Amatemba indlaby Amaputi Amasi z Amazambane akhanzingiweyo llayisi eledobi lsijeza. Amacivist Inhiwa: a) Kalanga d) Sign language g) Chibarwe 1. Organise yourselves into groups. Each group'can find out what one popular food from Table 2.1 is called in the following languages: b) Venda e) Nambya h) Tonga ¢}) Xhosa f} Chewa i) Ndau o/ Answer the questions below. 1. The main cause of food decay ig _ A. carelessness C. bacteria, fungusandyeast oD. 2. Which of the following does not have food preservation methods? A. Sun drying, fermentation and smoking. B. Salting, canning and food irradiation. C. Chilling, smoking and dehydrating. D. Baking, deep frying and stewing. B. food leftovers worms and flies6. 7. 8. Which food preservation method involves exposing meat to heat and smoke? A. Salting B. Smoking C. Fermentation D. Freezing Tinned fish is preserved through 2 A. canning B. freezing ©. sun drying D. salting During dehydrating, — is removed to ensure that the food does not decay. A. carbon dioxide B. nitrogen Cc. water D. oxygen State two examples for each of the following food preservation methods: a} indigenous b) exotic [2] Give any two reasons for preserving food. (2 Name any four popular indigenous foods eaten In Zimbabwe. [4] The benefits of indigenous foods Food that is eaten by people of a given locality and has been handed down from generation to generation is called indigenous food. Indigenous food is beneficial in the following: If is in its natural state so it has plenty food nutrients needed by the body for growth and protection against diseases. Indigenous foed usually does not need processing before cooking. Indigenous food can guide people towards a diet that is good for health, based on their environment, This is true since the food is eaten from one generation to the next. For example, our ancéstors were strong and not affected by many diseases because they ate indigenous food. Indigenous food is cheap and readily available from the local environment. a) Pumpkin b) Baobab fruit o) Sweet potatoes Figure 2.6 Indigenous foods Select an indigenous food that is commonly cocked and eaten in your area, Prepare the food at home and present a sample in class. Describe and dramatise how you prepared the dish.Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) been changed through a scientific Process. Genes are characteristics or features specific fo different living organisms. Genes are usually passed on from parent fo offspring but through technology, they can be passed on to other organisms. The genes are extracted from the cell of the desired organism and processed in the laboratory before being joined with the genes of anofher organism. Genetically modifying organisms is usually done to increase productivity as some genetically modified plants mature faster, and are resistant to diseases. Most maize and soya bean crops grown in the United States of America are genetically modified. In animals, GMOs are usually created for medical research Purposes; to test theories and enquire into vaccines and cures forhuman diseases, However, GMOs have been criticised by many organisations and individuals who believe that GMOs might end up creating disease-causing organisms. Effects of genetically modified foods The effects of genetically modified foods are a highly debated topic globally. Research is continuously caried out to verify especially the negative effects which are thought to be long ferm. Table 2.1 captures some effects of genetically modified foods. Table 2.1 Effects of genetically modified foods Likes Neurons ete liNemsiicxcL sy Thefoodtastesbetter Lz fertility in hur = a Food is available at low cost Potential emergence of new diseases. MM Posibie'q ageing Lower immunity to diseases especially in.children An appraisal of indigenous foods Global changes have brought changes to people's diet. People now have exotic foods and GMOs as part of their diet. However, it is important to remember that times might change but the value of indigenous foods does not. Indigenous foods still offer a Wealth of nutritional value. As a result, we should have these foods as a major part of our diet. Indigenous foods also point to the culture of a people. , oWhen we stop eating our indigenous foods, we slowly lose a part of our unique identity especially with foods which cannot be found in other parts of the world, 1. Research and debate on the effects of GMOs. You can divide into two groups. One group can support the notion that GMOs have more posifive. effects while another opposes the nofion. 2. Prepare a speech. Justify the importance of indigenous foods to societies. Exercise B Answer the following questions. 1. Eating indigenous food is a healthy practice becouse A. indigenous food is full of fat _B. indigenous food is very sweet C. indigenous foodis natural D. indigenous food does nof need cooking 2. A plant or animal whose genes have been changed through a scientific process is called A aparasite B. a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) C. anexotic organism ‘i BD. anindigenous organism 3. List any three advantages of eating indigenous foods. 8B 4. State any two disadvantages of eating GMO foods. ma 5. Using your own words, explain the meaning of the following terms: a) GMOs __b) Food preservation c) Indigenous foods [3] Summary * Food preservation prevents food from decaying. It is classified into indigenous and exotic methods. * Indigenous methods are methods of local origin used by people to keep food from going bad. Examples of indigenous methods include sun drying, salting and smoking. * Exofic methods of preservation are foreign odeptied methods. Canning, chilling and freezing, dehydration and food irradiation are some examples of exofic food preservation methods. - Plant food should be preserved because it is rich in a lot of nutrients, and the practice helps fo stock off-season foods for laier consumption. = Some popular incigenous foods are sadza, okra, round nuts and flying fermites. These foods have alot of nutritional value and are not processed before cooking. + GMOs are living organisms whose genes have been changed through a scientific process. = GMOs improve crop qualify and increase disease resisiance in crops. = GMO foods are believed to cause diabetes, quickened ageing and low immaunity to diseases.Unit 3 Diseases and prevention 1, explain epidemic diseases 2. suggest ways of preventing and controlling epidemic diseases. In grade 6 you leamt that every human body has an immune system, this Is also called a defense system. The immune system protects the body from infections or diseases. Now you will leam on some diseases affecting the human bedy. Keywords epidemic pandemic quarantine: chronic disease antibiotic Epidemic diseases 7 An epidemic is when an infectious disease spreads to a large number of people in an area within a very short time. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid, influenza and Ebola are some examples of epidemic diseases. Ifan epidemic disease spreads to such an extent that it infects people throughout the whole world, then it is mow known as a Pandemic disease. HIV/AIDS is an example of a pandemic disease because it is how considered to be a global disease. People infected by HIV can be found throughout the world. COVID-19 is arecent example of a pandemic affecting the globe. How epidemic diseases spread Epidemic diseases can be spread from one person to another very quickly through water, air, sexual activity and direct contact, Water-borne diseases: These are diseases caused by pathogens transmitted through water. Contaminated water usually contains these pathogens. Cholera and typhoid are examples of water-bome diseases. Figure 3.1 < 73 Figure 3.1 A boy drinkin: shows g person drinking contaminated water. cofominetea ae ‘9Airbone diseases: Some epidemic diseases can be spread through pathogens found in the air that we breathe in. Diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis are spread through breathing in air with these disease-causing organisms. Sexual transmission: Sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, gonorrhoea and syphilis can be spread through having unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. Direct contact: Epidemic diseases such as Ebola are spread through direct contact with the blood or other body fluids from an infected person. Preventing the spread of epidemic diseases 1. Practising good hygiene such as washing your hands with soap and clean running water regularly can help to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases. Avoid washing hands in stagnant water. Sanitisers can also be used to prevent ihe spread of epidemic diseases such as COVID-19. 