DYNAMICS

BDA 20103 – LECTURE 3

MOHD AZHAR B HARIMON
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
 Brief Review Lecture 2

Dynamics BDA 20103 2

 Rectilinear motion
s
Average Velocity vavg 
t
ds
Instantaneous velocity v vs
dt
v
Average acceleration aavg 
t

dv d 2 s
Instantaneous acceleration a  2
dt dt

avs

Dynamics BDA 20103 3

 Rectilinear motion

Constant velocity Constant acceleration

v  v 0 + a  t  t0 
s  s0 + v (t  t0 )
v  v0 + a  t 
s  v (t )

In general practical v 2  v0 2 + 2a  s  s0 
situation:
Initial time t0 = 0 v 2  v0 2 + 2a  s 
Also
The particle starts
1
 
s  s0  v0 (t  t0 )  a t 2  t0 2  at0 t  t0 
2
from distance s0 = 0
1
 
s  v0 (t )  a t 2
2
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 Erratic motion

1. Changing motion

2. Position (s), velocity (v), acceleration (a) cannot be

described by a single continuous mathematical
function

3. It is convenient to represent the motion as a graph

Dynamics 5
 s-t, v-t & a-t graph

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 New Topics to Discuss
• Introduction Planar Curvilinear Motion

• Coordinate System To Represent Curvilinear Motion

• Cartesian (x-y) Coordinate System

• Trajectory Motion
• Normal – Tangential (n-t) Coordinate System

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 General curvilinear motion
Average r
velocity
vavg 
t

Instantaneous r dr
P0 Δs v  lim  r
Curved path of P P1 velocity t 0 t dt
Δr

r0
Magnitude of dr ds
r1 v v   s
r1 = r0 + Δr velocity (SPEED) dt dt
O

Average v
aavg 
acceleration t
Instantaneous v dv
acceleration a  lim  vr
t 0 t dt

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 Application: x-y coordinate system

P
y
α
r
yj
j
xi
O i x

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 Application: n-t coordinate system

P et

en

Particle model

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 Definition x-y coordinate system

r  xi  yj
P x
y or can be expressed r 
α  y
r
yj r cos  
r 
j
 r sin  
xi
O i x

rr  x 2
 y2 

Dynamics BDA 20103 11

 Velocity in x –y coordinate system

Velocity in x and y axes

 dx 
dr d  x   dt   vx 
v     
dt dt  y   dy  v y 
 dt 
 vx   x 
v  
v y   y 
v v  v x
2
 vy 2 

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 Acceleration x –y coordinate system

Acceleration in x and y axes

 dvx 
d  vx   dt   ax 
a    
dt v y   dv y  a y 
 dt 

 a x   vx   x 
a   
 a y  v y   y 

a a  a x
2
 ay 2 

Dynamics BDA 20103 13

 x – y coordinate system: Projectile Motion
• Free-flight motion studied in terms of rectangular components
• Consider projectile launched at (SAx, SAy)
• Path defined in the x-y plane
• Air resistance neglected
• ac = g = 9.81 m/s2

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x – y coordinate system: Projectile Motion

ay = -g Application ?
vx
vy v

vAy vA θ
sy
A vAx
sAy

o
sAx sx

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 Velocity in trajectory

Horizontal: Vertical:

ax = 0 vAx = vA cos θ tA = 0 ay = -g vAy = vA sin θ tA = 0

0 0 -g 0
v x  v Ax + a x  t  t A  v y  v Ay + a y  t  t A 

v x  v A cos v y  v A sin   gt
0
v x 2  v Ax 2 + 2a x  sx  s Ax  v y 2  v Ay 2 + 2a y  s y  s Ay 

v x 2  v Ax 2  v x  v Ax  v Acos v y 2   v A sin    2 g ( s y  s Ay )
2

Dynamics BDA 20103 16

 Distance in trajectory

Horizontal:
1
 
sx  sAx  vAx (t  t A )  ax t 2  t A2  axt A t  t A 
2
sx  s Ax  vAxt

sx  s Ax   v A cos   t
Vertical:
-g
1
 
s y  sAy  vAy (t  t A )  ay t 2  t A2  a yt A  t  t A 
2
1 1
s y  sAy  vAyt  gt 2 s y  sAy   vA sin   t  gt 2
2 2

Dynamics BDA 20103 17

 EXAMPLE 1(Hibbeler R.C Eg.12.9)

At any instant the horizontal

position of the weather balloon
is defined by x = (9t) m, where
t is in second. If the equation
of the path is y = x2/30,
determine the distance of the
balloon from the station at A,
the magnitude and direction of
the both the velocity and
acceleration when t = 2 s.
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 EXAMPLE 1

Solution:
Position. When t = 2 s, x = 9(2) m = 18 m and
y = (18)2/30 = 10.8 m
The straight-line distance from A to B is

r 182  10.82  21 m

v x  x  9t   9m / s
d
Velocity.
dt
v y  y  
d 2
dt

x / 30  10.8m / s
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 EXAMPLE 1

When t = 2 s, the magnitude of velocity is

v 92  10.82  14.1m / s
The direction is tangent to the path, where
v
 v  tan 1 y
 50.2
vx
Acceleration.
a x  vx  0
a y  v y  5.4m / s 2
Dynamics BDA 20103 20
 EXAMPLE 1

a  0  5.4
2 2
 5.4m / s 2
The direction of a is
1 5.4
 a  tan  90
0

Dynamics BDA 20103 21

 EXAMPLE 2 - Projectile

The chipping machine is designed to eject wood at

chips vO = 7.5 m/s. If the tube is oriented at 30°
from the horizontal, determine how high, h, the
chips strike the pile if they land on the pile 6 m
from the tube.

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 Coordinate System. Three unknown h, time of
flight, tOA and the vertical component of velocity
(vB)y. Taking origin at O, for initial velocity of a chip,
(vO ) x  (7.5 cos30 )  6.5m / s 
(vO ) y  (7.5 sin 30 )  3.75m / s 
(vA)x = (vO)x = 6.5 m/s and ay = -9.81 m/s2

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 Horizontal Motion.
x A  x0  (v0 ) x tOA
tOA  0.9231s
Vertical Motion.
Relating tOA to initial and final elevation of the chips,
1 2
   y A  h  yO  (v0 ) y tOA  actOA
2
h  1.38m

Dynamics BDA 20103 24

 Problem 3.1
• A stone is thrown horizontally at
+17 m/s from the top of a cliff
40 m high.
• How long does the stone take to
reach the bottom of the cliff?
• How far from the base of the cliff
does the stone strike the ground?
• What is the speed of the stone
just before it strikes the ground?

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 Next ……LECTURE 4…..

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