‫رؤية ورسالة الكلية‬ Biochemistry

GDN102
‫الرؤية‬
‫تتطلع الكلية أن تكون في مصاف المؤسسات التعليمية المعترف بها إقليميا ً وعالميا ً من خالل‬
.‫برامج تعليمية متطورة وأبحاث تطبيقية مبتكرة وتنمية مجتمعية مستدامة‬
Vision
The Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine aspires to be a recognized
educational institution, regionally and internationally, by providing advanced
educational programs, innovative applied research, and sustainable
community development.

‫الرسالة‬
‫ ذو كفاءة معرفية وتطبيقية من خالل‬،‫إعداد طبيب أسنان ملتزم بالقيم االنسانية واألخالق المهنية‬
‫ كما تلتزم‬.‫برامج تعليمية متطورة تتوافق مع االحتياجات الفعلية لسوق العمل المحلي والعالمي‬
‫الكلية بإعداد بحوث تطبيقية متوافقة مع االستراتيجيات القومية وكذلك تقديم خدمة مجتمعية‬
.‫مستدامة وفقا ً لمعايير الجودة العالمية‬
Mission
The mission of the Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine is to prepare
knowledgeable and well-trained dentists committed to human values and
professional ethics, by developing advanced educational programs that
correspond to the actual needs of the local and global labor market. The
Faculty is also committed to preparing applied research in line with national
strategies, as well as providing sustainable community service following
international quality standards.
 Biochemistry
GDN102

Carbohydrates
Metabolism II
 Biochemistry
SLOs GDN102

By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to:

1. Define glycogenesis.
2. Explain the regulation of glycogenesis.
3. Define glycogenolysis.
4. Explain the regulation of glycogenolysis.
5. Define gluconeogenesis.
6. Identify the sites of gluconeogenesis.
7. State the gluconeogenic substrates.
8. Explain the importance of gluconeogenesis.
9. Explain the regulation of gluconeogenesis.
10. Mention the normal fasting and 2 hr postprandial blood
glucose levels.
11. Explain how plasma glucose concentration is regulated.
12. Define hypoglycemia.
13. Discuss the causes of hypoglycemia.
 Biochemistry
Glycogen Metabolism GDN102

➢Glycogen is the main storage form of

carbohydrates.
➢Muscle glycogen supplies glucose during muscle
contraction while
➢Liver glycogen maintains blood glucose between
meals.
Biochemistry
GDN102
 Biochemistry
I-Glycogenesis GDN102

Definition:
➢It is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
Site:
➢Cytosol of liver and muscles.
Regulation:
1) Insulin (feeding) activates glycogenesis in both
liver and muscles.
2) Glucagon (in liver) and epinephrine (in liver and
muscles) during fasting decreases the rate of
glycogenesis.
Biochemistry
GDN102
 Biochemistry
II-Glycogenolysis GDN102

Definition:
➢It is the breakdown of liver glycogen to maintain
blood glucose between meals (fully depleted after
12- 18 hours of fasting) ,
➢and muscle glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate to be
oxidized by glycolysis to provide energy during
muscle contraction.
Site:
➢Cytosol of liver and muscles.
 Biochemistry
II-Glycogenolysis GDN102

Regulation:
1) Insulin (feeding) inhibits glycogenolysis in both
liver and muscles.
2) Glucagon (in liver) and epinephrine (in liver and
muscles) activate glycogenolysis this occurs
during fasting.
 Biochemistry
GDN102

QUIZ
Biochemistry
GDN102
 Biochemistry
Gluconeogenesis GDN102

Definition:
➢It is the synthesis of glucose from non-
carbohydrate sources.
Site:
➢Cytosol of liver and kidney cells.
Gluconeogenic substrates:
➢They include lactate, glucogenic amino acids and
glycerol.
 Biochemistry
Gluconeogenesis GDN102

Importance:
1) The main function of gluconeogenesis is to supply
blood glucose in case of carbohydrate deficiency
(fasting, starvation & low carbohydrate diet) for
more than 18 hours especially for brain & RBCs.
2) It removes lactic acid produced by RBCs and
contracting muscles.
Regulation:
1) Insulin (feeding) inhibits gluconeogenesis.
2) Anti insulin hormones (fasting) stimulate
gluconeogenesis.
 Biochemistry
GDN102
Blood Glucose
• The normal fasting plasma glucose level is 70-100
mg/dl.
• It increases after meal,
• Then returns back to 70-120 mg/dl two hours
after feeding.
 Biochemistry
GDN102

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose

Insulin
➢ It is the only hypoglycemic hormone. Insulin
decreases blood glucose:
a) It increases the uptake of glucose by extrahepatic
tissues.
b) It increases utilization of glucose (oxidation,
glycogenesis and lipogenesis)
c) It decreases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
 Biochemistry
GDN102
Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose

Anti-insulin Hormones
➢ These are the hormones which elevate blood
glucose level and include:
a) Glucagon
b) Epinephrine
c) Corticosteroids
d) Growth hormone
e) Thyroxine
 Biochemistry
GDN102
Abnormalities of Blood Glucose level
Hypoglycemia
➢It is the drop of blood glucose level below the
normal fasting levels.
➢Marked drop below 45 mg/dl produces
▪ Rapid pulse,
▪ Sweating,
▪ Headache,
▪ Drowsiness
▪ And if not treated it may proceed to
▪ Coma and death.
 Biochemistry
GDN102

Abnormalities of Blood Glucose level

Hypoglycemia
Causes of hypoglycemia:
1) Hyper-insulinism: due to over dose of insulin or oral
hypoglycemic drugs in diabetic patients.
2) Insulinoma
3) Liver disease: due to decreased glycogen store and
impaired gluconeogenesis.
4) Chronic renal diseases: due to impaired
gluconeogenesis.
5) Chronic alcoholism.
Biochemistry
GDN102
Biochemistry
GDN102
 Biochemistry
GDN102
Summary
The lecture discussed the following points:
➢Digestion & absorption of carbohydrates.
➢Glycogen metabolism (Glycogenesis & Glycolysis).
➢Gluconeogenesis.
➢Blood Glucose & its Regulation.
➢Abnormalities of blood glucose.
 Biochemistry
GDN102

FORMATIVE
ASSESSMENT
 Biochemistry
GDN102
Give short account on
1) Gluconeogenesis (Definition, site, importance and
regulation).
2) Glycogenesis (Definition, site and regulation).
3) Glycogenolysis (Definition, site and regulation).
 Biochemistry
GDN102
Enumerate
1) Gluconeogenic substrate.
2) Anti-insulin hormones.
3) Causes of Hypoglycemia.
 Biochemistry
GDN102
On Biochemical basis Explain:
1) Glycogen is very important in our bodies.
2) Liver disease causes hypoglycemia.
 Biochemistry
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MCQ
1. Insulin activates all the following pathways
EXCEPT:
a. Glycolysis.
b. Lipogenesis.
c. HMP.
d. Glycogenolysis.
 Biochemistry
GDN102
MCQ
2. Glycogenolysis is
a. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.
b. The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
c. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
d. The synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate
sources.
 Biochemistry
GDN102
MCQ
3. All the following are causes of hypoglycemia
EXCEPT:
a. Hyper secretion of anti insulin hormones.
b. Liver disease.
c. Kidney disease.
d. Congenital diseases.
Biochemistry
GDN102