2. Washing hands after going to the toilet and before eating anything helps to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Avoid washing from the same dish with other people before meals. 3. Avoiding using the bush for toilet routine. Using toilets properly also helps to prevent the spread of cholera and typhoid. 4. Covering your mouth while coughing prevents the spreacof airbome diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis. Some hygienic habits are shown in Figure 3.2.and Figure 3.3. Figure 3.2 Washing hands under running Figure 3.3 A woman covering her mouth water while coughing 5. Bandaging cuts and wounds as soon as possible. 6. Seeking vaccination and antibiotics for infections. Vaccines are given to people so as te protect them from infections. Vaccines enable the body to build defencies against infections such as influenza. Antibiotics are drugs or medicines given to someone who has been infected by a bacterial infection. Antibiotics can kill bacteria inside the human body. 7. Apstaining from sexual intercourse before mariage. 8. Pragticing safe sexual intercourse by using condoms.9. People suffering from some dangerous epidemic diseases are quarantined. To quarantine is to isolate infected people and/or animals so that they do not mix with people not infected by that particular disease. Quarantining prevents the infection from spreading quickly through the population, For example, people infected by the Ebola virus should be kept under quarantine until they are fully treated. Answer the following questions. 1. Which of the following is not a medium. through which epidemic diseases spread? A. Water B. Air C. Sexual activity D. Exercise 2. Which disease from the following is sexually transmitted? A. Typhoid B. Gonorhoea ¢. Cholera D. Ebola 3. What name is given to diseases spread by pathogens found in contaminated water? A. Water-bome B. Typhoid Cc. Water-related D. Airborne - Define an epidemic disease. [2] . How does washing hands prevent the spread of cholera? In what way does quarantining stop the spread of an epidemic disease? (2) roe Chronic diseases Chronic diseases are diseases which Progress slowly over time. They cannot be cured by means of antibiotics er vaccines. Chronic diseases continue to affect a person over along period of time. The most common examples of chronic diseases are cancer, diabetes and hypertension, Asthma, arthritis, HIV/AIDS, heart disease, hypertension and epilepsy are also. examples of chronic diseases. Management of chronic diseasesChronic diseases should ke managed so that they do not develop and progress quickly, ]. People suffering from chronic diseases should stick to a prescribed diet. For example, people with diabetes should not eat sugar and refined foods such as white bread and refined mealie-meal. People with high blood pressure (hypertension) should not eat food with too much salt. 2. People suffering from chronic diseases should eat natural foods that are unrefined. They should also eat a lot of fruits and vegetables. 3. Regular and moderate exercise as recommended by the doctor can also help to manage chronic diseases. Ways of preventing chronic diseases 1. Avoid eating too much sugar and refined foods. 2. Avoid foods with too much fat. 3. Avoid smoking tobacco. 4. Avoid putting on too much weight. Exercise regularly to control your weight and avoid becoming obese. Obesity is a condition whereby one puts on too much weight due to overeating and lack of exercise. . Do not eat food with too much salt. . Eat a balanced ciet with a lot of fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grain meals. Avoid consuming too much alcohol and taking drugs such as marijuana. NOw > 1. Dramatise the spread of epidemic diseases such as cholera in your groups. 2. Your teacher has invited a local health worker. The health worker will lead a discussion on chronic diseases affecting people in your community. Ask questions that will increase your understanding of these diseases and more ways to prevent them. YY ee ol Sy Answer the questions below. 1. Which of the following statemenis is true? A. Epidemic diseases spread rapidly. B. Epidemic diseases cannot be prevented. C. Allepidemic diseases are water-borme, D. Epidemic diseases do not cause death. 2. Covering your mouth while coughing reduces the spread of ___. A. cancer B. HIV/Aids C. tuberculosis D. syphilis 3. Chronic diseases are diseases that4. Which of the following is not an example of a chronic disease? A. Cancer B. Diabetes C. Arthritis D. Cholera 5. What can help you fo prevent chronic diseases? A. Exercising regularly. B. Washing your hands. C. Eating a lot of sugar. D. Smoking less. 6. Which of the following statements is true? 7. Obesity is a condition whereby a person 8. Which of the following habits can cause lung cancer? A. Smoking tobacco, B. Drinking contaminated water. C. Overeacting. D. Drinking alcohol. 9. List any three epidemic diseases, 3] 10. Distinguish between an epidemic and a pandemic. [2] 11. State any two examples of chronic diseases. [2] A. spread through touching infected people . Can be controlled through using antibiotics C. progress slowly over a period of time D. are prevented by vaccination A. Obesity does not cause Chronic diseases in people. . Eating a lot of fruits and vegetables can Prevent chronic diseases, C. Regular exercises can cause the spread of chronic diseases. DB. Smoking tobacco and taking drugs are very healthy habits. A, becomes very thin because of overworking B. gains too much weight because of over-exercising - becomes too short because of lack of food D. gains too much weight because of overeating, 12. Describe any one prevention method for chronic diseases. 0] Summary Diseases can be classified as epidemic or chronic. Epidemic diseases are infectious diseases which spread to.a large number of people in an area within a very short time, Cholera, typhoid, Ebola and syphilis are-examples of epidemic diseases, Epidemic diseases can be prevented by practising good hygienic habits. Pandemic diseases are epidemic diseases which infect people throughout the world. HIV/AIDS is an example of a Pandemic disease. Chronic diseases are diseases which Progress slowly over time. Diabetes, cancer. asthma and HIV/AIDS are examples of chronic diseases. Chronic diseases can be Prevented by practising good eating habits.Unit 4 Safety Toc #&8#8 = = ~=§=§=—(| |. discuss methods of rescuing a drowning person 2. demonstrate methads of rescuing a drowning person 3. administer First Aid to a rescued drowning person. In grade 6, you learnt on the First Aid Kit. In pairs, recap on the elements of a First Aid Kit. Keywords y drowning bobbing shepherd’s crook floating buoy lifeguard, cardiopulmonary. resuscitation Signs of a drowning person Drowning is 0 process in which a person has difficulty breathing as a result of being trapped in water or any other liquid. If you see someone bobbing vertically in and out of a pool of water, this means that the person is failing to swim out of water. Bobbing is shorily moving up and down quickly. This person needs to be rescued from drowning. The person may fail to shout for help but only manage to raise a hand in desperation. Methods of rescuing a drowning person If the person is within reach, you can pull him/her out using a rope. YoU can also use an instrument ‘called a shepherd's crook to pull the person out of water. A shepherd's crook is a piece of stick with a hook at the end. Tell the drowning person fo hold onto the hook so that you can pull them out of the water. Refer to Figure 4.1 and Figure 4.2 below. Figure 4.1 A shepherd's crook Figure 4.2 Rescuing a person using a - shepherd's crookIf the drowning person is further away from the land, you can throw a floating device such as a floating buoy. Instruct the drowning person to hold onto the floating buey so that you can be able to pull the person out of the water. Figure 4.3 shows how a person can be tescued using a buoy. Diving into the water and swimming Figure 4.3 Rescuing a person using a buoy towards ihe drowning person should be the last resort_ You should be an expert in swimming to do this. You must be very careful that the drowning person does not pull you down into the water as you are attempting to rescue her/him. It is advisable to approach the Person from behind. Avoid panicking throughout the rescue process. Panicking may end up causing fatal mistakes. 