DYNAMICS

BDA 20103 – LECTURE 10

Dr. MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
 Topics to discuss
• Introduction to impact
• Direct Central Impact
• Oblique Central Impact
• Example

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 Definition Impact
Refers to collisions of two bodies and is characterized by
generation of relatively large contact forces which act over a
short interval of time

n-axis
(line of impact)

Examples of impact…

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 Four categories of impact
• CENTRAL IMPACT
If both centers are on the n-axis
• ECCENTRIC IMPACT
If either mass center is off the n-axis
• DIRECT IMPACT
If vA and vB are parallel to the n-axis
• OBLIQUE IMPACT
If either vA or vB is not parallel to the n-axis

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 CENTRAL IMPACT
(If both mass centers are on the n-axis)

Particle
Rigid body
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 ECCENTRIC IMPACT
(If either mass center is off the n-axis)

Only in rigid bodies

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 DIRECT IMPACT
(If vA and vB are parallel to the n-axis)

The motion (velocity) of particles or rigid bodies

acts on mass centers

Direct-Central Impact Direct-Eccentric Impact

Particles/rigid Bodies Rigid Bodies

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 OBLIQUE IMPACT
If either vA or vB is not parallel to the n-axis

Oblique-Central Impact Oblique-Eccentric Impact

Particles/Rigid Bodies Rigid Bodies

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 Check for understanding…
1. Draw the line of impact and plane of contact of the following particles
after the collision;-
VA VB
VA > VB
A B
a.

B
A VA
b. VA
A

c. B
VB
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 Check for understanding….
2. What is the factor that affecting the level of deformation when the
collision occur
3. What is the different between direct impact and oblique impact.
4. Does the impact will occur if particle A and B move in the same
direction as follows;
a. VA = VB
b. VA > VB
c. VA < VB

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 Possibilities in Impact

Particles Rigid Bodies

• Direct Central Impact  Direct Central Impact

• Oblique Central Impact  Oblique Central Impact
 Direct Eccentric Impact
 Oblique Eccentric Impact

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 Impact illustration
Before Impact
v1 v2
m1 m2

During impact
-F m1 m2 F

After impact v1’ v2’

m1 m2

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 Direct Central Impact

Before Impact

u Period of Deformation
The two particles will deform and
at the end, they will have the
velocity u

Period of Restitution
The two particles either will have
regained their original shape or
will stay permanently deformed

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 Coefficient of restitution
n-momentum is conserved for system of both masses

mAvA  mB vB  mAvA  mB vB

Restitution relationships holds in the n-direction

v' B  v' A
Coefficient of e
restitution v A  vB

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 Special cases of
direct-central impacts
Perfectly Elastic Impact
e=1

Some typical values of e are: vA  vB  v' B  v' A

Steel on steel: 0.5 – 0.8
Wood on wood: 0.4 – 0.6
Lead on lead: 0.12 – 0.18
Glass on glass: 0.93 – 0.95
Perfectly Plastic Impact
e=0

mAv A  mB vB   mA  mB  u

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 Oblique Central Impact
mA, mB, vA and vB
t
are known variables
θB’
θA’

vB’
vA’

n
mA mB
vA vB

θA θB

vA’, vB’, θA’, and θB’ are not known, hence need 4 equations
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 Equations to analyze
oblique-central impact
Coefficient restitution to the n-axis

t  vB 'n   vA'n vB 'sin  B ' ( vA'sin  A')

θB’ en  
θA’
 vA n   vB n vA sin  A  (vB sin  B )
vA’ vB’
Momentum for mA is conserved
n
mA mB
vA vB
mAvA cos  A  mA vA'cos  A'

θA θB Momentum for mB is conserved

mB vB cos  B  mB vB'cos  B'

Momentum for the system is conserved

mAvA sin  A  mB vB sin  B  mB vB'sin  B' mA v A'sin  A'

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 Example 1
The 4kg masses A and B in Figure 1 slide on the smooth horizontal bar. Determine
their velocities after they collide if ;
a. Both masses stick or couple together.
b. Their coefficient of restitution is e = 0.8.

VA = 10m/s VB = 5m/s

A B

Figure 1

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 Example 1
Solution
a. If the masses stick together, they have the same velocity
after the collision. Apply the conservation of linear
momentum,
mAvA + mBvB = (mA + mB)v
let v become the common velocity after impact,

(4)(10) + (4)(-5) = (4 + 4)v

v = 2.5m/s (move towards right after impact)

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 Example 1
b. Use the conservation of linear momentum and coefficient of restitution to
determine the velocity of mass A and B after collision

mAvA + mBvB = mAvA’ + mBvB’

(4)(10) + (4)(-5) = 4vA’ + 4vB’
4vA’ + 4vB’ = 20 ----------- (1)

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 Example 1
v' B  v' A
e
v A  vB
e = 0.8 = ( vB’ – vA’ )/ (vA – vB)
0.8 = ( vB’ – vA’ )/ (10 – (-5))
vB’ – vA’ = 12 ------------(2)
Solve (1) and (2),
vB’ = 8.5m/s (to the right) vA’ = -
3.5m/s ( to the left)

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 Example 2

The bag A, having a mass of 6 kg is released from

rest at the position θ = 0°. After falling to θ = 90°, is
strikes an 18 kg box B. If the coefficient of
restitution between the bag and the box is e = 0.5,
determine the velocities of the bag and box just
after impact and the loss of energy during collision.

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 Example 2

Conservation of Energy. With the datum at θ =

0°, we have
T0  V0  T1  V1
1
0  0  (6)(v A )1  6(9.81)(1)
2
2
(v A )1  4.43m / s

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 Example 2

Conservation of Momentum. After impact, we

will assume A and B travel to the left.

( ) mB (vB )1  m A (v A )1  mB (vB )2  m A (v A )2
0  (6)(4.43)  (18)(vB )2  6(v A )2
(v A )2  4.43  3(vB )2

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 Example 2

Coefficient of Restitution. Realizing that for

separation to occur after collision (vB)2 > (vA)2,
 (vB ) 2  (v A ) 2
( ) e
(v A )1  (vB )1
(v A )2  (vB )2  2.215

Solving the two equations

simultaneously,
(v A ) 2  0.554m / s  0.554m / s 
(vB ) 2  1.66m / s 
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 Example 2

Loss of Energy. Applying the principle of wrk

and energy to the bag and box just before and after
collision, we have

U12  T2  T1
 2  1 2
 12  2
1 2 1
U  (18)(1.66)  ( 6)(0.544) 
  2 ( 6)( 4.33) 
2
 33.15 J

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 Exercise / Practice
Two smooth disks A and B, having mass of 1 kg
and 2 kg respectively, collide with the velocities
shown. If the coefficient of restitution for the disks
is e = 0.75, determine the x and y components of
the final velocity of each disk just after collision.

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 Example of Impact / Collision……
1. A car crash in Tokyo, Japan

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 2. A car crash and roll-over

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 3. A head-on collision between a Perodua Kancil and an
old Mitsubishi Lancer.

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4. A truck crash.

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 Simulation of Direct Impact
Elastic collision of equal mass

Elastic collision of unequal mass

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 Simulation of oblique impact

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 Till we meet again….in CHAPTER 4

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