Integrated Building Management Systems (IBMS)

Objectives of learning this subject

Syllabus
• Basic Types of service
• Importance of IBMS
• HVAC Systems
• Electrical systems
• Lighting
• Fire Fighting systems
• Vertical transportation
• Water proofing
• Plumbing
• Building security
Introduction to Integrated Building
Management Systems (IBMS)
Clip
 HVAC Systems
Major Topics
• What is HVAC
• Need for HVAC
• HVAC fundamentals
Working of VCC and VAM
Psychrometry, Psychrometry terms,
Human comfort
• HVAC systems
• Alternatives to active HVAC systems
• Indoor air quality
• Introduction to Green buildings and TAB
 Refrigeration fundamentals

It is cooling by removal of heat

It is transfer of heat from where it

is not wanted to a place where it is
not objectionable.
 Air Conditioning

The process of treating air so as to

control simultaneously its temperature,
humidity, cleanliness and distribution
of the conditioned space.

ASHRAE
 Human Comfort

Comfort
Condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction with surrounding
environment.
 What we say about What the air conditioner
discomfort does

It is too warm The air is cooled

It is too cold The air is warmed
It is too stuffy The conditioned air is
circulated gently

It is dusty or smoky The air is filtered

There is an unpleasant The bad air is exhausted
odour and fresh air is taken in

The air is stale The air is mixed with fresh

outdoor air
 Human Comfort

Temperature
Humidity
Filtration
Distribution
Filtration
Difference between
Refrigeration
and
Air Conditioning
 Refrigeration Vs Air Conditioning
1. Refrigeration deals with low temperatures. For
e.g. 5 0C, - 5 0C, -40 0C etc.
whereas
Air Conditioning deals with temperatures in the
range of 19 to 27 0C

2. In general, refrigeration is only cooling whereas

Air Conditioning is both cooling and heating.

However, one must understand that Refrigeration

is a broad term.

Air Conditioning is a part of Refrigeration

 BTU
British Thermal Unit

Amount of heat required to raise One

Pound of Water by One degree
Fahrenheit.
 Ton of Refrigeration (TR):

Cooling obtained by uniform melting

of 1 US tonne of ice at 0 0C within
24 hours.
F=0 0C
One TR is approximately equal

• 12000 Btu/hr

• 3.517 kW

• 3024 kcal/hr
Heat
Types of Heat
 Concepts

1. Sensible heat and latent heat

Sensible Heat

0 0C 100 0C
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
100 0C 100 0C
Latent Heat
- 5 0C
5 0C
5 0C
• Understanding working of Vapour
Compression Cycle

• Air Conditioner Vs Heat Pump

• Understanding Comfort Air

Conditioning fundamentals
Psychrometry
DBT, WBT, DPT, RH
Summer and Winter Air
Conditioning
Understanding working of Vapour
Compression Cycle (VCC)

Basic Components
• Evaporator
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion valve (Metering device)
Vapour
Compression
Cycle (VCC)
 Indoor Unit
Evaporator

Expansion valve
(metering device)
 Outdoor Unit

Compressor

Condenser
 Function of each component of VCC

1. Evaporator: It is heat exchanger where the refrigerant

picks up the heat and cools the surrounding.

2. Compressor: The function of compressor is to increase

the temperature and pressure of refrigerant so that the
refrigerant is able to reject the heat in the condenser.

3. Condenser: The condenser is a heat exchanger where the

refrigerant rejects the heat absorbed to the surroundings.

4. Metering device (Expansion valve): The function of

metering device is to reduce the temperature and pressure
of the refrigerant entering the evaporator so that the
refrigerant is able to absorb the heat in the evaporator.
Vapour Compression Cycle (VCC)

Qcondenser = Qevaporator + Qcompressor

 3 2

3a 2a

4 1

Qcondenser = Qevaporator + Qcompressor

Schematic of vapour compression cycle

 Vapour Compression Cycle

W/c Shell & A/c Coil

tubes

Reciprocating

Thermostatic
expansion valve

Screw

Electronic
expansion valve
Centrifugal

Shell & tubes

Plate type
Compressors

Screw

Centrifugal

Scroll

Reciprocating
 Heat Exchangers
(Condensers and Evaporators)
Shell & Tube DX
Evaporator

Fin & Tube

type H/E

Plate Heat
Exchanger
 Expansion Devices

Thermostatic Expansion Electronic Expansion Capillary tube

Valve Valve
 Working of VCC
(Refer Animation Attached)
Working of Domestic
Refrigerator
(Refer Animation Attached)
 COP, IPLV

• COP: Coefficient of Performance

Ratio of Refrigerating effect (or cooling effect) to
work input to the compressor

• Integrated Part Load Value

Performance of system at various load
conditions (e.g. 100 %, 75 %, 50 %, 25 %)
 COP, EER and SEER
• COP: Coefficient of Performance
= Refrigerating effect / Work input

• EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio):

= (Cooling capacity in Btu / hr) / (Power input in watts)

• SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio):

The anticipated performance of a refrigerating device,
over an average season is called as SEER and is
expressed in same way as EER.
Chiller Plant Efficiency
(Refer pdf attached)
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
Only Compressor of Vapour Compression
cycle (VCC) gets replaced by:

1. Absorber

2. Pump and

3. Generator

Remaining components similar to that

present in VCC
 Heat pump
Maintains temperature of system higher
than the surrounding.