1. Your teacher has invited a lifeguard. A lifeguard is an expert who has been trained to save drowning people. Discuss with the lifeguard about the dangers of drowning and how to save drowning people. 2. Dramatise the steps taken to Tescue someone drowning. a. N.B. You should not go into areal Pool of water for this dramatisation. It is very. dangerous to do so, Administering First Aid fo a rescued drowning person After getting the drowning person out of the water, check fo find out whether the person is still breathing. If you put your ear near ihe nose and mouth of the rescued Person, you can easily detect whether the rescued person is sfill breathing. If the rescued person is no longer breathing, then check the pulse to find out if the person's heart is still Pumping blood. If the person's pulse or hearlbeat has stopped, you should immediately start to ‘Apply CPR in order to assist the Person's heart to start Pumping again. CPR is a lifesaving procedure which is short for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. See Part of the procedure in Figure 4.4, Steps to take during CPR Procedure 1. Tit the person's head backwards and lift their chin, 2. Pinch the nose of the Person being rescued and cover his/her mouth with your own mouth, 3. Breathe into the person's mouth and make compressions of the chest. Figure 4.8 Administering CPR on a drowning victimPlace the palm of one hand over the centre of the person's chest while the other hand is on top of the first one. Push down on the chest. The breaths and the compressions should be such that two breaths are made after every thirty compressions of the chest. Continue to breathe into the person's mouth and to press the chest until the drowning victim can begin to breathe without your help. 4. Take the person to the nearest clinic as. soon as the ambulance arrives. . Watch a video showing the CPR procedure being performed on an individual who-has just been rescued from drowning. ._ Divide yourselvesinio groups and take tums to role play the CPR procedure. } Answer the following questions. 1. Which of the following statements is true? A. People cannot breathe under water. B. People can breathe under water. C. Fish cannot breathe under water. D, Fish can breathe outside water, 2. If someone falls into a deep poo! of water and fails to swim out, they cre ai a tisk of _ 2 A. swimming to death B. catching acold C. not getting out D. drowning 3. A person who drowns in a pool of water dies because of lack of A. water B. carbon dioxide C. oxygen D. food 4. CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is a lifesaving procedure normally administered to a person whose A. head is swollen B. heart has stopped pumping blood ¢. nose and mouth are severely damaged D. liver is damaged 5. Which of the following is an example of a floating device used for rescuing drowning people? A. Ship B. Boat c. Buoy D. Rope 6 Checking sameone’s heartbeat is also known as checking someone's 3 A. blood B. pulse C. temperature D. rate 7. Which action will you take first when you see a person drowning in a pool of water? A. Jump into the water quickly. B. Offer.a lifesaving rope. C. Take a video of the person. D. Call for ambulance services.8. a) Explain the meaning of the terms: i. Drowning Floating buoy fii, CPR [3] b) Explain why People die if they stay under water for more than 5 minutes without a breathing aid. [2] %, Explain one way of rescuing a drowning person. [2] 10. Desctibe steps taken when administering CPR to a rescued drowning person, [4] Summary * When a person falls intoa Pool of water. and fails to get out, he/she drowns. they are within reach}, using a shepherd's crook, throwing the persona floating buoy and diving in towards the drowning person as a last resort, * Alifeguard is an expert who has been trained to save drowning people. * Ifarescued person's heart has stopped beating, you should administer CPR, * CPRisa lifesaving procedure which is short for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Glossary ad Abstain = to choose to keep away from something. Fatal = serious. Glucose = energy source. Moisture = vapour. Off-season — atime of year when something is not done. Pathogens = bacteria which causes diseases. End of topic assessment Multiple choice Choose the correct answer. 1. The respiratory system is responsible for the A. digestion of food 8. process of reproduction C. growth of cells D. breathing in of fresh air into the lungs 2, —_is the important gas found in the air that is needed for respiration. A. Water vapour B. Nitrogen Cc. Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide 3. Oxygen is needed for the energy-preducing process that fakes Place in all living cells called A. respiration B. digestion C. photosynthesis D. osmosis . oe(4. The airthatwe breathe out has got ahigh amount of thatis producéd ) during respiration. A. carbon dioxide B. oxygen C. dust particles D. smoke particles The diagram below shows some body organs. 5, The body organs make up the A. reproductive system B. nervous system C. blood circulatory system D. respiratory system A model of a respiratory system of a human being is shown, 6. The balloons in the diagram represent the ina person. A. heart B. lungs Cc. liver D. kidneys What is the function of the heart in the human body? A. To absorb oxygen from the air. B. Ta pump blood to the rest of the body. C. To feel pain when you are sick. D. To love other people. . Which of the following is the odd one out? A. Canning B. Smoking Cc. Drying D. Dehydrating . Living erganisms whese genes have been changed through a scientific process are called —_ A. GMOs B. indigenous food c. exotic food D. plant food 10. Indigenous food is beneficial because it A. has GMOs B.. isin its natural state and has many food nutrients C. itis made at home ma ~~ © D. is always eaten raw11. An occurrence in which an infectious disease spreads to many people within Q very short time on a local level is called A. Gpandemic B. anoutbreak = C. achronic D. an epidemic 12. Epidemic diseases can spread from. A. overeating B. lack of exercise C. direct contact D. eating food with too much salt 13. One characteristic of chronic diseases is that they A. progress slowly over time B. affect old people only C. spread quickly D. can be vaccinated against 14. Which of the following is a way of rescuing a drowning person? A. Sitand watch the Person try to come out of the water. B. Pulla person using a shepherd's crook. C. Call the police. D. Wait for an ambulance. 15. What actions are involved in administering CPR? » Pouring water on a@ person until he/she wakes up. B. Kicking a victim until he/she gains consciousness. C. Breathing into a victim's mouth and making compressions on his/her chest. D. Calling the police and an ambulance immediately. <" [15 marks Structured questions Answer the following questions in full. 1. Q) State the blood vessel that canes blood to the lungs. ny b) Explain why arteries are thicker than veins. O] ¢) Explain why blood from the heart Passes through the lungs. [2] 2. State two reasons why indigenous food is more beneficial than GMOs, [2] 3. Highlight any two ways through which epidemic diseases can be controlled. [2] 4. State any three examples of chronic diseases, [3] 5. What causes.a person to drown if they get stuck in a water body? (2) 6. Why is it not advisable to dive into the water to save a drowning person unless if you area swimming expert? [2] ts mantel}Materials and siructures Unit 5 Elements, mixtures and compounds 1. distinguish between metals and non-metals 2. identify characteristics of metals and non-metals 3. suggest examples of metals and non-metals. You pariially covered some properties of materials in grade 6 through various experiments. You learnt that metallic objects are different from non-metallic objects, for example, wood is different from metal. Keywords PP metol non-metal malleable ductile melting point sonorous basicoxide acidic oxide The difference between metals and non-metals The materials that we use in everyday life at home, school and in industries can be categorised into metal ond non-metal materials. Metals are materials that are commonly used for making tools, electronic gadgets, machines and structures. Non-metals are materials that are not metal. Characteristics of metals and non-metals Metals. Metals are shiny in appearance: This is why some metals are used to make jewellery — Because of their shiny nature especially when they are polished up. A steel scissors & shown in Figure 5.1. = Metals are heavy: