© 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

lk¡ph ds Lrwi dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u & LFkkiR; dyk ds fo”ks’k

lanHkZ esa
Archana singh1 & Dr. Ramratan Sahu2 & Dr. Anju Tiwari3
1 M.Phil. Research Scholar 2, 3 Associate Professer
1,2,3 Dept. of History, Dr, C.V. Raman university, Bilaspur, India

lkjka”k %& e/;izns”k ds jk;lsu ftys esa fLFkr lkWph dk Lrwi vius vizfre ckS) Lekjdksa rFkk
LFkkiR; dyk ds dkj.k lEiw.kZ fo”o esa ckS) /keZ dk i;kZ; cu pqdk gSA ckS) vuq;kb;ksa ls
feyus okys nku rFkk jktdh; laj{k.k ds dkj.k ;g LFky 3 jh “krkCnh ls 12 oh “krkCnh rd
Qyk Qwyk fdarq Hkkjr esa CkkS) /keZ ds iru ds lkFk gh lkWph 14 oh “krkCnh ls fojku gks x;k
FkkA lkWph ds Lrwiksa dks [kkstus dk Js; tujy Vsyj dks tkrk gS] fdarq blds th.kksZ}kj dk
okLrfod Js; lj tkWu ek”kZy dks tkrk gSA bl “kks/k i= esa lkWph esa fLFkr fofHkUu Lrwiksa ,oa
ckS) dkyhu LFkkiR; dyk dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA

“kCndqath %& LFkkiR; dyk] ckS) /keZ] lkWph Lrwi] lj tku ek”kZy] ekS;Z lkezkT;] tkrd
dFkk,a

izLrkouk %& Lkk¡ph ,d ,slk LFky gS tks vius vizfre ckS} Lekjdksa rFkk LFkkiR; dyk ds
dkj.k lEiw.kZ fo”o esa ckS} /keZ dk i;kZ; cu pqdk gSA ;g LFky e/;izns”k ds jkt/kkuh Hkksiky
ls 45 fdyksehVj iwoksZRrj esa jk;lsu ftyk esafLFkr gS ;g LFkku cq) dh fdlh thou ?kVuk ls
lEcaf/kr ugha gS vkSj u fg dHkh ;g la?k dh ?kVuk ;k lEeysu dk dsæa LFky FkkA phuh ;k=h
OgsulkUx us vius Hkkjr ;k=k o`=kar esa vU; ckS) LFky dk foLr`r fooj.k fn;k ijUrq lk¡ph ds
fo"k; esa ekSu gSA

ekS;Z lezkV v'kksd }kjk ckS) /keZ viukus ds i'pkr mUgksua s cq) ds vo”ks’kksa ij
dbZ LFkkuksa ij Lrwiksa dk fuekZ.k çkjaHk djok;k ysfdu lk¡ph dk Lrwi orZeku esa Hkkjr esa reke
Lrwiksa esa ls dkQh vPNh fLFkfr esa gS ckS) vuq;kb;ksa ls feyus okys nku rFkk jktdh; laj{k.k
çkIr gksus ds dkj.k ;s LFky3 jh “krkCnh ls 12 “krkCnh rd Qyk QwykA
lkWph Lrwi dk ifjp; %& lk¡ph dh igjh ij fLFkr lHkh Lrwiksa esa Lrwi Ø&1 lcls cM+k gS
ftldk O;kl 36&68 eh- vkSj osfndk rFkk Nk=koyh NksMd + j bldh ÅapkbZ 16&46 eh- gSAbl
Lrwi esa nksgjs lksiku ekxZ ls ;qä es/kh ;k es<h+ Lrwi ds pkjksa vksj Hkw&osfndk] çLrj fufeZr
çnf{k.kk iFk] Lrwidkj vfLFkeatq’kk] gfeZdk] osfndk ls ifjo`r N=kokyh rFkk pjksa fn'kkvksa esa pkj
rksj.k }kj dk çko/kku gS A
bl egku Lrwi dk fuekZ.k v'kksd us djok;k Fkk A ijUrq orZeku ifj;kstuk 'kqax
dkyhu gS A v'kksd dkyhu bZaVksa ds Lrwi ij çLrj [kaMks dk vkoj.k p<+kdj Lrwi dk vkdkj
c<+k fn;k x;k Fkk A
vyadj.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ bu pkj rksj.k }kjksa dk fuek.kZ bZ”kk iwoZ igyh “krkCnh esa
“kkrokgu jktkvksa ds “kklu dky esa gqvk bldh iqf‘V nf{k.kh }kj ds “kh‘kZd flj ny ij

