CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINITSRATION

“LEVEL OF SUBSISTENCE POTENTIAL ON

DISASTER AMONG THE INDIGENT FARMERS OF CARALLANGAN, ALCALA,

CAGAYAN”

A Research Proposal presented to the Faculty of

College of Public Administration

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Social Work Research II

By:

Abad, Cherry Zen D.

Antonio, Princess Dianne G.

Iringan, Richel

Sibayan, Clyvelanda I.

2023

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Table of Contents

Chapter I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction………………………………………………

Statement of the Problem………………………………

Conceptual Framework……………………………………

Scope and Limitations……………………………………

Significance of the Study…………………………………

Definition of Terms………………………………………

Chapter II: REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design…………………………

Locale of the study………………………

Research participants/respondents … … … …. … … ..

Research Instrument………………………………………

Data gathering Procedure…………………………………………

Statistical Analysis of Data… …. …. …. … …. … … … ….

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Farmers are one of the country's assets which have a crucial role in our society. They

are known as a provider of foods which nourishes human to live. They also have great

contribution to the economy and employment of the country especially to rural areas.

However, countries around the world have suffered from huge economic losses due to

the occurrence of natural disasters, and current agricultural production systems worldwide are

under serious threat (IPCC, 2022). According to the data from the Centre for Research on the

Epidemiology of Disasters, global economic losses caused by natural disasters reached 210.1

billion US dollars in 2017, 49% higher than the historical average (Mohamed et al., 2015;

Below and Wallemacq, 2018).

In relation, agriculture is an important part of the economy of the Philippines with

crops like rice, coconut and sugar which dominate the production of crops and exports.

Moreover, it employs 23% of the Filipino workforce as of 2021, according to the World

Bank.

The Philippines, however, is among the hardest hit in Southeast Asia by natural

disasters such as typhoons, floods, and droughts. On the report of Asian Disaster Reduction

Center (ADRC) it is for the reason that is located along the typhoon belt in the Pacific, the

Philippines is visited by an average of 20 typhoons every year, five of which are destructive.

Being situated in the “Pacific Ring of Fire” makes it vulnerable to frequent earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions. Its geographical location and physical environment also contribute to its

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high susceptibility to tsunami, sea level rise, storm surges, landslides,

flood/flashflood/flooding, and drought.

The frequent occurrence of disasters such as typhoons, floods, and landslides has a

significant impact on the agriculture sector, which employs nearly a third of the country’s

labor force. Small-scale farmers, who make up the majority of the agricultural workforce, are

particularly vulnerable to the effects of disasters due to their limited resources and poor

access to disaster preparedness and response mechanisms. Hence, the Philippines’

agricultural system is one of the most vulnerable to natural disasters.

As of 2010 to 2019, the Philippine Statistics Authority reported that the damages

incurred due to natural extreme events and disasters are amounted to Php. 463 billion.

Agriculture posted the largest share with 62.7 percent or Php. 290 billion followed by

infrastructure, and private/communications with 23.0 percent or Php106 billion and 14.3

percent or Php. 66 billion respectively which implies Philippine agriculture has always been

heavily affected by natural disasters.

Hence, Carallangan is not exempted to these catastrophic events particularly due to its

geographical location, which is surrounded by the well-known Cagayan River, contributed to

its vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods and typhoons. Apart from that, farming is

the primary source of income for most of the residents of Carallangan as the larger portion of

the land area is used for agricultural production such as crops like palay (oryza sativa) and

corns. As a result, indigent farmers in rural area like Carallangan whose livelihood which

mostly depend agricultural production are more likely experiencing threats as well as the

reductions to agricultural productivity which have significant impacts on their food security,

nutrition, income, and well-being. The impact of disasters on farmers’ subsistence potential

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depends on several factors, including the preparedness of farmers, the effectiveness of

disaster management policies, and the availability of resources to mitigate the effects of

disasters.