Gold is an example of a heavy metal. However, there are also some . . fight metals such as aluminium. Aluminium Figure 5.1 Metallic scissorsis a light metal that is used in making light tools and structures, These metals are illustrated below in Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3. Figure 5.2 A gold brick Figure §.3 Aluminium Metals are malleable: Materials which can change their shape without breaking are known as malleable substances. If you hammer or force q metal te bend, it can change its shape without breaking. Metals are ductile: Materials that can be turned info wire are said to be duetile. Copper is a good example of a metal that can be tumed into wire, as shown in Figure 5.5. Metals are very good conductors of élechicity: This means that metals allow electricity to pass through them. Materials found in electric cables, electric appliances and electric circuits are all made from metals such as aluminium and copper, Copper wire is used for making electric gadgets because copper can conduct electricity. Aluminium wires are also used for making electric cables that conduct electricity from electric power stations. Aluminium is @ metal that is. very good at conducting electricity. Figure 5.6 © shows electricity pylons. Metals conduct heat: Utensils such ‘Os pots are made from metals so that heat can easily pass through them as food is being cooked. Metals are solids at room Figure §.6 Blecticity pylons temperature: Mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature. Mercury is a shiny metallic liquid that is used in thermometers for measurin ig temperature. Room temperature is the normal temperature during the day or the night. . 6Metals have high melting points: They need very high temperatures for them to melt to a liquid. They are said to have very high melting points. For example. aluminium has a melting point of 660°C while platinum has a melting point as high as 1 770°C. Melting is the change of a solid into a liquid due to heating. Metals are sonorous: Materials that produce a sound when struck are said to be sonorous. Metals make a sound when they are struck. This is why metals are used to make bells. Metals react with water: When some metals are mixed with water, they react to produce a gas called hydrogen. Metals such as copper and gold do not react with water. Metals such as magnesium react with water to form hydrogen gas. Metals react with oxygen to form basic oxides: Metals react with oxygen to form oxides of metals, These ore called basic oxides. If we leave iron exposed to air, the iron reacts with the oxygen in the air fo form iron oxide. Iron oxide is brown in colour and it is what we call rust. Figure 5.7 lron oxide (rust) produced ona metal Figure 5.8 Magnesium burning If we burn magnesium in air, it will bum with a very bright flame. A white powder called magnesium oxide is formed. Figure 5.8 illustrates how magnesium burns. Metals react with acids: When mixed with acids, some metals react to produce hydrogen just like the reaction between water and metals. Metals such as gold and copper do not react with some acids. Ingroups, collect samples of different metals you can find. You can make use of wires and coins for example. Cary out experiments to determine the following propertiés of metals: @) Shiny in appearance b) Solid ¢) Sonorous d) Malleable Non-metals Figure 5,9 Examples of non-metalsThere are many materials foundin the environment that are not made from metals. These include wood, plastic, Paper, water, or gases like oxygen and hydrogen. Non-metals are poor conductors of electicity: Non-metals Poerly conduct electricity as they limit the flow of electrons. Non-mefals are poor conductors of heat: Théy are also not goed conductors of heat. Thisis why the handles of pots should be made of non-metals so that we can handle pots without getting burnt while cooking food. Non-metals are brittle: While metals can change their shape without breaking, materials which are non-mefals easily break. For example, if you bend a wooden stick, it will break. Non-metals come in different states: Some non-metals are solids, for example, wood, while others are liquid, for example. water. Other non-metals are gases, for example, air. Non-metals have low metting points: Non-metals easily melt. For example, candle wax melts quickly when heated. Some of them bum easily when exposed to heat. Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic oxides: When non-metals react with oxygen, they produce acidic oxides, Acidic oxides are non-metal oxides which form acids when dissolved in water. ee! Answer the following questions, 1, Which material is a non-metal? A. Iron B. Copper c. Wood D. Aluminiurn - Choose-a metallic material from the list. A. Plastic B. Gold ¢. Rubber D. Leather ~ Potassium, calcium, aluminium and iron are all substances which are called A. oxides B. non-meials C. mixtures D. metals - Metals can be bent and their shape can be changed after being forced to bend. Metals are therefore said to be __ — A. breakable B. malleable Cc. brittle D. soft Wood easily breaks into smaller pieces when bent because itis - brittle B. malleable C. soft D. ductile . Which material can be turned into a wire? A. Plastic B. Rubber Cc. Wood D. Copper - Coppers used in electric circuits for___ = A. insulating heat B. conducting heat ©. conducting electricity D. insulating electricity . eo8. Choose the correct statement from the following. A. Metals have a high melting point. B. Metals have a very low melting point. C. Most metals easily burn when heated. D. Most metals cannot conduct eleciticity. 9. Which of the following statements is irue? A. All non-metals are solids at room temperature. B. Non-metals cannot burn when they are heated. ¢. Non-metals have got shiny surfaces. DB. Non-metals can burn easily when exposed to heat. 10. Which of the following statements is false? A. Wood is brittle. B. Metals are malleable. C. Metals are brittle. D. Metals are ductile. 11. When iron is allowed to react with oxygen in the air, it forms an iron exide called —___. A. Tust B. ash c. carbon D. hydrogen 12. The ges that is produced when water reacts with metals is called —__. A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide €. hydrogen D. air 13. Explain the meaning of the following terms: a) ductile b) malleable ¢) brittle d}sonorous [4] 14. Make a list of three metals and three non-metals that you know. {3} 15, Describe four differences between metals and non-metals. [4] 16. Why is copper wire used in electric circuits? 12] 17. Name another metal besides copper commonly used in electric circuits. [1] Summary Materials can be classified as either metals or non-metals. Mefals are good conductors of electricity and heat. Metals can be hammered into other shapes. Metals are also heavy. Ofher characteristics of metals are that metals produce a sound when struck and they are solids at room temperature. Neon-metals, on the other hand are poor conductors of electricity and heat. Non-metals are also brittle as they break easily if they are bent. Non-metals are not sonorous, they de not produce a sound when struck. Non-metals can be found in three forms which are solid, liquid and gas. While metals react with oxygen to produce a basic oxide, non-metals react with oxygen to produce an acidic oxide. sea oe eeeUnit 6 Tools I. modify domestic tools 2. repair tools 3. manipulate ICT to design tools. Why do people need tools at home? Give examples of tools that are used at home in your area. | Keywords Bw modify brand computer-aided graphic packages Modifying tools Sometimes the tools that are available at home may not be-suitable for the work that we want to cary out. We may, therefore, need to Modify the tool, which is to alter its design or add certain features to make it more suited for.certain tasks. For instance, a simple axe can be modified into a hatchet which is lighter and can be used with one hand for lighter tasks. See Figure 6.3 and Figure 6,4. The axe handle can be replaced with a shorter one. — Figure 6.3 Simple axe Figure 6.4 Hatchet We modify tools in order to improve the tool's usefulness and efficiency. We modify tools so that they can be easier and more comfortable to hold or grip while using. For example, padded handgrips on tools such as pliers, hammers, wire cutters and lawn mowers make the tools more comfortable to use. A pliers with padded handgrips is shown in Figure 6.5. At times tools are modified to personalise and brand them. To brand is to put a mark or design to make something unique. For example, a pocket knife can be modified with fancy designs and even have the owner's name carved Figure 4.5 Pliers with in, Padded handgrips . e- Select a tool used at home or schoo! that you want to modify. 