Reproduction answers

1. Even if young stamen is removed artificially the flower can produce seed by cross pollination as the female
reproductive part pistil(stigma, style and ovary)is still present in it. It can lead to fertilisation and formation of fruit.

2. 2.Ovary-ovule

Plumule-radicle

3. 3.Regeneration is the capacity of organisms to grow itslost parts.

The broken up piece of this organism grow into separate individuals.

It is carried out by specialised cells.

These cells proliferate and make large number of cells.

From this different cells undergo changes to become various cell types and tissues.

This organised sequence of changes is called development.

eg:Hydra, planaria

4. 4.A-Oviduct or fallopian tube-function is movement of egg.

B-Ovary-Function is production of egg.

C-Uterus-function is implantation of embryo.

D-Vagina-Function is entry of sperms.

Methods of birth control are

Vasectomy-blockage of Vas deferens.

Tubectomy-Blockage of Fallopian tube.

5. 5.A-stigma B-Anther C- petal D- ovule.

6. Development of new plants from the vegetative parts of a plant such as fruits, stem, leaves etc. It finds its application
in layering or grafting in sugarcane roses or grapes.

7. 7.Fig 8.3 pg 131

Regeneration is carried by specialised cells.The organism which have these cells only can show the regeneration.

8. Mechanical barrier -condoms.

s- copper T.

9. 9.Fig 8.7 page 135

10. 10.Barrier method because in this method there is no direct contact of genital organs of male and female and also
prevent transmission of infection.

11. 11.fig 8.6 page 132

More number of spores are produced which can easily help rhizopus to spread.
12. 12.In unicellular organism fission leads to production of new individual.

In multicellular organisms more complex method and specialised cells are involved in production of new individual.

13. After the ovary ripens to form fruits, petals,sepals, stigma, stamen and style may shrivel and fall off.The seed
contains a future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling underappropriate conditions.This process is known
as seed germination.

14. In the sexual reproduction crossing our leads to variation which leads to natural selection and speciation. In asexual
reproduction errors during DNA replication leads to variation which leads to natural selection and speciation.

15. The part which secrets ova- fallopian tube.The part were implantation take place- uterus.

If fallopian tube is blocked ovum and sperms will not be able to fuse.So no fertilisation occurs.

16. Sexually reproducing organism will show more variation as genetic material is exchanged between homologous pair
of chromosomes during crossing over whereas errors during DNA replication are not very common and frequent
which can lead to variation.

17. Rose and sugar cane undergo vegetative propagation.

18. 18.Hydra reproduces through budding.The bud develops into tiny individuals and when fully matured it gets
detached from the parent body and becomes new independent individuals. diagram page 131 figure 8.4

19. Testis produce sperm and male sex hormone testosterone.

Scrotum provides optimal temperature for formation of sperms.

Vas deference carries sperms into organ called seminal vesicles where it gets nourished and stored.

Prostate glands produces a fluid which is released into urethra along with secretion of seminal vesicle.The secretion
of accessory glands together with sperm is called semen.

Testis require a lower temperature than the body temperature for the survival of sperms.

20. Male-Testosterone- controls the production of sperms and brings about changes in appearance seen in boys at the
time of puberty.

Female estrogan- controls the production of ova.

21. DNA coping is responsible for the maintenance of same number of chromosomes in the zygote as is possessed by the
parent.Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil in a flower.It takes
place only in a plant.Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes.It takes place both in plants and animals.

22. Sex of foetus is determined genetically by sex chromosomes in human beings

Phenotype male female

XY XX

Gamates X Y X
 Offspring XX XY

23. (i)If an egg is not fertilised menstruation occurs.ie. blood and mucus comes out through the vagina.

(ii)To prevent unwanted pregnancies.

To prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

For spacing between children.

for sound or good health

(iii)Bacterial-Gonorrhoea

Viral -Aids

(iv)With the help of placenta.

24. (a)Multicellular organisms have more complex organ systems and reproduction asexually is not possible as organism
has millions of cells.

(b)In the form of spore with cell wall or cyst it can survive in adverse conditions.

It can be easily dispersed through wind as they are more in number and light in weight.

No until male gamate reaches ovary and fuses with egg no fertilisation will take place .

Self-pollination If pollen grains are transferred from stamen to stigma in the same flower it is called as self-
pollination.

Cross-pollination If pollen grains are transferred from stamen of one flower to stigma of another flower it is called
cross-pollination.

The two agents which help in pollination are wind,water or animals.

25. Testosterone-because sperm formation require lower temperature.

26. Zygote divides to form embryo within ovule.Ovule develops a tough coat and converts into seed.Ovary ripens to
form fruit

27. (b)Breast size begins to increase and begins to mensturate.

(C) Do not allow entry of sperms into female genital tract at the time o$ copulation.

28. Ovary contains ovules with egg cell.

29. Hyphae of rhizopus produces tiny structures called sporangia.In these blobs of sporangia spores are produced which
are many in number and covered by thick walls.