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© 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

vafdr f”kykys[k ls gksrh gS rFkk bldk fuekZrk fofn”kk ds nardkj Jsf’B FksA ftldh iqf"V ml
vfHkys[k ls gksrh gS tks nf{k.kh rksj.k ds ck,W LrEHk ij mRdh.kZ gSA
ghu;ku izHkko ds dkj.k tkrd dFkkvksa esa of.kZr nz”;ksa esa cq} dks lkadsfrd :i esa
fn[kk;k x;k gS tSls fd mudk v”o daFkd ftl ij mUgksus vius firk dk ?kj NksMk+ FkkA
muds pj.kksa ds fu”kku vkSj cks/kho`{k ftlds uhps mUgs fnO; Kku izkIr gqvk FkkA iwohZ izo”s k }kj
cq) ds thou ds mu nz”;ksa ds ckjs esa crkrk gS tc ;qok xkSre Kku dh ryk”k esa vius firk
dk egy NksM+ nsrs gSA ckS) iaFk esa ;g ?kVuk egkfHkfu"dze.k ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSSA
ckS) /keZ ds tUe vkSj laj{k.k dh dgkuh nf{k.kh izos”k }kj ij n”kkZ;h xbZ gSA
nwljh vksj mRrjh izos”k }kj tkrd dFkkvksa esa of.kZr Hkxoku cq) ds peRdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
lkWph esa Lrwi dz-1 vkSj blds mŸkj&iwoZ fn”kk esa Lrwi dz- 3 gS rFkk ;gka ls
yxHkx 200 ehVj dh nwjh esa if”pe fn”kk esa Lrwi dza 2 gSA blds vykok ifjlj esa vU;
NksV&s NksVs Lrwi] eB] eafnj vkSj [kafMr LrEHkksa ds vo”ks’k Hkh Lekjd ds :i esa fo|eku gSA
muesa ls nf{k.k }kj ds lehi Lrwi dzekad 1 ds ikl v”kksd }kjk LFkkfir djok;k x;k ,d
f”kyk LrEHk la[;k 10 lcls mRd`’V gS ftldk flag&“kh’kZ vc lk¡ph ds LFky laxzgky; esa
lajf{kr gSA ,d vkSj vf}rh; LrEHk la[;k 35 otzikf.k LrEHk ds :i esa [kM+k gS ftlesa ewfrZ ds
izHkke.My dh ifjf/k ds pkjks vksj leku vUrj ij 12 Nsnksa okyk /kkrq dk mTtoy izHkke.My
yxk FkkA
lk¡ph ds dbZ iqjkru Lekjdksa esa egRoiw.kZ pSR; lHkkxkj eafnj la[;k 40 gS tks fd
3 jh “krkCnh bZ”kk iwoZ ls 2 jh “krkCnh bZ”kk iwoZ dk gSA ,d vkSj eafnj la[;k 17 tks vkdkj esa
lk/kkj.k gS ftldh lery Nr oxZ xHkZx`g vkSj [kEHksnkj cjkenk gSA ;g xqIr dkyhu eafnjks
dk lcls izkjafHkd mnkgj.k ekuk tkrk gSA blds vykok lk¡ph us viuh igkM+h dh pksfV;ksa ij
dbZ eBks ds vo”ks’kksa dks lgst dj j[kk gSA gj eB esa ,d eq[; vk¡xu gS ftlds pkjks vksj
d{k gSA cgjgky eB la[;k 51 Kkr lHkh vo”ks’kksa ds chp lcls izHkko”kkyh lajpuk gSA
lk¡ph Lrwi dk bfrgkl &
ekS;Z dky%& lk¡ph dk egku Lrwi Hkkjr ds lcls çkphu lapkukvksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj vly esa …
jh 'krkCnh esa lezkV v'kksd esa cuok;k FkkA bldk ukfHkd v/kZxksyk bZaV lajpuk esa ckS) ds
vo"ks'kksa ds v/kj ij cuk;k x;k gS] bls N= dk rkt Hkh iguk;k x;k gS oagk jRuksa ls vkHkqf"kr
,d LraHk Hkh LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS A ;g LrEHk v'kksd dk gh f'kykys[k Fkk vkSj xqIrk oa'k ds
le; la[k fyfi ls cukus okys vkHkw"k.k Hkh blesa 'kkfey gSA
'kqax dky%& okLrfod bZaVks ds Lrwi dks 'kqax ds le; esa iFkjksa ls <dk x;k Fkk ,lk ekuk x;k
Fkk dh Lrwi dks nwljh 'krkCnh esa dagh&dagh ij rksM+k&QksMk+ x;k Fkk A 'kqax lkekU; ds foLrkj
dks ysdj ,lk ekuk tkrk gS fd 'kqax oa'k ds iq";fe= 'kqax us ekS;Z lkezkT; vkehZ tujy cudj
mls viuk fy;k FkkA,lk dgk tkrk gS dh iq";fe= us gh okLrfod Lrwi dks Nfr igqpkbZ Fkh
vkSj rksM+ QksM+ dh Fkh vkSj mlds csVs vfXufe= us bldk iqufuZekZ.k djok;k FkkA
lkrokgu dky%& rksj.k }kj vkSj dV?kjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa jax Hkh fn;k x;k
vkSj ckn esa dgk tkrk gS dh lkrokgu us gh bls deh'ku fd;k FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd }kj ij
cukbZ xbZ dyk —fr;k¡ vkSj }kjksa ds vkdkj dks lkrokgu jktk lkrdj.kh us gh fu/kkZfjr fd;k
FkkA }kj vkSj dV?kjksa dk fuekZ.k 182 bZ-iw- ls 160 bZlk iwoZ ls Hkh igys cuk;s x;s FksA ckn esa
bUgsa iRFkjksa ls foHkwf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA,slk çrhr gksrk gS dh cks) Lrwi dks dksbZ lgh laj{k.k
ugha gSA dqg yksx a ks ds vuqlkj Lrwi ds ns[kus ds fy, vkus okys fons”kh yksx Hkh cq) ds Hkä gks
tkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa iwtus yxrsa gSaA ckS) Lrwi esa dbZ çdkj ds R;kSgkj Hkh euk;s tkrs gSA