2. Why do you want to modify the tool? What equipment and materials do you need to carry out the modification? 4. After modifying the tool, find out if the tool is now functioning better than it used fo before it was modified. Find out some of the tools and appliances used to modify tools that are already in use. Write them down in a table and paste their pictures in another column. Repairing tools ‘A tool that has broken down andis no longer functional can be repaired. Repairing tools helps to ensure that tools return to their original state in terms of functioning properly. For example. a blunt knife can be sharpened for #fo cut properly. A rusty, squeaky wheelbarrow with a tyre puncture can be oiled for the squeak so that it moves efficiently while the tyre can be replaced with a new one. Figure 6.1 shows a person sharpening a knife, while a person fixing a wheelbarow is shown in Figure 6.2. jure 6.1 Sharpening a knife Figure 6.2 Fixing a wheelbarrow pairing tools is helpful in cutting costs. Instead of buying a new wheelbarrow, hich is quite expensive, a person can use less money to fix what is wrong with the isting tool. At times the existing tools may no longer be available in local shops refore, repairing ensures that a person still has a Certain tool.Manipulating ICT to design fools We can use computers to draw diagrams of tools that we would like to design before Sonstructing or modifying them. There are computer Programs that can be used for designing tools. These computer programs are called computer-aided graphic packages. Traditionally, a draughtsman who uses pencils and rulers to draw and design tools and structures. Nowadays we can use computer-aided graphic Packages to produce better designs of tools, 1. Your teacher has invited a graphic designer to help-you use computer aided design packages for drawing designs for tools. Design the following: a) Kitchen uiensils b) Pliers ¢) Claw hammer d} And any other tool of your choice. 1. Design a tool that you would like to construct as a group. 2. Foryou to be able to design the fool, think about the following: a) What do you want to use the tool for? b) What materials would you need to be able to construct the tool? ¢) What tools will you use to Construct the tool? d) Are the materials and tools néeded available in the local environment? Figure 6.6 Graphic design can be used fo design tools Your teacher will select the best tools constructed and display them during the school's science exhibitions. Ly Answer the following questions. 1. Tools are devices that A. need electricity in order io work B_ make work easier and faster C. need fuel in order to work D. are very expensive and complex , 38. Which one is a reason for modifying a tool? A. To make the tool more expensive. B. To make the tool safer to use. C. To make brand new tools. D. To make the tool easier to recognise. . Padded hand tools are __. A. very expensive B. more comfortable C. light to cary D. cheaper . Which of the following is an advantage of repairing tools? A. Preparing tools is cheaper than buying new tools. B. Repairing tools requires fewer people. C. Repairing tools does not take fime at all. D. Repaired tools are better than new tools. . @) State any two reasons why tool modification is important. 6) What are computer-aided graphic packages? . State any two advantages of repairing tools. Summary a * Instead of spending more money buying new tools, we can repair old ones. + We can modify tools so as to make them safer to use. more comfortable and just unique. + Computer-aided programs can be used for drawing and designing tools.Unit 7 Structures 1. make models of mechanical structures. In grade 6, you learnt that a structure is a man-made building made for a particular purpose. You also learnt that structures are built for different pu Moses. In this unit you will learn on other examples of structures and come up wiih models of mechanical structures. Keyword mechanical structure Structures Astructurecan be defined as any object or building that is designed to carry or support heavy loads. A chair is an example of a simple structure. Figure 7.1 shows how a chair carries your weight (laad) when you sif on it. Buildings, bridges, dam walls and electric pylons are examples of large structures that are man- made. These struciures are also called mechanical sfructures. Figure 7.2 shows these mechanical structures while Figure 7.3 shows a crane which is used to lift heavy loads, Figure 7.2 Bridge, dam wall and electric pylonsFigure 7.3 A crane Materials used to make structures The material used to build a structure depends on the purpose and the load the structure itis meant to support, Forexample, chairs can be made from metal, plastic or wood. These moterials can adequately cary a person's weight. However, a bridge, for example, should support heavy loads such as lorries, buses and people without breaking. It therefore requires much stronger material. Structures must be strong enough to withstand the heavy loads they support. They must nof break or collapse easily. Table 7.1 shows some materials used fo construct certain structures. Table 7.1 Materials used for constructing different structures Material Sal rastt] iron steel bars Construction of buildings, bridges, chairs, tables Metal sheets Car bodies, wheelbarrows, scotch carts n of buildings, bridges. dam walls Roof structures, chairs, tables, cupboards, Models of mechanical structures A model is a structure that can be used as a substitute for the real mechanical structure. Models can be used in class to show the structure and function of the real mechanical structure that we would be leaming about. A good physical model of a mechanical structure should have the following qualities: = fshould be strong enough to last for c long time without breaking. -+ It should resemble the real mechanical structure. The model could however be smaller than the real mechanical structure. * It should be constructed from cheap materials that are available from the focal environment. Steps taken when designing a mechanical model 1. Draw a sketch diagram of a mechanical structure you intend to model. 2. Collect the materials needed for constructing the model. 3. Construct the model of the mechanical structure. Materials needed for making models of mechanical structures The following materials obtained from the local environment can be used for constructing different models: a) Wire b) Cardboard paper c) Papier-maché d) Clay e) Concrete f} Bricks g) Pieces of metal h) Wooden blocks i) Foam rubber J) Rubber k) Used tyres l) Poly Examples of physical models of mechanical structures Figure 7.4.) Model of a wheelbarrow b) A wheelbarrow Figure 7.5 a) Model of a car made from wire Figure 7.6 a) Model of an aeroplane b) An aeroplane1. Which of the following is not an example of a mechanical structure? A. Fishing net B. Bridge Cc. Dam wall D. Pylons 2. Which of the following is not a material you can use ta make a model of a mechanical structure? A. Wire B, Papier-m&ché €. Cardboard paper D. Aeroplane 3. Give any three examples of structures. [3] 4. For each example in question 3, name the material used to make the structure. (3] 5. What determines the material used to build different structures? (2] Choose the mechanical structure which you wouldlike to construct a model of. 2. Draw a sketch diagram of the mechanicalstructure. 3. Collect the materials needed for constructing the model. 4. Construct the model. j Your teacher will select the best models and display them: during the science exhibition week. DS Summary + Structures are designed to carry or support heavy loads. Structures are made up of different materials such as wood, metal, stones, concrete and plastic. + The type of materials used depends on the purpose of the structure and the weight of the load itis intended to carry. lossary ‘Conductor = any material that allows electricity or heat to pass through. latchet = asmall one-hand axe with a short handle. (Personalise — to design something according to one's desires.nd of topic assessmen Multiple choice Choose the correct answer. 1. 