On maturation sporangia burst and release spores which germinate into new mycelium in moist conditions.

30. Reproductive parts- stamen(male part),pistill/carpal(felale part)

Unisexual flower has either stamin or carpal in it,nly male or female part.

Bisexual flower has both stamen and carpel,both male or female part.
31. Earthworm and frog- sexual reproduction

Rhizopus-spore formation

Plasmodium-multiple fission.

32. Barrier method so that sperms do not reach egg.use of condoms during sexual act.

Chemical method-change of hormonal balance in the body of a woman so that eggs are not released and fertilisation
does not occur example use of oral pills.

Surgical method-use of intrauterine devices example copper T.

33. In human male sex chromosome pair has X and Y chromosome and male gamates are X and Y .

In human female sex chromosome pair has xy chromosome and gamates formed are X and Y. When X of male
combines with X of female individual is female (XX)

When Y of male combines with X of female individual is male(XY)

XY XX

X Y X X

Female XX XYmale

34. They secretes a fluid which provide nourishment and nutrition to sperms and make their transport easier.They also
provides the right medium for sperms to survive.

35. fig

36. Bryophyllum can be reproduced by vegetative propagation by using either its stem or leaves and buds grow in
notches of its leaf and portion between two leaves.But money plant can grow roots only at place where leaves are
attached to stem and not between two leaves.

37. Carpal is the female reproductive part.

Ovule develops into seed and ovary develops into fruit.

Male germ cell is produced by pollen grains and female gamate is present in the ovule.

38. The two factors that determine size of population are rate of birth and death.

39. repeat

40. Fertilization is the fusion of germ cells to give us the zygote.Thus fusion of germ cells on fertilization give us the
zygote which is capable of growing into a new plant.For this transfer of Pollen from one flower to another is
essential.Thus pollination is essential for fertilization.

41. Bisexual-Hibiscus,mustard.

Unisexual-papaya,watermelon

42. Ovule develops a tough coat and is converted into a seed.

Ovary ripens to form fruit.

43. Ovary as reproductive organ releases egg or female gamate.As endocrine gland it secretes estrogen and
progesterone hormone.

44. By spore formation

45. If the egg is not fertilized it lives for about one day.Since the ovary releases one egg every month the uterus also
prepare itself every month to receive a fertilized egg.Thus its lining becomes thick and spongy.This would be
required for nourishing the embryo if fertilization had taken place.Now however this lining is not needed any
longer.So the lining slowly breaks and come out through the vagina as blood and mucus.This cycle takes place
roughly every month and is known as mensuration.

The organ called as birth Canal is vagina.

46. Urethra is the common passage for sperms and urine.

47. All of them involve only one parent and gametes are not required. Rhizopus.

48. Copper T is a contraceptive device placed in the uterus.

49. AIDS/Gonorrhoea/syphilis/warts

50. Plumule is the future shoot.

Radicle is the future root.

51. Organisms produced by a sexual reproduction contained exactly the same number of chromosomes as what the
parent cells have Hence they look like clowns because the traits remain preserved

Sexual reproduction results in the mixing of gametes of two individuals.Hence variation occurs in offspring leading to
evolution.

52. Part associated with fertilization-Oviduct/fallopian tube

Part associated with production of egg-Ovary.

53. Before release of egg thickness of lining of uterus increases under the influence of hormone estrogen.

If no fertilization occurs entire uterus lining or endometrium is lost along with blood and tissues in the form of
menstrual phase.

54. Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants. This process involves the joining of
female gametophyte with two male gametes. In this case, syngamy between male and female gametes produces the
embryo.

Fruit-ovary

Seed-ovule .

Coliform is a group of Bacteria found in human intestine Whose presence in water indicates contamination by
disease causing microorganisms.

55. Bryophyllum leaves bears adventitious buds or plantlets in the notches along the leaf margin.when bud falls on the
soil they develop into new plants under favourable conditions.

56. Use of oral pills are harmful because it may have some side effects.
57. Placenta is a special tissue with the help of which human embryo get nutrition from mothers blood.

Structure-It is disc like structure embedded in the uterine wall.

Contain villi on the side of the embryo.

On mothers side (uterine side wall) there is blood spaces which surround the villi.

Function -It provides large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from mothers blood to the embryo and
removes metabolic waste from the embryo.

58. Pollen grains falls on stigma.Pollen tubes formed carrying male gamates passes through style and reaches the ovary
which contain ovules or eggcell.The male gamate fuses with the female gamate present in the ovule and zygote is
formed after fertilization which divides to form seed.

59. Gonorrhoea and syphilis .

It changes the hormonal balance of the body,eggs are not released, fertilization cannot occur.

60. Malarial parasite -Multiple Fission

leishmania-binary fission

61. The part that secretes testosterone-Testis

The duct which delivers the sperm-Vas deferens

The structure which serves as a common passage for sperms and urine-urethra

62. Testis perform dual function. It produces and store millions of tiny male gamates.It produces testosterone the male
sex hormone that causes changes during puberty.