Farmers worldwide have well-known coping mechanisms to deal with seasonal

uncertainties, variable weather, and natural hazards but to survive from these disasters are

still a big challenge to indigent farmers due to lack of diverse coping strategies, limited

resources for disaster response and rebuilding, and insufficient hazard and disaster risk data

and information.

Furthermore, disasters are not expected and predicted by all people worldwide, and

natural disasters are frequently beyond human control. Therefore, farmers must learn to

“coexist with disasters” in their relations with nature; developing their resiliency and

strengthening their capabilities in surviving certain phenomena that harshly affect their

livelihood and/is crucial to mitigate and effectively recover from the impact of the disasters.

Thus, this study is of great relevance as it aims to determine the level of subsistence potential

on disaster among the indigent farmers of Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to ascertain the Level of Subsistence Potential on Disaster among the

Indigent Farmers of Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profile of the participants in terms of:

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1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Marital Status

1.4 Highest Educational Attainment

1.5 Years of Farming Experience

1.6 Farm Measurements

1.7 Land ownership

2. What are the impacts of the disaster to the indigent farmers in terms of:

2.1 Human Aspect

2.1.1 Mental aspect

2.1.2 Social Aspect

2.1.3 Spiritual Aspect

2.2 Economic Aspect

2.2.1 Quarterly Income

2.2.2 Other sources of income other than farming

3. Is there a significant relationship on the profile of the respondents and their level of

subsistence potential?

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HYPOTHESIS

The study will be working on the hypothesis below:

There is no significant relationship on the profile of the respondents and their level of

subsistence potential.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VIRIABLE

Profile of the respondents:

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Marital Status Level of Subsistence Potential

on Disaster among indigent
1.4 Highest Educational farmers

Attainment

1.5 Years of Farming

Experience

1.6 Farm Measurements

1.7 Land ownership

The researchers use the independent and dependent model to signify the relationship

of variables of this study. The arrow signifies the relationship that the researcher is looking

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forward to, as the arrow’s direction leads toward the dependent variable. Moreover, the

independent variable of this study was the profile of the respondents while the dependent

variable is the level of subsistence potential.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The general intent of this study is to know the level of subsistence potential on disasters

among indigent farmers of Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan with a particular emphasis on how

they adapt to and survive in such phenomena or catastrophic events.

The study’s main objective is to identify the various effects of disasters that have an

impact on indigent farmers’ level of subsistence potential. Additionally, this study seeks to

determine how the researchers help farmers become resilient in recognizing and coping with

disasters in relation to their capacity to survive.

This study will be conducted with limited financial resources and time framework.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is further expected that this would provide vital information to the

following:

Administration and Management of the Barangay. The research findings and results that

will be reported in this study will provide the management of the barangay with more reliable

and effective ways of motivating and evaluating the level of academic motivation of the

students.

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Alcala Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (MDRRMO). The

results of this study may serve as a basis of information of the MDRRMO as they could

provide support and resources to indigent farmers in Barangay Carallangan to prepare for,

respond to, and reduce the risk of disasters. Their involvement in the study could provide

valuable insights into the disaster management practices in the municipality and how they

affect the subsistence potential of indigent farmers.

Department of Agriculture (DA). The results of this study may serve as a basis of

information for the improvement of policies, recommendations, and supervision that would

improve the subsistence potential level of indigent farmers which would then contribute to

the betterment of their ability to survive natural disasters.

Local Government Unit (LGU) of Alcala. This study can provide LGU’s with important

information that can help them better understand the experiences of indigent farmers during

disasters and develop effective disaster management policies and programs that are tailored to

the specific needs of these populations. This can help improve the resilience of indigent

farmers of barangay Carallangan and ensure that they are better equipped to cope with the

impacts of disasters.

Farmers. This study shall provide the indigent farmers with an opportunity to evaluate

themselves with regards to their level of subsistence potential on disasters, hence, may lead to

an improved their resiliency and capabilities in surviving certain phenomena.