2 Which of the following materials is a non-metal? A. Iron B. Gold C. Plastic D. Steel Which of the following materials is a metal? A, Rubber B. Plastic Cc. Leather D. Copper Non-meials burn in oxygen to produce. A. acidic oxides B. basic oxides C. fuels B. mixtures Metals can be hammered into various shapes. They are - . brittle B. malleable Cc. opaque D. ductile Which of the following statements is true? A. Most metals are poor conductors of electricity. B. Most metals are very light. €. Most metals are liquid at room temperature. D. Most metals are good conductors of electricity. . Which of the following statements is true of non-metals? A. Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity. al B. Non-metals are good conductors of electricity. C. Non-metals are malleable. D. Non-metals are ductile. - Potassium, sodium, calcium, iron and aluminium. This is a list of A. non-metals B. mixtures C. metals D. compounds Changing the structure of a fool is colled__ A. repairing B. modification . bending D. branding - Modifying a tool can help to A. improve the tool's usefulness B. make the tool cheaper C. make the tool heavier D. make the tool bigger . To Save money, a tool that has broken down should be A. repaired B. thrown away Cc. bumt D. replaced with an expensive one - Computer-aided graphic Programs can be used for A. playing computer games B. flying rockets C. drawing.and designing fools D. flying aeroplanes . Which of the following is not a mechanical Structure? A. Bridge B. Skyscraper Cc. Dam wall D. River . Car bodies are made of I A. metal B. wood Cc. plastic D. stone14. Iron steel bars are usually used in constructing A. wooden cabins B. cupboards C. buildings and bridges D. chairs 15. A good model of a mechanical structure should A. be expensive B. be able to support people and heavy vehicles C. resemble the real mechanical structure D. be able to win an award at a science exhibition [15 marks] Structured questions Answer the following questions in full. 1. State any two examples for each of the following: a) metals b) non-metals [4] 2. Illustrate any two differences between metals and non-metals in a fable. [2] 3. Explain why copper wire is used to make most electrical gadgets. 2] 4, State the difference between modifying and repairing a tool. [2] 5. Explain the advantage of using ICT tools to design tools. (2) 6. Define the following terms: a) mechanical structure a b) model [2] 7. Justify the importance of using strong material when building a mechanical structure. ly [15 marks]Energy and fuels Unit & Energy = | 1. demonstrate that sound travels through air, solids and water 2. illustrate different ways of Producing sound 3. explain electromagnetic radiation 4. identify appliances which generate €lectromagnetic radiation 9. demonstrate an understanding of the uses of electromagnetic radiation 6. describe how energy is Converted from one form to another 7._ illustrate energy efficiency. What are the uses of electrical energy? Recap on this in groups. oe Keywords vibrations oscillations vacuum electromagnetic radiation ozone layer energy efficiency Unit 8.1 Sound energy Sound is a form of energy that is produced whenever materials are forced to vibrate. Vibrations are up and down or back and forth movements. Vibrations are also called oscillations. Vibrations can sometimes take place at such a high speed that you may fail to notice them, >) Experiments: To determine that sound is formed as.a result of vibrations 1. Apparatus: Hard table surface, ruler Method 1. Take a ruler and hold ene end of the ruler onto a hard fable surface. The | other end of the ruler should extend from the table. 2. Strike the free end of the ruler such that it makes vibrations.Result As the ruler vibrates, what is produced? 2, Learning Aid/Apparatus: Guitar Method 1. Take a guitar and strum or pluck one ’ of the strings. — a Result 8 = = i: As the guitar string vibrates, what Figure 8.1 Plucking guitar strings is produced? Notice that when the guitar strings are not vibrating, no sound is produced. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum A vacuum is a space which is completely empty. There are no solids, liquids nor gases in a vacuum. All the air has to be pumped out in order to create a vacuum. Robert Boyle's experiment -cork scientist called Robert Boyle discovered iat sound cannot travel in a vacuum. placed a ringing bell in a bell jar. He ~ - en pumped out all the air from the bell wires 1 in order to create a vacuum. As the 4 was being pumped out of the bell jar, sound of the bell jor became less and 5 audible. When all the air from the bell had been removed, the sound of the ing bell could no longer be heard. It clear that even though the bell was finging, the sound that was produced _bell jar 9 eclectic bell threads code going fo vacuum the bell could no longer be heard. pump Figure 8.2 Robert Boyle's experiment experiment proved that sound cannot iravel ina vacuum. Sound is transmitted one point to another by materials which will act as. a medium through which ‘can travel. und can travel through the air can easily demonstrate that sound can el through air, Two people speaking to hh other from opposite ends in a room ere there is air, can easily hear each T. can also:hear each other talking and in Sound waves produced when weeven listen to music when we are in a room where there is air. This shows that sound can travel through the air. Sound can travel through water Experiment: To determine if sound can travel through water teaming Aid/Apparatus: Dish full of water, plastic bottle with a cut off bottom Method 1. Place a dish full of water on top of a table. 2. Place a plastic bottle whose bottom has been cut offand removed into the dish full of water. 3. Ask someone to tap two metal spoons together from undemeath the dish such that they produce sound. 4. Someone should listen through the open end of the cut plastic botile. Result 1. Find out if the person whois listening through the open end of the cut bottle can hear the sound of the spoons that are being tapped. ae? Observations The person listening from the open end of the plastic bottle immersed in water will hear the sound of the two spoons very clearly. In fact, the sound of the two spoons being hit against each other can be heard more clearly through water than in air. This shows that sound can travel faster through liquids than it does through air. . 6 afSound can travel through solids Experiment: To determine if sound can travel through solids Learning Aid/Apparatus: Table Method 1. Have someone iap the table while another person listens with his/her ear placed very close to the opposite end of the table. Result j You should be able to count the number of times the person ff6m the opposite end of the table has tapped on the table. Observation 2 This shows that sound can travel through solids. Actually sound travels faster through solids than it does through liquids and gases. Ways of producing sound Sound is produced when vibrating materials produce sound waves in gases, liquids and solids. Instruments such as drums, mbira, guitars, marimba and pianos "can be used to produce sound. Drum By beating the drum's tightened skin cover, the air If 4 =i. ‘round the skin of the drum vibrates fo produce sound Figure 8.4.A drum produces waves. The sound waves are fransmitied to our ears Sound when beat cond we heer the sound. Figure 8.4 shows a person Deating a drum. Mbira Mbira is a very popular musical instrument commonly used by Zimbabwean musicians. It consists of a svooden board onto which pieces of metal tines have Figure 8.5 Mbirabeen attached, If a mbira player plucks the metal tine, it vibrates. The air around the metal tines also vibrates theteby transmitting sound waves which teach our ears as music. Marimba This is a musical instrument that is made up of pieces of wooden bars that are attached to a wooden frame. If a marimba player beats ‘one of the woaden bars, the bar will vibrate thereby producing sound waves. See Figure 8.6. Figure 8.6 Marimba Guitar A guitar is a musical instrument where strings made from very thin wire are tightly fixed onto a wooden box. If a guitar player plucks the string, the string will vibrate thereby producing sound waves, Piano i The piano has a keyboard. The piano player | strikes or presses the keys on the keyboard with a finger. This causes the strings attached to the key to vibrate and produce sound waves. Hearing echoes An echo Is a reflection of sound back to the YZ listener caused by a wall or a barrier. Echoes Figure 8.7 A piano can be produced if a sound is made in an empty building. The sound will be reflected by the walls. The same thing happens when we make a loud noise near hill or a mountain. The sound will be reflected back to our ears by the hill or mouritain. Figure 8.8 Reflected sound waves in an empty room. Make.a model of a telephone. Arope can be connected fo two empty tins. The fins represent the earpiece and the mouth piece of a phone. Two pupils can communicate through this model. 