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lk¡ph Lrwi dh [kkst vkSj laj{k.k &

bZ”koh pkSngoha “krh ls lk¡ph dk LFkku mtkM+ ,oa vKkr gh jgk A lu~ 1818 esa tujy Vsjy
us lk¡ph ds ckS) Lekjdksa dh vksj turk dk /;ku vkd`’V fd;k A mu [kaMgjksa esa mUgs Lrwi 1]2 vkSj
3 lEiw.kZ feysA bl miyfC/k us turk esa tks vikj dkSrwgy iSnk fd;k] mlds dkj.k Lekjdksa dks
vifjiDo iqjkrRoKksa vkSj [ktkuk [kkstus okyksas ds gkFkksa “kkspuhu gkfu igqph A lu 1822 esa Hkksiky
ds vflLVsaV iksfyfVdy ,tsUV dSIVu tkWUlu us Lrwi 1 dks ,d rjQ pksVh ls uhps rd [kqyok fn;k
ftlls Lrwi esa cM+h njkj iM+ xbZ A Qy ;g gqvk fd if”peh rksj.k }kj vkSj bnZ fxnZ dh Hkwosfndk
dk dqN Hkkx fxj iM+kA Lrwi 2 dk Hkh dqN Hkkx u’V dj fn;k x;kA lu~ 1851 esa ,ysDts.Mj
dfu?kae vkSj muds lkFkh dSIVsu ,0lh0 eslh us Lrwi 2 vkSj 3 dks [kksnkA buesa mUgs /kkrw eatw’kk,a
feyh A bu [kqnkb;ksa ls rFkk xkao ds yksxksa dh ywV [klksV vkSj taxy dh cgqrk;r ds dkj.k Lrwiksa
dks vdFkuh; gkfu igqph A v”kksd ds LrEHk ,d LFkkuh; tehnkj us rqMok fn;k vkSj ml VqdM+s dks
xUus dk jl fudkyus ds fy, dkasYgw ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k A Lekjd laj{k.k dh vksj lu~ 1881 rd
fdlh us /;ku ugh fn;kA blh o’kZ lu~ 1881 esa estj dksy us bl dke dks cM+h lko/kkuh iwoZd vius
gkFkksa esa fy;k vkSj rhu o’kksZ ds vYidky esa gh mUgksus cM+h dq”kyrk ls Lekjdksa ds ikl dk taxy
lkQ djk;kA Lrwi 1 ds v.M dh njkj dks Hkjok;k] fxjs gq, if”peh vkSj nf{k.kh rksj.kksa rFkk
Hkwosfndk dks ;FkkLFkku ij fQj [kM+k djk;k vkSj Lrwi 3 ds rksj.k dks Hkh izfrf’Br fd;k ijUrq mUgksus
“ks’k bekjrksa dh vksj dksbZ /;ku ugh fn;kA vkSj uhps ncs bekjrksa dks [kksn fudkyus dk Hkh dksbZ
iz;Ru ugh fd;kA ckn esa bl dk;Z dks Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo ds egkfuns”kd lj tkWu ek”kZy us iw.kZ
djk;kA lu~ 1912&1919 ds chp ek”kZy us Lekjdks dks orZeku n”kk esa mn~?kkfVr fd;k A mUgksus tks
dke djk;k] mlesa taxy dh O;kid lQkbZ] mR[kuu vkSj Lekjdksa dk laj{k.k lfEefyr FksA
