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    APznzaaGAcyXL11D3pPElV3gyxlUUkqzrk2MFPs9bwiUkCmAQQ9HU DJpdZjokJ7ShuJuhnVHELQLiaNl3QL9hSH5luYDbhSDtgg7BlVGk -0YmyYSLlfRQOxa5Vm4zUq2OSjLn0YO6TLknPhXT0i0xKf YGkiYpYyfMxYUoJoeKGhFz0vOhbt Giqv4vHCN0dDlHpDfJusI2tiF6ZmI

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    APznzaaGAcyXL11D3pPElV3gyxlUUkqzrk2MFPs9bwiUkCmAQQ9HU DJpdZjokJ7ShuJuhnVHELQLiaNl3QL9hSH5luYDbhSDtgg7BlVGk -0YmyYSLlfRQOxa5Vm4zUq2OSjLn0YO6TLknPhXT0i0xKf YGkiYpYyfMxYUoJoeKGhFz0vOhbt Giqv4vHCN0dDlHpDfJusI2tiF6ZmI

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    APznzaaGAcyXL11D3pPElV3gyxlUUkqzrk2MFPs9bwiUkCmAQQ9HU DJpdZjokJ7ShuJuhnVHELQLiaNl3QL9hSH5luYDbhSDtgg7BlVGk -0YmyYSLlfRQOxa5Vm4zUq2OSjLn0YO6TLknPhXT0i0xKf YGkiYpYyfMxYUoJoeKGhFz0vOhbt Giqv4vHCN0dDlHpDfJusI2tiF6ZmI

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    of 26
    a 1 2 The Saxon invasion] [OM MUR TCI CuLTere <7 S i alia’ ‘ies reg gay The invaders * Government and society * Christianity: the) partnership of The invaders “themealthrofiBetainbyehe fourth century, the “iesulfiolits mild climate and cent P ind centuries af peace, | jeedy. At first,the Germani tribes only ae Britain, but after ABASO URE) tle. The newcomers were = am S Gwe ourknowledgeroftthisiper wainly tS an ceuORaeUBate oe lived three hundred years later. His story of events in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People has beer} proved generally correct by archaeological © © | evidence. | Bede ul us that the invaders came from three | and wete soon considered no di ferent from the Angles and Saxons, | me Geitied in the east, and also in the while tan roi the Tharnes Fstualy The Anglo-Saxon migrations gavé the larger part of Britain its new narie, England, a land of the Angles” “The British Celts fought the raiders and settlers | from Gerinany as well as they could. Howevet, during the next hundred years they were slowly | pushed westwards until by 570 they were forced | vest of Gloucester. Finally most were driven int the mountains in the i ee: or meaning ". Soine Celts were driven into | cr accepted the rule af | other Gels were drivdn ints the lowlands of the country which became | \ Church and state * The Vikings + Who should be king? Tat | [| saxbne The Ang Sonon fe known i left of Celtic ee tener. ore except for the nalnes of some rivers, Thames Mersey, Severn and Avon, and}two lar cilies, London and Leeds. : is obvious ne afte on clulte The strength of Anglo-s even today. Days of the w Germanic gods: Tig (Tueslay), Wodin (Werdnesday), Thor (Thursday), Frei (Friday), New place-names appgared on the map. The firstof | Dy —— 1 i ' 1 ot these phow'thar the garliest Saxon villages, a Celtid ones, were farpily villages: lige ing ofilk be farnily, his "Reading is the place of \Fiof Rada, “Hastings” of the family of Hostay Haviy means farm, ton means settlement Birmipeham, Nottingham or Southampton, for example, are Saxon plage-names. Hecause the Anglo-Saxon kings fen establishe}l settlements, Kingston isia frequerit place-name. The Anglo:Saxons eptablished a number of Kingddnjs, Some of which still exist[in county or regionjalinam like the { Jest Saxons) Middle eeascdinitt RaseAjgles), By the snide of the yy Seventh century the fhree largest kingdoms, those oftNorthumimanbtetcirandiwessexnrwerethem O° “See Lele: A igre da, king of Mercia (x0 757-896) tus ine peu than any of the other Anglo-Saxp Kings of his Tinea tin oins were o higher qa than py exis used ince the decane of the Romans four outed years earlier Bist: A ed ein of King fe et copy of a} Arab dpa oft yer AO ZPA4 Ms of isin abi, Bt on ones co has "OFFA REX". econ ge le Anglo Sacohs of Britain were well ayare of @ ove atlatect enue system inthe ditant Arab empife, end also that even as Jor ouxey vs rida cal naxehden Erope, fort ol cna wee more tnt han hers. Ic shoes haw great were th distances covered by I wag npr intil a cebtury later that one of these kings! fei 7T=9BYi claimed “kinghhij lish’ had good reason t do sv; He was powerful enough to ¢mploy thou- sandsiol men to buildl a huge dyke, jor earth wall, the length jof the Wélsh: border to Heep out the troubjesonje Celts. Buc glthough hg was the most poweffu) kjng of his time, he did nye controliall g England. | The jjower. of Mercig did not survive after Offa's death Ar that time) a king's powet depended on the perspnal Toyalty bf his followers, Afcer his death the nexl king had td wark hard to febuild these feelings of loyalty. Most people still as the Celfs had done, that a man’s firse personal believed wiity i ji le | } | a Pa poco Te 4 ¢ a was to his own family. However, things wo changing, The Saxon kings begat co family with loyalty £0 Jord and king nto replace loyal, Government and society theke institutions was thetKing's Council, called the I, The Witan probably grew out of informal ‘of senior warriors and churchmen to whom ice Offa had cured for advice or support ot might be dangerous to do so. For the Wican’s authority was based on its right s. Without its support che king’s own authority was in danget Tht Witan established a system which remained an important part of the king's method of government Evdn today, the king or queen has a Privy Council, a gfoup of advisers on the affaits of stare. “Tht Saxons divided the land into newvadminis=” “trativerareasy based on shires; or counties. These shites, established by the end of the tenth century, remained almost exactly the same for a thousand yeafs. *Shire” is the Saxon word, “county” the Nofman one, but both are still used. (In 1974 the counties were reorganised, but the new system is very like the old one.) Qvereach’ shire wasiap> Th time his name became shortened o “Sherif. Anglo-Saxon technology changed the shape of English agriculture, The Celts had kept small, squiresfields which were well suited to the light ploligh they used, drawn either by an animal or tw urn comers easily. The oxdn to pull it, and it was difficult to turn. This hedvier plough led to changes in land ownership and organisation. In order to make the best use © l ¢ villages whcli land, Asa result almost allith , ‘existed appeation eighteenth-centuy thaps alreatly by the eleventh fentury. | r large hpude.| This er¢ lodal villagets darhe to p e was adlninistered, Anh * | fehere inen met jogether to-joisithe Angla-Saxon army, the fyrd.)The lord of the| manor had to Seanise all thisyjand make suré village land was, c & properly shared. jIt was the beginning of the |

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