2. Make a model of one of the following musical instruments: a) Guitar 6b) Mbira: ¢) Drum Answer the questions below. 1. What kind of energy is produced when materials vibrate? A. Electrical B. Sound c. Chemical D. Solar 2. Which of the following statements is not true? A. Sound can travel through a vacuum, j B. Sound can travel through the air. C. Sound can travel through liquids. D. Sound can travel through solids. 3. Which musical instrument produces sound through beating its tightened skin? A. Mbira B. Guitar C. Piano D. Drum 4. Which instrument is made up of pieces of wooden bars that are attached to wooden frame? A. Marimba — B. Piano c. Drum D. Guitar 5. a) Explain the terms: i. vibrations ii, vacuum [2] b) Describe the experiment that was caried out by Robert Boyle to demonstrate that sound cannot travel ina vacuum. [4] 6. Give any two scenarios through which echoes can be heard. [2] Unit 8.2 Electromagnetic radiation Hectromagnetic radiation refers to waves that cary both electric and magnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are emitted by very hot objects that produce a toi of energy. Stars are suns that are so far away that we see them asiittle stars in the sky. Some of these. » Stars are even bigger and hatter than our own sun. All stars produce a jotof heat and energy, and they emit electromagnetic waves. This includes the sun also. Some gadgets made by people such as microwave ovens, air conditioners, ‘and hair driers also emit electromagnetic waves. Characteristics of electromagnetic waves 1. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum. They do not need any materials to transfer them from one point to another. 2. Some electromagnetic waves can be harmful to plants, human being, and other animals. Electromagnetic waves such as ultraviolet radiation waves can Cause skin cancer and sunbum in people. 8. Gammarays can destroy cells in human beings. Types and uses of electromagnetic waves Visible light Visible light is produced by sources of light including the sun and stars. Visible light enables us to see objects around us. For Us to see any object, visible light should be reflected from the object to oureyes. Radio waves Radio waves are used for co mmmunicating signals, Théy have a very long Wavelength. Radio waves can be used for transmitting data in computers, radios, television sets and cellphones. We are able to listen to a radio program and watch television because radio and television sets can receive radio waves. Microwaves Microwaves have a very short wavelength. They can be used to transmit signals in tadios, televisions, computers and cell phones. A microwave is an electric device that is offen used for cooking at home. The microwave produces a lot of heat and can cook food very quickly, However, there are fears that fhe microwave could leak dangerous levels of radiation that could cause cancer to people. It has however been proved that, as long as the door seals of the microwave oven are not damaged, the microwave will not leak any dangerous radiation waves, Infra-red waves Infra-red waves give off heat. The warmth that we feel when we are basking in the sun is because of the infra-red waves coming from the sun. All electric gadgets and appliances that produce heat emit infra-red waves. Examples include stoves and heaters. Ultraviolet waves The sun is the major source of ultraviolet radiation. Ulfraviolet waves are very harmful. They can cause damage to the genes of both plants and animals.They cause sunburns and skin cancer. Most of the ultraviolet waves that are produced by the sun are not able to reach the earth's surface. They are absorbed by the ozone layer which is a layer found in the atmosphere that is able to protect life on earth from ultraviolet radiation. There are also man-made sources of ultraviolet radiation emitted by UV lamps, arc welding torches, and memory lamps. X-rays X-rays are extremely high energy waves produced by sources at very high temperaiures. They are used for producing images of bone structures inside a human body. This is how doctors in hospitals are able to identify fractured bones in people who have been involved in accidents just as highlighted in Figure 8.9. Figure 8.9 An X-ray Gamma rays Gamma rays have a very short wavelength. They are a result of extreme energy and very high temperatures. Gamma rays are produced during nuclear explosions. The sun and exploding stars also produce gamma rays. The earth's atmosphere protects us from the dangerous gamma rays that are emitted by the sun and the stars. Gamma rays can be used to kill cancer cells in people suffering from cancer. This process is called radiotherapy. Appliances which generate electromagnetic radiation Table 8.1 Appliances that can generate electromagnetic radiation PST lad try ‘Generator Used for generating eleciricity. Microphone Used for magnifying or increasing sound. ‘Loudspeaker Produces and magnifies sound in radios.& Cellphone Electric motor Microwave cooker Hourescent light buib Circuit breaker Used for communication. Used for converting electric energy to motion or movement energy. Used to store data. For cooking, produces a lot of heat. lights up rooms. Used in an electric circuit.Grincrease Ine lemperaiure Hair dryer Used to blow and ary hair. Activity 5 Visit a tetecommunication plant closest to you as a class. Find out the role played by electromagnetic radiation in enabling communication. Write your findings and present them in groups. ae ta} eect these questions. . Which item does not generate electromagnetic radiation? A. Generator B. Loudspeaker C. Stapler D. Microphone 2. How are gamma rays produced? A. They are produced when extreme energy and very high temperatures are produced. B. They aré produced by sources af very low temperatures. C. They are produced by sources of light including the sun and stars. D. They are produced when dangerous levels of radiation are leaked. What is electromagnetic radiation? iva State two characteristics of electramagnetic radiation. (2] How does electromagnetic radiation enable people to receive signals on their televisions and radios? 0 Dangers of being exposed to too much radiation is feared that too much exposure to devices and appliances that produce igh levels of radiation could lead to the development of cancer in people.Theuseof old anddamagedelectric appliancessuchas: airconditioners, microwaves and hair dryers can result in over-exposure to radiation. Experts recommend that children should not be exposed to hair dryers. This could be very damaging to their developing brain and skull since hair dryers emit a lot of radiation, Energy conversion There are different types of energy which enable us to do work. Kinetic energy: enables objects to move. light energy: enables us to see. Heat energy: produces warmth or heat. Electrical energy: enables us fo use electricity in electric appliances. Chemical energy: produces substances during chemical reactions. The energy contained in the food that we eat is in the form of chemical energy. Potential energy: energy possessed by objects because of their positions, Sound energy: produced by vibrating materials. These types of energy can be converted from one form to another and be presented in energy chains with arrows showing the change. Energy chains Falling fruit: When a fruit is falling from a tree, it already possesses potential energy because of its position in the tree. The potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as the fruit falls. This can be summarised in the energy chain shown below. Potential energy Kinetic energy A battery: A battery contains chemical energy which can be converted to electrical energy. Chemical energy ——-» Electrical energy Figure 8.10 A car battery Car lights: The car battery contains the chemical energy which is converted fo electrical energy, which in tum is converted to light energy in the lights Chemical energy ——+ Electrical energy ———* Light energy. Figure 8.11 A car flashing lights -Car hooter: The battery in the car contains chemical energy which is turned to electrical energy. The electrical energy changes tosound energy in the car hooter. Chemical energy ———+ Electrical energy ———+ Sound energy Steve: The electric stove can change electrical energy to heat energy. The energy chain for the stove is shown below. Electrical