dsUnz LFky vkSj iwohZ {ks= ds chp dh iq”rk nhokj dk iqufuZekZ.k] eafnj 17]31 vkSj
32 esa ifj’dkj rFkk Nrksa dk th.kksZ}kj vkSj leLr {ks= esa cjlkrh ikuh ds fudkl ds fy,
leqfpr ukyh izca/ku fd;k x;kA iwoksZDr dk;ksZ ls fuiV dj ek”kZy us ckS) Lekjdksa dks je.khd
cukus ds fy, lkjs {ks= esa gjh ?kkl vkSj Nk;knkj ikS/kks]a Qwyksa okyh >kfM+;ksa vkSj yrkvksa dk
jksi.k djk;k A LFkkuh; [kqnkbZ rFkk [kkst ds nkSjku tks izkphu oLrq,a ;=&r= feyh] mUgsa
lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, mUgksusa ,d LFkkuh; laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk Hkh dhA
lu~ 1936 esa Jh eqgEen gehn dqjs”kh us igkM+h dh <yku ij fLFkr Lrwi 1 vkSj 2
ds chp okys {ks= esa [kqnkbZ djkdj ,d la?kkjke ds vo”ks’kksa dk mn~?kkVu fd;k A blds ckn
;gka vkSj [kuu dk;Z ugh gqvk] fQj Hkh Lekjdksa dk laj{k.k fujUrj gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA
ftlls vkxs dh ihf<+;ka bUgsa ns[kdj Hkkjr ds vrhr xkSjo dk vuqeku yxk ldsAa
Lekjd &
viuh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj lk¡ph ds Lekjd nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd, tk ldrs gS& igyk os tks
igkM+h dh pksVh ij fLFkr gS vkSj nwljk os tks bldh if”peh <yku ij dgha&dgha fc[kjs iM+s gSA
igkM+h dh pksVh dk eSnku ,d fo’ke prqHkqZt vkdkj dk gSA ;g yEckbZ esa mŸkj ls nf{k.k 384
ehVj vkSj pkSM+kbZ esa iwoZ ls if”pe 201 ehVj ds yxHkx gSAblds pkjks vksj iRFkj dh nhokj gS tks
11&12 bZ”oh lnh ds vklikl cukbZ xbZ FkhA nhokj ls f?kjs eSnku esa rhu lqLi’V {ks= gS tSsl& s dsUnz
LFky] iwohZ {ks= vkSj nf{k.kh {ks= A lk¡ph ds vf/kdka”k Lekjd rhu {ks=ksa esa QSys gq, gSA ek”kZy bu
Lekjdksa dks 1 ls 50 rd vadksa ls fufnZ’V fd;k gSA ,slk djus esa mUgksusa tujy dfu?kae dk vuqlj.k
djds mUgh dh x.kuk dks viuk;k gSA igkM+h ds ewy ls ysdj Åijh iBkj ds mŸkj&if”pe dksus
rd QSys gq, lhM+huqek ekxZ dks “kq: esa estj dksy us cuok;k FkkA ckn esa ek”kZy us bldks O;ofLFkr
:Ik ls lq/kkjk A blds ckn igkM+h ds ewy ls ysdj Lekjdksa ds izkjEHk rd lM+d ekxZ dk fuekZ.k
djk;k x;k gSA