Researcher. This study can help the researchers to be aware and could contribute to the

knowledge base on the impact of disasters on small-scale farmers’ level of subsistence

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potential and coping strategies in disaster-prone areas. Hopefully, the researchers will be

encouraged more to fulfil their unending desire to have quality research.

Future Researcher. This study can help future researchers in collecting information easier

and faster. The results of this study would serve as a basis for parallel studies to be

conducted.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Agriculture - The art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising

livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their

distribution to markets.

Coping Mechanisms - This refers to the strategies, thoughts, and behaviors people often use

in the face of stress and/or trauma to help manage painful or difficult emotions, internal or

external stressful situations.

Disaster - It is a phenomenon that causes threat to people such as loss of property, food

scarcity.

Indigent Farmers - This refers to indigent individual whose sole source of income is

agriculture, who cultivate or till of the land whether as owner or lessee of the land or who

engage in crop.

Resilience - The process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life

experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment

to external and internal demands.

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Rural Area - It refers to the open countryside with population densities less than 500 people

per square mile and places with fewer than 2,500 people.

Subsistence Potential - This is the ability to survive.

Chapter II

REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A comprehensive review of literature is of paramount importance to any research endeavor,

as these do not only give an idea on the work done in the past and assist in the delineation of

problem area but also provide the bases for interpretation and discussion of findings. An

association with earlier relatable research studies would aid the researcher to build up a better

understanding of the present problem. The following literatures aided the researchers in

realizing the objectives of this study and that is to determine the Level of Subsistence

Potential on Disaster Among the Indigent Farmers of Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan.

Natural Disaster on Farming

Philippines ranked third among all the countries with the highest disaster risks

worldwide. Beltrán, A., Maddison, D., and Elliott, R. J. R., (2018) believed that areas with a

high incidence of natural disasters may be more seriously struck by poverty because

impoverished people prefer to settle in these areas, such as low-lying areas of cities with

lower living costs.

Bayudan-Dacuycuy and Lim, (2013) studied the influencing factors of short- and

long-term poverty in the Philippines. The study results show that natural disasters directly

lead to or aggravate short-term poverty of households affected by natural disasters, while the

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unemployment and illnesses of family members due to natural disasters result in long-term

household poverty.

The devastated areas and the general populace are adversely affected in terms of the

economy and ecology by these natural disasters. Furthermore, because they are constantly

exposed to natural disasters and their unfavorable effects, the agriculture and natural resource

industries are extremely vulnerable. It is imperative for the Filipinos, especially the

agriculture sector to make interventions to at least minimize the loss as natural disasters

cannot be prevented.

Parallel to this, each year, natural disasters cost Filipino farmers billions of pesos, yet

their courage, optimism, and faith enable them to recover (Shah, S. H., et al. 2017). The

drastic drop in farm income caused by natural disasters forced many farmers to look for

alternative sources of income, such as raising livestock, growing other crops, interplanting

coconut farms with coffee or cacao, and working off-farm.

Carter, Little, and Mogues (2005) demonstrated that natural disasters are likely to trap

households into long-term poverty by exploring the influences of drought and hurricanes on

farmers’ agricultural production in Ethiopia and Honduras.

Guo et al. (2014) also found that farmers strongly dependent on natural resources are

very sensitive to natural disasters since natural disasters can cause serious losses of livelihood

resources and adversely affect farmers’ sustainable incomes.

Moreover, researchers also found that farmers affected by natural disasters may

increase their food expenditures while lowering their education expenditures, which hinders

the long-term development of human capital. However, some studies have found that natural

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disasters can also positively influence farmers’ incomes (Mottaleb, Mohanty, Hoang, and

Roderick, 2013.)

Turunen, et al. (2022) stated that low-income farmers’ limited coping resources

results to the need of strengthening preventative policies that lessen the likelihood or severity

of damages.

