“Azerbaijan Airlines” Joint-Stock Company

National Aviation Academy

Faculty:Physics-technology

Qualification:Electrical and electronics engineering

Group:2531a

Subject: Professional English

Topic:AC and DC simple circuits

Teacher:Asadova Rumella

Student:Shafizada Akbar
 AC Circuit

The quantity that changes continuously in magnitude between zero and a

maximum value with alternating directions at regular time intervals is known as
an alternating quantity such as current (I) or voltage (V).

AC circuits are powered by an alternating source

such as alternating currents or voltages which are
sinusoidal and change periodically in direction and
magnitude. In other words, voltage or current oscillates in a
sine wave pattern and varies with time.

Such current is represented by 

The current repeats its value after each time interval T=2π/⍵. This is called the
time period of the current. In the condition of alternating current, half of the
time this current remains positive and gets negative for the other half of the time
period.

An AC circuit consists of three main components; a resistor, capacitor and an

inductor which resist the flow of electric current in their own unique ways.
These are the passive components of an AC circuit as they continue to consume
electrical energy. These components in an electrical circuit can be used in an
infinite number of combinations and designs.
An AC circuit with the resistor is shown in the above figure. Such a circuit is
also known as a purely resistive circuit. Do not forget to notice the symbol for
an AC source. If the current at time t is I, according to Kirchhoff’s loop law

When the voltage and current reach their

maximum values at the same time, they are considered to be in phase. If the root
means square (RMS) values of current and voltage are used, Ohm’s law is said
to be valid for this condition. These values are also termed as the effective
values of current and voltage and the current is also known as virtual current.
Hence, the relationship would be;

Hence, Ohm’s law can

be expressed as Vrms =Irms×RI

DC Circuit
The closed path in which the direct current flows is called the DC circuit. The
current flows in only one direction and it is mostly used in low voltage
applications. The resistor is the main component of the DC circuit.

A simple DC circuit is shown in the figure below which contains a DC source

(battery), a load lamp, a switch, connecting leads, and measuring instruments
like ammeter and voltmeter.The load resistor is connected in series, parallel or
series-parallel combination as per requirement.
ypes of DC Circuit

The DC electric circuit is mainly classified into three groups. They are the series
DC circuit, parallel DC circuit, and series and parallel DC circuit.

DC Series Circuit

The circuit in which have DC series source, and the number of resistors are
connected end to end so that same current flow through them is called a DC
series circuit. The figure below shows the simple series circuit. In the series
circuit the resistor R1, R2, and R3 are connected in series across a supply voltage
of V volts. The same current I is flowing through all the three resistors.

If V1, V2, and V3 are the voltage drop

across the three resistor R1, R2, and R3 respectively, then Let
R be the total resistance of the circuit then, Total
resistance = Sum of the individual resistance.

In such type of circuit all the lamps are controlled by the single switch and they
cannot be controlled individually.The most common application of this circuit is
for decoration purpose where a number of low voltage lamps are connected in
series.

DC Parallel Circuit

The circuit  which have DC source and one end of all the resistors is joined to a
common point and other end are also joined to another common point so that
current flows through them is called a DC parallel circuit.

The figure shows a simple parallel circuit. In this circuit the three resistor R 1,
R2, and R3 are connected in parallel across a supply voltage of V volts. The
current flowing through them is I 1, I2 and I3 respectively.

The total current drawn by the circuit

Let R be the total or effective resistance of the circuit, then

 Reciprocal of total resistance = sum of reciprocal of the
individual resistance..

All the resistance is operated to the same voltage, therefore all of them are
connected in parallel. Each of them can be controlled individually with the help
of a separate switch.

DC Series-Parallel Circuit

The circuit in which series and parallel circuit are connected in series is called a
series parallel circuit.The figure below show the series-parallel circuit. In this
circuit, two resistor R1 and R2 are connected in parallel with each other across
terminal AB. The other three resistors R3, R4 and R6 are connected in parallel
with each other across terminal BC.

The two groups of resistor RAB and

RBC are connected in series with each other across the supply voltage of V volts.
The total or effective resistance of the whole circuit can be determined as given

below Similarly,
 Total or effective resistance of the
ciruit,