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© 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

lk¡ph ds vkl&ikl ds Lrwi lewg &

lk¡ph ls yxHkx 9-5 fdyksehVj nf{k.k&if”pe csrok vkSj oS”kkyh ufn;ksa ds chp ,d igkM+h
ij lksukjh Lrwi] yxHkx 10 fdyksehVj if”pe oS”kkyh unh ds ck,a fdukjs ij lr/kkjk Lrwi] yxHkx
11 fdykehVj nf{k.k&iwoZ esa fiikfy;k Hkkstiqj dk Lrwi rFkk ¼ls yxHkx 6-4 fdyksehVj nf{k.k vka/ksj
dk Lrwi fLFkfr gSA vktdy lk¡ph ds Lrwi dks NksM+dj vU; Lrwi lewgksa ds n”kZu nqyZHk gks x, gSA
;s Lrwi lewg taxykssa ls fQj <d x, gSaA vr% mu rd igqpuk vklku ugh jg x;k gSA
lksukjh dk Lrwi&
lksukjh dk izphu uke lqoukZfj] Lo.kZpØ ;k /keZpØ Fkk] ftls cq) us yksd dY;k.k fy,
izofrZr fd;k FkkA ;s Lrwi lksukjh xkao ls yxHkx 1-2 fdyksehVj nf{k.k esa ,d igkM+h ij fLFkr
gSA ¼bu Lrwiksa dk lEiw.kZ o.kZu dfu?kae ds xzaFk fHkYlk VksIl i`0 199 ls 226 rd feyrk gS½
;gka dk egku Lrwi lksikuokyk gSA bldk O;kl 48 QqV gSA bl ij mn;fxfj ds lQsn iRFkj
dh gfeZdk Fkh bldh Hkw osfndk yxHkx lekIr gks pqdh gSA bls nkrkvksa us cuok;k Fkk A Lrwi
esa ,d cM+h ifV;k ds uhps vfLFk ik=ksa dk LFkku FkkA mlesa ik’kk.k dh Lrwikdkj eatw’kk feyh A
mlds Hkhrj ,d dey ds vkdkj dh fMfc;k Fkh] ftlds vUnj dy”k ds vkdkj dh LQfVd
dh ,d [kkyh fMfc;k feyh A nksgjs lksiku okys nwljs Lrwi ls ik’kk.k dk vyad`r dy”k feyk
A bldk <Ddu yk[k ls tqM+k FkkA dy”k ds vUnj ik¡p eatw’kk,a feyh A izR;sd eatw’kk ij
vkpk;Z dk uke mRrh.kZ Fkk vkSj muesa mudh vfLFk;ksa ds VqdM+s FksA mu vkpk;ksZ ds uke&xksrh
iq=] dksfMuh iq=] efT>e] dksrhiq=] dk”;Ikxks=] dksfldh iq=] vkycxhjA
lr/kkjk dk Lrwi&
oS”kkuh unh ds fdukjs ,d igkM+h ij izkd`frd lkSan;Z ds chp ;s Lrwi fLFkr gSA ;gka
egkLrwi bZVksa dk cuk gS] blij ckgj ls ik’kk.k yxs FksA bldh gfeZdk ds chp esa N=;f’V
FkhA nwljs Lrwi ls ik’kk.k dh nks eatw’kk,a feyh Fkh A fdUrw mues vfLFk;ka ugh Fkh A ,d ds
<Ddu ds Hkhrj Hkkx ij Þlkfjiq=Þ vkSj nwljs ds <Ddu ij ÞegkeksxykulÞ mRrh.kZ FkkA
lk¡ph Lrwi 3 ls ,slh gh eatw’kk,a feyh gSA lkros Lrwi ls feV~Vh ds ik= mlds vUnj feV~Vh dk
vU; ik= vkSj mlds vUnj nks NksVh eatw’kk,a izkIr gqbZ Fkh A lr/kkjk ds xzkeh.k yksx Lrwiks dks Þcq)
chBkÞ dgrs FksA
fiify;k ¼Hkkstiqj½ dk Lrwi&
;gka igkM+h ds lcls Å¡ps Hkkx ij dqN Lrwi mRrj&nf{k.k ,d Js.kh esa [kMs+ gSA nwljs Lrwi ls
feV~Vh dk ik= feyk FkkA mlds uhps feV~Vh dk NksVk Lrwikdkj ik= feyk] ftlds <Ddu dh lQsn
pwus dh irZ ij L;kgh ls vLi’V v{kj fy[ks FksA blesa ls gfM~M;ksa ds VqdM+]s lksus ds pkj xksy i=
rFkk LQfVd dh lQsn gjh xqfj;k vkfn izkIr gqbZ FkhA pkSFks Lrwi ls feV~Vh ds ,d ik= esa <Ddu
lesr feV~Vh dk dVksjk feyk A bl ij ÞeqfuÞ “kCn mRrh.kZ Fkk] ftldk vFkZ gS “kkD;eqfu cq+)A dVksjs
esa LQfVd dh eatw’kk FkhA nwljs Hkkx ds Lrwikssa esa lkros Lrwi ls feV~Vh ds ik= esa feV~Vh ds nks vU;
ik= feysA cM+s ik= ij ÞifrrksaÞ vFkkZr fdlh nf.Mr fHk{kq dh vfLFk;ka jgh gksxh A ,slk vfHkys[k
vkSj dgh ugh ik;k x;kA NksVh eatw’kkvks esa ls ,d ij ÞmifgrdlÞ fy[kk gSA lEHor% ;g Lrwi
v”kksd dkyhu gSA vkBos Lrwi ds ikl fLFkr ,d Lrwi ls ik’kk.k dk ,d nksgjk dy”k feyk] ftlesa
ekuo vfLFk;ka FkhA nlos Lrwi ls feV~Vh ds ,d ik= esa vfLFk&[k.M feys A
X;kjgosa Lrwi ls feV~Vh ds xksy ?kMs+ esa Hkh ,sls gh vfLFk[k.M izkIr gq, FksA l=gosa Lrwi ls feV~Vh ds
ik=ksa esa vfLFk[k.M feys A
lanHkZ xzaFk %&
 “kekZ] jke”kj.k ¼2004½ ^^Hkkjr dk izkphu bfrgkl** Publisher – Orient Black Swan,
ISBN-8125026517