Many farmers lack the financial means to obtain crop insurance, which could affect

resilience. Serio, M. N., et al. (2020), added that strengthening the role of climate-resilient

agricultural techniques can help farmers better manage extreme weather events.

A case study by Heckelman, A., et al. (2018) shown that there are differences between

conventional and organic rice farmers’ levels of climate resilience. Most indicators show that

organic farmers are, on average, more climate resilient than their conventional counterparts.

Furthermore, farmers who have many years of farming experience have interacted

much with the climate in relation to their farming activities and, therefore, have good

knowledge of environmental factors as they relate to their farming operations (Ofuoku,

2011).

Impact of Disaster on Mental Aspect

Most individuals have sustained heavy financial losses due to natural disasters. People

involved in agricultural production suffer more losses from natural disasters. Property loss

induces anxiety or other mental health problems in these people. Compared with the

individuals who are not involved in agricultural production, natural disasters can be more

devastating for those who are. Since the damage affects not only financial property, but also

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people’s agricultural livelihoods, the double loss might result in mental health problems

(Zhang R., Zhang Y., and Dai Z., 2022).

Moreover, previous research has shown that climatic adversity (i.e., drought, severe

weather, extreme climatic variability) detrimentally affects the mental health and wellbeing

of family farmers. Much of the research documenting the impacts of weather and climate on

farmers’ mental health has been produced in Australia, where family farmers have had to

contend with one of the most naturally variable climates on Earth (Hennessy et al., 2008).

According to Berry et al. (2011) drought-affected family farmers often experience

feelings of helplessness and powerlessness, Edward et al. (2008) added that it also elevated

rates of psychological distress and depression and, potentially, heightened rates of suicide

(Hanigan et al., 2012, Nicholls et al., 2006).

Climate change has already exacerbated the natural variability of the Australian

climate (CSIRO & BoM, 2015); and because of their close living and working relationships

with the land, family farmers have been identified as a group whose mental health and

wellbeing may be particularly impacted by climate change (Berry et al., 2011, Morrissey and

Reser, 2007).

Moreover, Zhang et al. (2022) stated that the effect of natural disasters on mental

health might also vary depending on the family’s agricultural production status. They also

suggested that natural disasters have a significant negative effect on middle-aged and older

adults' mental health in the case of rural China. This effect is heterogeneous depending on

individuals' education level and their agricultural production status.

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Finally, individuals' happiness and life satisfaction are shown to be the potential

mechanism through which the effect of natural disasters on mental health operates.

Impact of Disaster on Social Aspect

Impact of natural disasters on social aspects of farmers: A study by Sultana et al.

(2019) in Bangladesh found that natural disasters such as floods and cyclones had a

significant impact on farmers’ social status. The study revealed that farmers’ social networks

were disrupted, and their social relationships were weakened due to migration and

displacement caused by the disasters. A study by Alam and Siwar (2019) in Malaysia found

that community-based disaster management programs that involved farmers in decision-

making and planning increased their social status and resilience to floods. Natural disasters

can have a significant impact on farmers’ social status and their ability to cope with these

events. Social vulnerability, social capital, community-based approaches, and gender can all

play a critical role in enhancing farmers’ social status and resilience to disasters. These

findings suggest that policymakers should focus on developing policies and support systems

that promote social equity and inclusiveness in disaster management and response.

Furthermore, social networks and social capital play a vital role in disaster resilience.

A study by Adger et al. (2005) in Bangladesh found that social networks were critical in

helping farmers cope with natural disasters. Social networks facilitated information sharing,

resource pooling, and emotional support, which enhanced farmers’ ability to cope with the

effects of disasters. Also, social support from family, friends, and community networks can

be critical in helping farmers cope with disasters. A study by Magcale-Macandog et al.

(2021) in the Philippines found that social support, particularly from family and community

networks, was essential in helping farmers recover from the impacts of typhoons. These

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networks provided emotional support, material assistance, and information to farmers,

enabling them to cope with the disasters.