Used for heating applications (space

heating, hot water generation)

Working cycle same as air conditioner

except the sequence of operation is
exactly reverse to that of air conditioner
Draw a schematic of vapour
compression cycle and explain
the functions of each component

Explain the significance of

• TR
• COP
• IPLV
Explain the difference between
Air conditioner and a heat
pump?

Can a air conditioner work as a

heat pump?
1. One ton of refrigeration (TR) is
approximately equal to ___.
a. 3024 kcal/h
b. 3.517 kW
c. 12000 Btu/hr
d. All of the above

d) All of the above

Latent heat is more important than
sensible heat in refrigeration cycle

a) True b) False

a) True
Does the heat loss from the
condenser is equal to the heat gain
to the evaporator?
a) It is more
b) It is less
c) They are equal
d) They are equal only after
running for a certain time

(Answer : a )
Which of these could be the
possible value of Heat Rejection
Factor (HRF)
a) 0.8
b) 1.0
c) 1.2
d) 0.9

(Answer : c )
Which of the following has better
energy efficient performance?
a. 1.2 kW / TR
b. 1 kW / TR
c. 0.7 kW / TR
d. 1.5 kW/TR

(Answer : c )
Room heaters are more efficient
than heat pumps for heating
application
a. True
b. False

(Answer : b )
Psychrometry
 Willis Haviland Carrier
was an engineer and inventor, and is known as the
man who invented modern air conditioning.
Psychrometry
 Psychrometry

It is a branch of Engineering Science

which deals with the study of Moist Air
(i.e. dry air mixed with water vapour).
Psychrometry

Psychro metry
Properties of Measurements
moist air
% By Volume
 Psychrometric terms

• Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT):

Dry-bulb temperatures are read from an
ordinary thermometer that has a dry bulb.
( not exposed to moisture as well as radiation)
• Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT):
The temperature of air recorded by a
thermometer, when its bulb is surrounded by
a wet cloth and is exposed to moving air at a
velocity of 2.5 – 5 m/s.

Wet bulb depression: Difference between

DBT and WBT
Device which measures DBT and WBT
simultaneously is called Sling Psychrometer.
• Significance of WBT:

• Higher the WBT, humid is the air.

• Lower the WBT, dry is the air.

• At 100 % Relative humidity, DBT= WBT

• Dew Point Temperature (DPT):
The temperature at which condensation of
moisture begins when the air is cooled.
• Significance of DPT

• Condensation occurs at Dew Point.

• Therefore if we want to dehumidify (remove

moisture) air then it should be brought in
contact with a surface whose temperature is
below Dew Point Temperature of air.

• Dew Point is important for Dehumidification

Applications.
• Relative Humidity:

(How much moisture in the air)

(How much it could hold at saturation)

at same temperature

Relative humidity is expressed in terms

of percent. It signifies human comfort
 Fog

Fog occurs when air is saturated

 Condensation

Condensation occurs at Dew Point

 Apparatus dew point (ADP)

• It is the average surface temperature of

coil which determines the condition of air
coming out of the coil.

• It is the temperature of coil required to

achieve desired outlet conditions of air
leaving the coil.
 By – Pass Factor (BF)

• Inefficiency of cooling coil.

 General Air Conditioning Process
for

• Summer: Cooling and dehumidification

• Winter: Heating and humidification

Review of Psychrometry
Explain significance of WBT, DPT
Identify the Psychrometric process
generally used for summer and winter
conditions
Define Human comfort. List the
factors affecting human comfort.

What are the typical values of

Temperature, RH, Velocity for comfort
air conditioning.
For same DBT, WBT of Pune will
be higher than Chennai
a. True
b. False

(Answer : b )
The process used in comfort air
conditioning for summer season is
a. Heating and humidification
b. Cooling and humidification
c. Cooling and dehumidification
d. Heating and dehumidification

(Answer : c )
Which temperatures plays a
significant role in dehumidification
applications
a. DPT
b. WBT
c. DBT
d. All of the above

(Answer : a )
Bypass factor of 2 row cooling coil
is less than 1 row cooling coil for
same velocity
a. True
b. False

(Answer : a )
Which combination will make a person
feel uncomfortable?
a) decrease temperature, increase humidity,
decrease air motion

b) increase temperature, increase humidity,

increase air motion

c) increase temperature, decrease humidity,

decrease air motion

d) increase temperature, increase humidity,

decrease air motion
Answer: d
 References:
1. Carrier Corporation Training Material
2. Trane Air Conditioning Handbook
3. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
4. Ramesh Paranjpey, Basics of Air Conditioning
5. P.N. Ananthanarayanan, Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
6. R.S. Khurmi and J.K. Gupta, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning