EQUIPMENT IN THE

LABORATORY
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

GRADUATED CYLINDER

•WHEN READING THE VOLUME OF THE

LIQUID IN THE GRADUATED CYLINDER,
SET YOUR EYE LEVEL TO THE SURFACE
OF THE LIQUID.
•READ THE MEASUREMENT AT THE
LOWER MENISCUS OF THE LIQUID.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

PIPETTE & RUBBER BULB

•PLACE THE BOTTOM TIP OF THE PIPETTE IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE LIQUID.
•SQUEEZE THE RUBBER BULB THEN PLACE IT ON
THE UPPER END OF THE PIPETTE. SLOWLY
LOOSEN THE GRIP ON THE RUBBER BULB. LET
THE LIQUID FILL OVER THE STARTING MARK.
•REPLACE THE RUBBER BULB WITH THE INDEX
FINGER. LET THE LIQUID FALL TO THE STARTING
MARK BY SLOWLY LETTING AIR ENTER THE
UPPER OPENING.
•SLOWLY RELEASE THE DESIRED AMOUNT OF
LIQUID TO THE DESTINATION CONTAINER.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

ACID BURETTE
•SECURE THE BURETTE ON THE IRON STAND WITH A
CLAMP. ENSURE IT IS PERFECTLY VERTICAL AND
THERE IS ENOUGH CLEARANCE TO POSITION THE
CONICAL FLASK BELOW.
•FULLY OPEN THE STOPCOCK AND RINSE THE INNER
SURFACE WITH THE ACID SOLUTION TO BE USED.
REPEAT THE PROCESS A FEW TIMES WITH A FUNNEL.
•CLOSE THE STOPCOCK, FILL THE BURETTE WITH THE
ACID SOLUTION UNTIL THE STARTING MARK. PLACE
THE ANALYTE FLASK UNDER THE BURETTE.
•OPEN THE STOPCOCK AND LET THE TITRANT FLOW
UNTIL A FEW MILLILITERS BELOW THE THEORETICAL
AMOUNT. RESTRICT THE FLOW TO A DROP EVERY FEW
SECONDS AND STOP WHEN THE INDICATOR ACTIVATES.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

ALKALINE BURETTE
•SECURE THE BURETTE ON THE IRON STAND WITH A CLAMP.
ENSURE IT IS PERFECTLY VERTICAL AND THERE IS ENOUGH
CLEARANCE TO POSITION THE CONICAL FLASK BELOW.
•REMOVE THE BURETTE CLAMP AND RINSE THE INNER
SURFACE WITH THE ALKALI SOLUTION TO BE USED. REPEAT
THE PROCESS A FEW TIMES WITH A FUNNEL.
•ATTACH THE BURETTE CLAMP, FILL THE BURETTE WITH
THE ALKALI SOLUTION UNTIL THE STARTING MARK. PLACE
THE ANALYTE FLASK UNDER THE BURETTE.
•OPEN THE BURETTE CLAMP AND LET THE TITRANT FLOW
UNTIL A FEW MILLILITERS BELOW THE THEORETICAL
AMOUNT. RESTRICT THE FLOW TO A DROP EVERY FEW
SECONDS AND STOP WHEN THE INDICATOR ACTIVATES.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

BEAKER

•RINSE THE BEAKER

WITH DISTILLED
WATER. ALWAYS USE
A BEAKER WITH A
SIGNIFICANTLY
LARGER CAPACITY
THAN THE LIQUID TO
BE POURED.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

CONICAL FLASK
•RINSE THE FLASK WITH
DISTILLED WATER.
ALWAYS USE A FLASK
WITH A SIGNIFICANTLY
LARGER CAPACITY THAN
THE LIQUID TO BE
POURED.
•MIX THE CONTENTS OF
THE FLASK BY SWIRLING
THE LIQUID BY HAND.
•WHEN PLUGGING THE
OPENING, CHOOSE A
SLIGHTLY WIDER GLASS,
RUBBER, OR CORK PLUG.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

DISTILLATION FLASK
•ATTACH A UTILITY AND RING
CLAMP TO THE CLAMP STAND.
PLACE A WIRE GAUZE ABOVE
THE RING CLAMP. SECURE
THE DISTILLATION FLASKS
WITH THE CLAMPS.
•INSERT THE NARROW TUBE
IN THE CONDENSER. POUR
THE SOLUTION INSIDE.
•PLUG THE MAIN OPENING
WITH A STOPPER WITH
THERMOMETER AND HEAT
THE SOLUTION WITH THE
BUNSEN BURNER.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

CONDENSER TUBE
•SECURE THE CONDENSER TUBE TO BE
PERFECTLY CENTER AND PARALLEL TO THE
NARROW TUBE OF THE DISTILLATION FLASK.
PLACE A CLEAN CONICAL FLASK BY THE
CONDENSATE OUTLET.
•CONNECT THE LOWER COOLANT TUBE TO
THE WATER SUPPLY WITH A RUBBER TUBE.
CONNECT A RUBBER TUBE TO THE COOLANT
OUTLET TUBE AND DIRECT THE USED
WATER TO THE DRAIN.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

GLASS AND AMBER JAR

•POUR THE CHEMICAL
INTO THE JAR AND
ALWAYS KEEP IT
CLOSED.
•USE A SEPARATE
PIPETTE FOR
EXTRACTING THE
SOLUTION AND FOR
THE EXPERIMENT.
•THE AMBER JAR IS
USED FOR
PHOTOSENSITIVE
CHEMICALS.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

PETRI DISH & INOCULATING LOOP

•STERILIZE THE
INOCULATING LOOP BY
PASSING IT OVER THE FLAME
OF AND ALCOHOL LAMP. LET
IT AIR COOL FOR A FEW
SECONDS BEFORE DIPPING IT
IN THE MICROBIAL SAMPLE.

•OPEN THE PETRI DISH WITH SET NUTRIENT AGAR.

SPREAD THE SAMPLE IN THE INOCULATING LOOP. FOLLOW
THE STREAKING PATTERN SHOWN. REPEAT THE FIRST STEP
EVERY AFTER INDIVIDUAL STREAK.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

GLASS ROD

•CAREFULLY STIR USING THE GLASS ROD

AS TO AVOID HITTING THE BEAKER.
•THE GLASS ROD CAN BE USED TO
INDUCE CRYSTALLIZATION IN LIQUIDS BY
SCRATCHING THE INNER SURFACE OF THE
CONTAINER.
•DURING DECANTATION, CONNECT THE
BEAK OF THE BEAKER TO THE
DESTINATION CONTAINER WITH THE
GLASS ROD. SLOWLY POUR THE
DECANTATE AND LET THE LIQUID
ADHERE TO THE GLASS ROD.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

PASTEUR PIPETTE
•ATTACH THE RUBBER BULB TO THE
PIPETTE. DO NOT INSERT THE
PIPETTE ALL THE WAY.
•SQUEEZE THE RUBBER BULB AND
INSERT THE LOWER TIP OF THE
PIPETTE TO THE LIQUID. SLOWLY
RELEASE THE BULB TO SIPHON THE
LIQUID. DO NOT LET THE LIQUID GO
PAST THE INDENT MARK OF THE
PIPETTE.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

WATCH GLASS
•SMALL AMOUNT OF
MATERIALS CAN BE
PLACED ON TOP FOR
USING IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS.
•THE WATCH GLASS
CAN BE USED TO COVER
THE BEAKER OR FLASK
DURING HEATING OR
CHEMICAL REACTION.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

FUNNEL & FILTER PAPER

•FOLD THE FILTER PAPER IN

HALF, AND ANOTHER
PERPENDICULAR FOLD.
PLACE THE FILTER PAPER ON
THE FUNNEL. LET THE PAPER
FOLLOW THE SHAPE OF THE
FUNNEL. AFTER PRESSING
THE PAPER TO THE FUNNEL,
WET ALL OF THE FILTER
PAPER WITH DISTILLED
WATER.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

TEST TUBE (INC. RACK, BRUSH, AND HOLDER)

•THE TEST TUBE HOLDER IS USED WHEN THE CONTENTS OF THE TEST TUBE
ARE TOO DANGEROUS TO BE HELD CLOSE.
•THE TEST TUBES SHOULD SIT PROPERLY WITH THE INDENTS IN THE RACK TO
AVOID SLIPPING.
•ROTATE THE BRUSH BACK AND FORTH WHILE CLEANING THE TEST TUBE.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

SPOT PLATE

•LABEL THE CHEMICALS

PLACED IN EACH CAVITY
OF THE SPOT PLATE.
•USE A PASTEUR
PIPETTE TO DROP THE
LIQUID REACTANT TO
THE OTHER REACTANTS.
RECORD YOUR
OBSERVATION.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