energy ———- Heat energy Heater: The heater converts electrical energy to heat energy. The energy chain for a heater is: > ae Flectical energy ——» Heat energy figure 8.12: hecter Light bulb: The light bulb energy can change electrical energy to light energy. The energy chain for the light bulb is as follows: Electrical energy ——— Light eneray Wood: Wood is a fuel which burns to produce heat and light. The chemical energy in wood is converted to heat and light energy. Burning wood is shown in Figure 8.13. The energy chain for burning wood is as Follows: i ; Figure 8.13 Burning wood Chemical energy ——» Heat energy + Light energy "“O""* uring wos Photosynthesis: Plants absorb sunlight or solar energy from the sun and use it for manufacturing food during photosynthesis. The energy chain for photosynthesis is shown below. Light energy ———» Chemical energy A generator: A turbine has to turn in.a magnetic field so. as to produce electricity in a generator. The energy chain in a generator is: Kinetic energy ———» Elecirical energy Energy efficiency Energy efficiency is the ability to use fess energy in order to use a given appliance. This means that less energy <3 is used in order to do the same amount \W 7 of work. Energy efficiency enables us to conserve energy. For example, fluorescent light bulbs use up less electric energy for the same amount .of light that incandescent Figure 8.14 Different light bulbs 'Q) Incandescent oulb b} Fluorescent bulllight bulbs produce. This is why fluorescent light bulbs are called energy savers, The fluorescent bulb is more energy efficient than the incandescent bulb. Figure 8.14 shows the two different light bulbs. Some buildings are insulated by putting insulating materials between the brick walls. This reduces the amount of heat generally needed to keep the building warm and the heat needed to warm rooms during cold winter months. Such buildings are therefore energy efficient. . From’ the local environment, identify activities where energy is a Converted from one form to another. Write down the energy chains for these activities. - Find cut from the local environment some energy-efficient appliances People use. Make a write Up of your findings and explain how they are saving energy. ) Answer the following questions. . 1. Which of the following is net an example of an electromagnetic radiation wave? A. Visible light B. Ultraviolet radiation C. Sound wave D. Infra-red radiation 2. Which of the following electromagnetic tadiation waves can cause cancer and sunburns in people? A. X-rays B. Ultraviolet radiation C. Visible light D. Radio waves 3. Which electromagnetic waves can be used to obtain images of bone structure in people? A. Xrays B. Gamma rays C. Infra-red radiation D. Microwaves 4. The cooking appliance shown in the Photographisa - hairdryer — B. microwave ©. circuit breaker D. air conditioner ° oewv 5. The energy efficient appliance shown is called A. alamp B. an incandescent light bulb Cc. a microphone D. a fluorescent bulb 6. Which of the following statements is true? A. Incandescent light bulbs can conserve electricity. B. Fluorescent light bulbs cannot save electricity. ¢, Fluorescent light bulbs save electricity. D. Fluorescent light bulbs do not produce light. 7. Which energy chain is for a car battery? A. Chemical energy ———» Electric energy B. Electric energy ——-+ Chemical energy GC. Electric energy ——+ Heat energy D. Chemical energy ——— Heat energy 8. Ina generator at Kariba hydro power station, a turbine is forced to turn ina magnetic field by flowing water. This results in the generation of electricity. The energy chain for this change is A. kinetic energy ——e chemical ener energy B. kinetic energy ———» sound eneray C. kinetic energy ———» electric energy D. kinetic energy ———+ potential energy ?.. Inan electric moter, the presence of electric current will result in movement, The correct energy chain for the electric motor is A. kinetic energy ——+ electric energy B. potential energy ———» kinetic energy C. chemical energy ——~ kinetic energy D. electric energy ——~+ kinetic energy 10. During photosynthesis, plants are able to convert A. heat energy to chemical energy B. solar energy to chemical energy C.. solar energy to sound energy D. solar energy to kinetic energy 11. $tate any three examples of electromagnetic radiation waves. B] 12. Name any two appliances that can emit electromagnetic radiation waves. 2] 13. State any three dangers of exposing oneself to ultraviolet radiation. [3] 14. How does the earth protect us from ultraviolet radiation? [2] 15. What is energy efficiency? 0] 16. What is the advantage of using fluorescent bulbs for lighting? 0]Sound is produced when materials vibrate, Sound cannot travel ina vacuum. Sound ¢an travel through solids, liquids and gases. Mbira, marimba, drums and pianos are some examples of musical instruments which produce sound, Electromagnetic radiation waves are electric and magnetic waves that are produced by high energy producing objects such as stars. The sun also emits a lot of electromagnetic radiation waves. Types of electromagnetic radiation waves include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infra-red waves, Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays, Some electromagnetic radiation waves canbe harmful to People. Forexample, Ultraviolet radiation waves can cause sunburns and cancer. Too much exposure to devices and appliances that produce high levels of fadiation could lead to the development of cancer in People. Energy can be converted from one form fo another, Types of energy are sound energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, light energy, heat energy, chemical energy and electric energy.Unit 9 Fuel 1. explain the causes of veld fires and their effects 2. suggest ways of controlling veld fires. What are some of the ways people can conserve electrical energy? Keywords F arsonist firequard Causes of veld fires Causes of veld fires can be broken down into those caused by human activity and natural causes. Human activity 1. People who smoke sometimes carelessly throw cigarette stubs that are still buming anywhere, even where there is dry grass and leaves. Figure 9.1 shows a fire started by a discarded lit cigarette. 2. People harvesting honey also start fires in order to produce smoke, which in turn chases away the bees. However. this can easily spread and start a veld fire. Figure 9.1 Lit cigarette stubs start veld fires 3. Poachers who hunt for animals purposely burn vegetation so as to scare animals. Such fires can easily spread over a large area. 4. Children playing with matches outdoors can also start veld fires. 5. Improper disposal of coals can cause veld fires especially when the ashes have coals which are not properly extinguished. This disposal is usvally after cooking or even after an outdoor braci.key 6. An arsonist is a criminal who deliberately causes veld fires in order to cause the destruction of Property and to injure People. Arsonists are another cause of veld fires. Natural causes of veld fires 1.. Lightning can cause veld fire Outbreaks, Thishappens J ™ Bn | when a thunderstorm Produces lightning which strikes on dry grass igniting a fire as shown in Figure 92. nv When itis very hot, some transparent rocks or water drops can cause heat from the sun fo Concentrate on d small space where there is dry grass. This can cause veld fires. Effects of veld fires 1. Veld fires desiroy People's property leaving many homeless. 2. Veld fires can also result in the injury and loss of Fa human life. Figure 9.2 Lightning 3. Veld fires cause damage to the environment as trees and grass are burnt. The destruction of vegetation, in tum, paves way for soil erosion, 4. Wildlife also dies and in most cases, many animals lose their habitats as a result of veld fires, 5. Veld fires cause the destruction of Plantations, pastures and crops which leaves people with little oF no food, Controlling veld fires 1. Train personnel on fire extinguishing. rr 2. Have equipment for extinguishing fires on hand, for example, hoses, water buckets and fire extinguishers. 3. Educate the community on the dangers of throwing cigarette stubs everywhere. People should avoid smoking while in the veld where there is dry grass. | 4. Have the phone numbers for the local fire brigade office always readily b available. aera 5 Make sure outdoor braai fites are Figure 9.3.A fire extinguisher properly extinguished. 6. Avoid having fireworks and flames around dry grass. 7. Keep grass short and clear all trees with dry branches from the veld. i