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© 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

 fla?kkfu;k] fufru ¼2017½] ^^Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLd`fr** ¼f}rh; laLdj.k½ Publisher –
M.C. Graw Hill Education ISBN- 978-9387067714
 fo|kyadkj lR;dsrq ¼2014½] ekS;Z lkezkT; dk bfrgkl] izdk”kd & Jh LkLorh lnu
BSR - 124116
 xkSre] jkds”k ,oa HknkSfj;k] ftrsUnz flag ¼2017½ e/;izns”k ¼,d ifjp;½ ] lIre laLdj.k]
Publisher – M.C. Graw Hill Education, ISBN-978-9387432338
 fpap[ksM+dj] lat; ¼2017½] ^^e/;izns”k lEiw.kZ v/;;u** Publisher – Pearson Education,
ISBN-978-9332517981
 flag misUnj ¼2016½] ^^izkphu ,oa iwoZ e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl** ¼ik’kk.k dky ls 12
oh “krkCnh rd½ Publisher – Pearson Genre Academic and Professional, ISBN-
9788131774748
 f=ikBh] MkW- jek”kadj ¼2016½] ^^izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl** Publisher – Motilal
Banarsidas, ISBN-8120801564
 tkWu] ek”kZy ¼1918½] A Guide to sanchi, P-38, CulCutta, Pub. – suptd-Govt. printing
press.

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