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By

T. Chittralinee Tatiwongbhakorn

Kasetsart University Laboratory School

Kamphangsean Campus
Educational Research and Development Center
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Content
Grammar

- Nouns and Pronouns

- Verbs

- Parts of speech

- Conjunction

Nouns and Pronoun

What is a noun?
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A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In
a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject
complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.

There are some types of nouns

 Proper noun: A proper noun is a specific name of a person, place, or thing, and is
always capitalized such as “Does Tina have much homework to do this evening?”
“I would like to visit Old Faithful”.

 Common noun: A common noun is the generic name of an item in a class or

group and is not capitalized unless appearing at the beginning of a sentence or in a
title such as “ The girl crossed the river”

 Abstract noun: An abstract noun is a word for something that cannot be seen but
is there. It has no physical existence. Generally, it refers to ideas, qualities,
and conditions such as “Different people may have different ideas, opinions,
and beliefs”.

 Concrete noun: A concrete noun is something that is perceived by the senses;

something that is physical or real such as “I heard the doorbell”. “My keyboard
is sticky”.

 Countable Noun: The nouns that can be counted are called countable nouns.
Countable nouns can take an article: a, an, the. Such as “The book has
269 pages in it”.

 Non-countable Noun: The nouns that cannot be counted such as “ We need a lot
of money for the business” “Do you drink coffee or tea in the morning?”

 Collective Noun: A collective noun is a word for a group of things, people, or

animals, etc. Collective nouns can be both plural and singular. However,
Americans prefer to use collective nouns as singular, but both of the uses are
correct in other parts of the world. Such as “The members of the audience
are happy”.

What is a pronoun?

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns

refer to either a noun that has already been mentioned or to a noun that does not need
to be named specifically. 
The most common pronouns are the personal pronouns, which refer to the
person or people speaking or writing (first person), the person or people being spoken
to (second person), or other people or things (third person). Like nouns, personal
pronouns can function as either the subject of a verb or the object of a verb or
preposition: "She likes him, but he loves her." Most of the personal pronouns have
different subject and object forms:
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There are some types of pronouns.

 Possessive pronouns refer to things or people that belong to someone. The main
possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs. 
 Relative pronouns introduce a subordinate clause, a part of a sentence that
includes a subject and verb but does not form a sentence by itself. The main
relative pronouns are that, which, who, whom, what, and whose. 
 Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of a sentence or clause and are formed
by adding -self or -selves to a personal pronoun or possessive adjective, as
in myself, herself, ourselves, and itself. 
 Demonstrative pronouns—this, that, these, and those—distinguish the person
or thing being referred to from other people or things; they are identical to
the demonstrative adjectives. 
 Indefinite pronouns, such as everybody, either, none, and something, do not
refer to a specific person or thing, and typically refer to an unidentified or
unfamiliar person or thing. 
 Interrogative pronouns —particularly what, which, who, whom, and whose
introduce questions for which a noun is the answer, as in "Which do you
prefer?" 
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Exercise

Direction: Circle the nouns in the sentences.

1. The prince knew that he had found this love.

2. I woke up and went down for breakfast.

3. Teachers need to be able to work well for breakfast.

4. Henry Ford is famous for making cars easier for most people to buy.

5. There was silence as my colleagues disgusted what I was saying.

6. ‘Do you think it could have been a human from long ago?’ Frank asked.

7. Strolling through a garden in a late summer evening car bring pleasure to all

sense.

8. Llamas are animals often found in zoos and farms.

9. Visualize while you read, by creating pictures in your mind, to help you

comprehend the text.

10.Research suggests that there are creatures that do not know what light means at

the bottom of the sea.

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Exercise

Direction: Identify Countable [c] or Uncountable [U] or Both [B]

1. Account

2. Butter

3. Cooking

4. Hair

5. Minute

6. Paper

7. Scientist

8. Waiter

9. Coin

10.Oil

11.Thunder

12.Information

13.Candidate

14.Poetry

15.Tea

16.Suitcase

17.Room

18.Ball

19.Message

20.Children
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Exercise

Direction: Complete the table with pronouns.

Person Subject Object Possessive Reflective

Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun

1st person I ___________ ___________ myself

___________ us ours ___________

2nd person You __________ yours ___________

3rd person He ___________ his ___________

She her ___________ herself

It ___________ its ___________

___________ them ___________ themself

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Verb

Finite Verb

What is a finite verb? 

Finite verbs are verbs that have subjects and indicate grammatical tense, person,
and number. These verbs describe the action of a person, place, or thing in the sentence.
Unlike other types of verbs, finite verbs do not require another verb in the sentence in
order to be grammatically correct. 
There are some examples of finite verbs:

- “The outfielder leaped for the baseball.”

- “The sailboat glides over the water.”
- “The lion is the king of the jungle.”

Non-finite verb

What is a non-finite verb?

Non-finite verbs are verbs that do not have tenses or subjects that they correspond
to. Instead, these verbs are usually infinitives, gerunds, or participles. Gerunds and
present participles end in “-ing,” while past participles usually end in “-ed,” “-d,” or
“-t.”  Furthermore infinitives, gerunds, and participles (in italics) function in a sentence
in contrast to finite verbs .

- “Seeing the ocean for the first time is incredible.”

- “The car sat rusting in the driveway for over a year.”
- “I had already walked for many miles.”

Auxiliary Verb

What is auxiliary verb?

The auxiliary verbs in English grammar are can, could, may, might, must, need
not, shall/will, should/ought to. They express things like ability, permission, possibility,
obligation etc. Modal verbs only have one form. They do not take -s in the simple
present and they do not have a past simple or past participle form. However, some
modal verbs have alternative forms that allow us to express the same ideas in different
tenses.
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Exercise

Direction: Circle verbs from the list below

Manage Inquire laugh live

Respond Vacancy Ability Look

Occur Sit Rise Splendid

Tell Verify Thoughtful Pointless

Absolutely Teach Accept Completely

Rare Want Happiness Mistake

Extremely Lucky Blow Poor

Ask Wonderful Avoid Shout

Acknowledge Tear Wisdom Admit

Tease Take Forget Introduction

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Tense

tense (noun): a verb-based method used to indicate the time, and

sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action or state in relation
to the time of speaking. ORIGIN Latin tempus "time"

The concept of tense in English is a method that we use to refer to time - past,
present and future. Many languages use tense to talk about time. Other languages have no
concept of tense at all, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

Exercise
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Direction: Fill in the blanks with correct forms of present simple tense or

present continuous tense.

1. I came from Tokyo, but I __________________ [live] in Tokyo.

2. My mother __________________ [make] breakfast now.

3. She __________________ [ not drink] coffee very often.

4. What __________________ [she/do] in the room now?

5. Mary __________________ [go] to a new school next semester.

Direction: Fill in the blanks with correct forms of present simple tense or

future simple tense.

1. If it _______________ [snow] this weekend, we will go skiing.

2. Tony _______________ [ call] you when he arrives in Madrid.

3. Why _______________ [Bell always complain] so much?

4. Beam _______________ [go] to practice football every Tuesday.

5. _______________ [you come] to the dance with me?

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Direction: Fill in the blanks with correct forms of past simple tense or past

continuous tense.

1. Thomas _____________ [not work], and I ____________ [not work] either.

2. As I _____________ [watch] television, the telephone _____________ [ring]

3. When the fire _____________ [start], I _____________ [take] a bath.

4. What _____________ [she do] at the time of the incident?

5. The salesman _____________ [help]the customer when the thief _____________

[come] in to the store.

6. They _____________ [wait] for the bus when the accident _____________

[happen]

7. Just as I _____________ [fall] asleep, I _____________ [hear] a strange

noise.

8. Who _____________ [eat] my chocolate last night?

9. She _____________ [ study] Thai history and culture last semester.

10.At this time yesterday, Tim _____________ [write] a letter.

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Conjunction

A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses (both dependent and
independent) together.

A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that connects words, phrases, and clauses

that are coordinate, or equal to each other. There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION PURPOSE EXAMPLE SENTENCE
(FANBOYS)
Desiree lives in Alaska, and she is a park ranger at
And To add information
the National Forest there.
To add negative He does not enjoy eating vegetables, nor does he
Nor
information enjoy eating fruit.
The class was difficult, but everyone ended up
But To show contrast
receiving a passing grade.
We can see a horror movie, or we can see an action
Or To give a choice
movie.
To show concession or The test was difficult, yet everyone received higher
Yet
to contrast than a “C” grade.
I was broke all week, so I had to eat Top Ramen for
So To show result
every meal.
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A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an

independent clause. This word or phrase indicates that a clause has informative value to
add to the sentence’s main idea, signaling a cause-and-effect relationship or a shift in
time and place between the two clauses.

A Correlative conjunction is one of the three types of conjunctions. (The others are

subordinating conjunctions and coordinating conjunctions. More on them in a minute.)
Like all conjunctions, correlative conjunctions link words and phrases together in
sentences, indicating the relationship (and in some cases, the lack of relationship)
between them.  You use correlative conjunctions in your speech all the time. If you’ve
ever said something like “I could play either soccer or basketball next season,” you’ve
used correlative conjunctions. In your writing, correlative conjunctions are a handy tool
to make your sentences stronger and more clear. 
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Exercise

1. She doesn’t like this job, _______________ she’s looking for a new

job.

a. or b. so c. but d. because

2. _______________Kate was the best qualified candidate, she didn’t get

the job.

a. Although b. Because of c. So d. But

3. The tourists climbed the mountain _______________ it was very

windy.

a. because b. so c. although d. or

4. _______________ Smith was trolling in the garden, his wife was

reading in the room.

a. Since b. Instead c. While d. For

5. The items are on sale in the store _______________ not online.

a. or b. so c. but d. because

6. Sally went into the store; _______________ she didn’t find anything

she wanted to buy.

a. since b. in addition c. however d. similarly

7. I will come and see you _______________ I can.

a. however b. whatever c. wherever d. whenever

8. Dan is good at math _______________ it’s not his favorite subject.

a. and b. so c. but d. for

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9. Monday is the first day of the week, _______________ Sunday is the

last.

a. for b. so c. and d. nor

10. I love on one _______________ you.

a. nor b. and c. but d. for