Impact of Disaster on Spiritual Aspect

The impact of spirituality on disaster resilience cannot be overlooked. Nathanson

(2003) asserts that ‘spirituality is an important force in recovery’, because it helps the

survivors identify inner strengths and find meaning in people’s sufferings and behaviors

(Cannon, 2008).

From the perspective of many faith communities, disaster may be viewed not only as

a loss and target for problem solving, but also as a challenge that can inspire growth and

foster improved functioning, or “posttraumatic growth.” Such growth is characterized by

perceiving oneself as resilient, having more meaningful relationships with others, developing

an increased appreciation for life, and experiencing enhanced spirituality (Tedeschi &

Calhoun, 1996).

Spirituality often guides norms and people’s values. For example, Dove (2008) found

that due to a particular religious belief in Mt Merapi, residents believe that volcano eruption

is a positive change for the area. Certain approaches to explaining suffering have been related

to poorer mental health outcomes; specifically, viewing the disaster as spiritually endowed

punishment or a demonstration of Divine power and anger, attributing the disaster to one’s

sins, perceiving the event as a signal of the Deity’s abandonment of the believer, and

relinquishing faith altogether (Pargament et al., 2003).

Jang and Wang (2009) stated that participants of their study indicated that with the

support from religious belief, they have found ways to cope with challenges. They affirmed

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that religious belief helped them to be more optimism and see positive side of things. They

also learned not to go to extremes. Likewise, Cadell et al. (2003, p. 280) emphasise that, ‘…

One way individuals who face traumatic events attempt to find meaning is through religion or

spirituality’.

Impact of Disaster on Economic Aspect

“Farmers’ Perceptions of the Economic Impact of Disasters” by Tadesse and Bahiru

(2021) analyzed the impact of disasters on the economic status of smallholder farmers in

Ethiopia. The study found that disasters have significant negative economic impacts on

smallholder farmers, which lead to a decline in agricultural productivity and increased

poverty. A Literature Review” by Twigg et al. (2015) examined the factors that contribute to

the economic resilience of farmers in the face of disasters. The study found that farmers with

higher levels of economic resources and education are better able to cope with and recover

from disasters.

Moreover, Rashid and Islam (2019) investigated the coping strategies employed by

farmers in Bangladesh after natural disasters. The study found that farmers with higher levels

of economic resources and social capital were better able to cope with the economic impact

of disasters. Also, evidence from Asia and the Pacific” by Zantua et al. (2019) reviewed the

literature on the impacts of disasters on agriculture in Asia and the Pacific. The study found

that disasters have significant economic impacts on agriculture, including crop and livestock

losses, infrastructure damage, and reduced access to markets.

The literature reviewed indicates that the economic status and aspects of farmers play

a crucial role in their ability to cope with disasters. Farmers with higher levels of economic

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resources, education, and social capital are better able to cope with and recover from the

economic impact of disasters. The literature also highlights the significant negative economic

impact of disasters on agriculture, including crop and livestock losses, infrastructure damage,

and reduced access to markets.

Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises how the researcher explains the approach taken to address the

research problem or question, as well as the data collection and analysis methods employed

in conducting the research. It clarifies the research design, locale of the study, participants of

the study, research instrument, data gathering Procedure, and statistical analysis of data.

Research Design

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Levels of Subsistence Potential on

disasters among Indigent Farmers of Carallangan Alcala, Cagayan. To achieve this objective,

a mixed-methods research design will be used, combining both quantitative and qualitative

data collection techniques. The study will be conducted through the administration of a

survey questionnaires to a sample of indigent farmers and interviews to supplement and

clarify the information.

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A mixed-method research design is a research approach that involves collecting and

analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study. This research design

typically involves using multiple methods for data collection and analysis, such as surveys,

interviews, observations, and statistical analysis.

According to Creswell (2014), a mixed-method research design is defined as “a

research design that combines quantitative and qualitative data collection, analysis, and

interpretation in a single study or a program of inquiry to understand a research problem.”

The purpose of using a mixed-method research design is to provide a more comprehensive

understanding of the research problem by combining the strengths of both quantitative and

qualitative research methods. This research design allows researchers to explore a research

question or problem in more depth and to validate and corroborate findings across different

data sources.

To be more specific, the mixed-method research design in this study would allow for

a comprehensive understanding of the levels of subsistence potential on disasters among

indigent farmers in Barangay Carallangan. It would provide both quantitative and qualitative

data, which could help identify correlations and patterns, as well as contextualize the research

problem.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted in Barangay Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan. The area is

predominantly agricultural, with most of the population engaged in farming as their primary

source of livelihood.

Participants of the Study

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Participants of this study are the indigent farmers of Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan.

These indigent farmers are registered in the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) of the

Local Government Unit of Alcala, Cagayan. The population is composed of 54 rice farmers,

24 corn farmers, and 28 farmers of both crops with a total of one-hundred six (106) indigent

farmers.

Researchers will utilize 24 rice farmers, 24 corn farmers, and 24 farmers of both crops

with a total of 72 participants. The sampling technique will be a stratified random sampling to

ensure that the sample is representative of the population and avoid sampling biases.

The selection process will be done with the assistance of the barangay officials to

identify the eligible respondents. They will be asked to answer a survey questionnaire. The

study will ensure that the respondents’ identities and responses will be kept confidential, and

their participation will be voluntary.

Research Instrument

The researchers will be utilizing a self-made survey questionnaires and interview as

the data instrument in the study. The questionnaire intends to gather data about the level of

subsistence potential on disaster among the indigent farmers and also pilot-testing will be

utilizing to test and ensure its clarity, validity, and reliability. On the other hand, interview

will be conducted to supplement and clarify the gathered data through the disseminated

questionnaires.

Survey forms of questionnaires will be used for data collection. Researchers have a

comprehensive set of questions which is composed of two parts. The first part will assess the

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profile of the participants, second will assess the impact of the disaster in terms of human and

economic aspects of the farmers.

Moreover, short questions are given along with the choices given below each

question, and the respondent will indicate his or her response by checking tick marks. The

questionnaire utilized the scale ranging from 5 (always) 4 (very often) 3 (sometimes) 2

(rarely) 1 (never).

Data Gathering Procedure

In pursuit of the objectives of the study, the researchers will first seek permission

from the barangay captain of Carallangan, Alcala, Cagayan to distribute questionnaires and

gather the needed data for the study, specifically for indigent farmers. Upon approval, an

informed consent will be given to the 106 respondents. The questionnaire will then be

personally administered by the researchers and the respondents will be given ample time to

answer the questionnaire to respect their personal time.

The questionnaires to be used will be pilot-tested for their reliability and validity

before they are given to the target sample. The researchers will be administering the

questionnaires during the gathering procedure. The researchers will ask politely if they can

help by answering and completing the survey forms. The respondents will be informed about

the nature of the study. To ensure freedom of choice and provide an avenue for the

respondents to voluntarily consent or decline participation in the study, the informed consent

of each respondent will be secured. They will be given enough time to answer the

questionnaire and are allowed to ask questions and seek clarification. After answering, the

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researchers will thank the respondents for their cooperation. Then it will be collected by the

researcher and compiled and sealed for analysis and interpretation.

After collecting all the data, the researchers will tally and tabulate the scores for

interpretation and analyzation with the assistance of statistician to generate accurate result.

Statistical Analysis of Data

“LEVEL OF SUBSISTENCE POTENTIAL TO

DISASTER AMONG THE FARMERS OF CARALLANGAN, ALCALA, CAGAYAN”

Dear Respondents,

Greetings of love, peace and joy!