MORTAR & PESTLE

•HOLD THE PESTLE

WITH THE
DOMINANT HAND
AND THE MORTAR
WITH THE OTHER.
•PRESS THE
MATERIALS WITH A
TWISTING MOTION
TO CRUSH THE
MATERIAL.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

EVAPORATING DISH
•PLACE THE MIXTURE
TO BE DRIED OUT IN
THE EVAPORATING
DISH.
•PLACE THE
EVAPORATING DISH
ON THE BURNER
STAND WITH WIRE
GAUZE.
•KEEP THE DISH
UNDER HEAT UNTIL
ALL OF THE LIQUIDS
EVAPORATE. USE A
TONG FOR HANDLING.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

BUNSEN BURNER
•ENSURE THAT THE NEEDLE VALVE AND
AIR COLLAR ARE COMPLETELY CLOSED.
•CONNECT THE BURNER TO THE GAS
SUPPLY. OPEN THE GAS VALVE FULLY
•OPEN THE NEEDLE VALVE BY A
QUARTER OF A ROTATION. USING A
LONG-NOZZLE LIGHTER, IGNITE THE
BURNER.
•ADJUST THE HEIGHT AND COLOR OF
THE FLAME USING THE NEEDLE VALVE
AND AIR COLLAR. THE BURNER SHOULD
HAVE A BLUE STEADY FLAME.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

BURNER STAND & WIRE GAUZE

•PLACE THE BURNER STAND

ON THE BUNSEN BURNER
WHERE IT IS CENTERED.
•THE WIRE GAUZE SHOULD
BE PLACED ON THE BURNER
STAND WITH THE CERAMIC
PAD FACING UP. LET THE
BURNER STAND AND WIRE
GAUZE COOL BEFORE
HANDLING IT AGAIN.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

CLAMP STAND (INC. UTILITY AND RING CLAMP)

•ENSURE THAT THE BASE
SITS PERFECTLY HORIZONTAL
AND LEVEL. TIGHTLY SCREW
THE STEEL ROD TO THE BASE.
•LOOSEN THE LOCKING
SCREWS ON THE CLAMPS.
ATTACH THE CLAMP TO THE
STAND AND SCREW IT IN
PLACE.
•THE HAND OF THE UTILITY
CLAMP SHOULD BE VERTICAL
WHILE THE RING CLAMP
SHOULD BE HORIZONTAL.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

CRUCIBLE TONGS

•THE CRUCIBLE TONGS ARE USED FOR HANDLING HOT

OBJECTS. OBJECTS SHOULD BE HELD WITH THE TOOTHED
ENDS. DO NOT PUT EXCESSIVE FORCE IN HANDLING
OBJECTS TO AVOID BREAKING CERAMICS AND GLASSWARE.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE

•ENSURE THAT
THE TRIPLE BEAM
BALANCE IS FREE
FROM DUST AND
DIRT BEFORE
USING. PLACE IT
IN A STABLE AND
LEVEL SURFACE.

•SET ALL THE WEIGHTS TO 0. IF THE BEAM INDICATOR IS NOT ALIGNED TO

THE FIXED MARK, ADJUST THE CALIBRATION SCREW.
•PLACE THE OBJECT ON THE PAN. MOVE THE 100G SLIDER EVERY NOTCH
UNTIL THE INDICATOR DROPS BELOW THE MARK. MOVE BACK ONE NOTCH.
•REPEAT THE PREVIOUS STEP FOR THE 10G SLIDER. FOR THE 1G SLIDER,
MOVE IT UNTIL THE INDICATOR ALIGNS WITH THE MARK.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

THERMOMETER

•POSITION THE THERMOMETER SO

THAT THE BULB IS NOT TOUCHING
THE CONTAINER AND IS LOCATED
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE LIQUID.
•SECURE THE THERMOMETER TO
THE STAND USING THE UTILITY
CLAMPS. MAKE SURE TO KEEP THE
THERMOMETER VERTICALLY
ALIGNED.
•RECORD THE TEMPERATURE FOR
THE EVENTS TO BE OBSERVED.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

LITMUS & PH PAPER

•KEEP THE LITMUS AND PH PAPER STORED IN A COOL, DRY PLACE.

•USING A PASTEUR PIPETTE, EXTRACT A SAMPLE OF THE SOLUTION AND
PLACE IT IN A SPOT PLATE. DIP THE LITMUS OR PH PAPER IN THE SAMPLE
AND RECORD THE OBSERVATIONS.