What are the Sustainable Development Goals, who came up with them, and why are they

important? Is the Philippines on track to achieve them? (20 pts)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a universal call to action to create a
more fair, just, and equitable world ensuring no one is left behind. In 2015, all member states of
the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This agenda is
comprised of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) that provide a shared blueprint for a
more peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable future for all. While all of the goals are
interconnected, we focus on five goals that are core to our mission of preventing blindness and
restoring sight.
https://operationeyesight.com/sustainable-development-goals/?
gclid=Cj0KCQjwsrWZBhC4ARIsAGGUJupViu9TeYbKMLL_WXENyZHRft6TbBfBUZT9xO3c2WcqW
vtZ44PuGCQaApogEALw_wcB

The goal of the Philippine strategy for sustainable development (PSSD) is to achieve
economic growth with adequate protection of the country's biological resources and its diversity,
vital ecosystem functions, and overall environmental quality. The PSSD has for its core a
number of implementing strategies. This is aimed at resolving and reconciling the diverse and
sometimes conflicting environmental, demographic, economic and natural resource use issues
arising from the country development efforts. The strategies are: 1) integration of environmental
considerations in decision-making; 2) proper pricing of natural resources; 3) property rights
reform; 4) establishment of an integrated protected areas system; 5) rehabilitation of degraded
ecosystems; 6) strengthening of residuals management in industry (pollution control);
7)integration of population concerns and social welfare in development planning; 8) inducing
growth in rural areas; 9) promotion of environmental education; and 10) strengthening of
citizen's participation and constituency building.
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US2012402347

To answer the latter question, enumerate the different goals, the key metric/s for each goal,
and the statistic (and year) that the country has achieved. Answer in essay form.
Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere, by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for
all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day .
Goal 2: Zero Hunger, by 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor
and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all
year round.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages, by 2030, reduce the
global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births.
Goal 4: Quality Education, by 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and
quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning
outcomes.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls, End all forms of
discrimination against all women and girls everywhere.
Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all, by 2030, achieve universal and equitable
access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy, by 2030, ensure
universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.
Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for
all, by 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men,
including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value.
Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation,
by 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased
resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies
and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective
capabilities.
Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries, by 2030, progressively achieve and
sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the
national average.
Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable, Half of humanity – 3.5 billion
people – lives in cities today and 5 billion people are projected to live in cities by 2030.
Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, by 2030, achieve the
sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources.
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, Strengthen resilience and
adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.
Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources, by 2025, prevent
and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities,
including marine debris and nutrient pollution.
Goal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation,
halt biodiversity loss, by 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including
land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-
neutral world.
Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies, by 2030, significantly reduce illicit
financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all
forms of organized crime.
Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development,
By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable
development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building
in developing countries.
1. From the class lectures, enumerate and discuss the thinking of the various economists
about what development means. (30 pts)
Format your answer using the table below:

Year/ Name/s of Briefly explain Implication/s of the idea

s economist/s and the idea
the economic
model
1950’s- Theodor Schultz A central thesis of Some development economists have
1960’s Schultz's work was that questioned the efficient but poor
farmers in developing hypothesis, arguing that aspects of
countries are "efficient agricultural household decisions and land
but poor" (or, as many tenancy arrangements in developing
put it, "poor but countries seemingly defy efficient.
efficient"), meaning
that they make efficient
use of their few
resources.
1950’s Raul Prebisch and Hans Observed that prices Raw materials and labour intensive
Singer of agricultural goods are exported by the developing
products decline countries
relative to prices of
manufactured goods. That because the price elasticity of
demand for primary goods is relatively
inelastic, it is pointless for developing
countries to seek to export these.

That because the income elasticity of

demand for primary goods is inelastic,
over time there will be a decline in
primary commodity prices and
therefore the incomes derived from
primary goods.

Trade will always be mutually

beneficial between a developed and a
developing country as long as they
both seek to exploit their comparative
advantages.
1950s Albert Hirschman Economic Linkages
- multiplier effects on
Economics
-Bias against
agriculture
And focus on
manufacturing