We, the 3rd Year BS Social Work students under the department of College of Public

Administration at Cagayan State University-Carig Campus are currently conducting a

research study entitled "Levels of Subsistence Potential on Disasters among Indigent Farmers

of Carallangan Alcala, Cagayan".

In this regard, we humbly request your active participation by answering our

questionnaires pertinent to our above-stated study. Your honest responses to the questions

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will surely help us in obtaining the objectives of our study. Rest assured that your responses

will be kept confidential and anonymous. No personal identifying information will be shared

with any third parties. The data collected will only be used for research and academic

purposes only.

Researchers

Part I. Profile of the Participants

Direction: Please answer the following to your most appropriate response.

Name (optional): __________________________________________________

Age: [ ] 18 – 24 [ ] 25 – 34 [ ] 35 – 44 [ ] 45 – 54 [ ] 55 – and above

Gender: [ ] Male [ ] Female [ ] other (please specify): __________________

Civil Status: [ ] Single [ ] Married [ ] Widowed/ [ ] Separated

Highest Educational Level: [ ] Elementary Undergraduate [ ] Elementary Graduate

[ ] High school Undergraduate [ ] High School Graduate [ ] College Undergraduate

[ ] College Graduate

Quarterly Income: [ ] Php 1,000 – 5,000 [ ] Php 6,000 – 10,000

[ ] Php 11,000 – 15,000 [ ] Php 16,000 – 20,000 [ ] Php 20,000 above

Years of Farming Experience: [ ] 1 – 5 years [ ] 6 – 10 years [ ] 11 – 15 years

[ ] 15 – 20 years [ ] More than 20 years

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No. of Hectares Tilled: __________________

Land Ownership: [ ] Owner [ ] Share tenancy [ ] Leasehold [ ] Laborer

Other Source of Income:_______________

Part II. Impacts of disaster in terms of the human aspects which includes the mental,

social, spiritual, and economic aspect.

Direction: Read the following statements and put check [ / ] mark in the box of column

which you think is the most applicable to your answer. Please be guided to the following

scale:

5 – always

4 – very often

3 – sometimes

2 – rarely

1 – never

2.1 Impacts on Mental Aspect

Items 5 4 3 2 1

Always Very Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I feel stress.

2. I easily get

angry.

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3. I find difficult

to sleep.

4. I get easily

irritated.

5. I feel hopeless.

6. I feel sad.

7. I find difficult

to make

decisions.

8. I loss appetite.

9. I loss interest

on farming.

10. I experienced

mood swings.

11. I feel worthless.

12. I blame myself

for the damage.

2.2 Impacts on Social Aspect

Items 5 4 3 2 1

Always Very Often Sometimes Rarely Never

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1. I isolate/distance

myself from

others.

2. I have difficulty

dealing with

others.

3. I lose my

confidence.

4. I experience

discrimination

among my

fellow farmers.

5. I experience

inequality

distribution to

the different

assistance of the

government.

6. I experience

conflict with my

fellow farmers.

7. I put all the

blame to my

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINITSRATION

partner.

8. I easily get

recover through

the support of

my family.

9. I put all my

anger towards

my children.

2.3 Impacts on Spiritual Aspect

Items 5 4 3 2 1

Always Very Often Sometimes Rarely Never

1. I lost my faith

in God.

2. I seek

religious

advice.

3. My faith

become

stronger.

4. I am

encouraged to

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CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PUBLIC ADMINITSRATION

join religious

activities.

5. My spiritual

faith helps me

to recover.

6. My religious

belief helps

me to become

optimistic.

2.3 Impacts on Economic Aspect

Items 5 4 3 2 1

Always Very Often Sometime Rarely Never

1. I reduce our

expenses in

non-essential

areas.

2. I get in debt or

increase my

debt.

3. I experienced

difficulty

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accessing our

basic

necessities,

such as foods.

4. My

agricultural

productivity is

decline.

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