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M
In the Name of

Allah, (P
h
the Boundlessly Merciful, the Infinitely
i r
s
Compassionate. Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the

His Prophet
B a
worlds; and peace and blessings of Allah be upon

a n Muhammed
m r Prepared from book “Physical & General Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS
“Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir
 Chapter 24: MAPS
S)
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“Physical
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Geography ……….
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Imran Bashir"
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@GeoEnvCSS
By Bashir”
Imran Bashir
 S)
MAP
P M
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•Map is the representation of
hi
a
a geographic area, usually a s
portion of the Earth's
B
n
surface, drawn or printed on

a
a flat surface.
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Prepared from book “Physical & General Geography....by Imran Bashir" Available @GeoEnvCSS
 S)
HISTORY OF MAPS
P M
r (
i
• Babylonians about 2300 BC. More extensive regional

h
maps, drawn on silk and dating from the 2nd century
BC, have been found in China. The ability and need to

a s
make maps would appear to be universal. One of the
most interesting types of primitive map is the cane

B
chart constructed by the Marshall Islanders in the
South Pacific Ocean. This chart is made of a gridwork

n
of cane fibres arranged to show the location of islands.

a
The art of mapmaking was advanced in both the Maya

r
and Inca civilizations, and the Inca as early as the 12th
century had made maps of the lands they conquered.

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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
P M
(
ESSENTIALS OF A GOOD MAP

hi r
•
•
Title of the map-
Scale of the map-
a s
• Key or index-
B
n
• Map projection-.

a
• Direction-

m
•
r Conventional signs-

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“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
P M
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a s
B
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
P M
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hi
a s
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS
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“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 MAP PROJECTION
S)
• “A map projection is a method of portraying the two-

P M
dimensional curved surface of the Earth on a flat

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i
planar surface.”

CONSTRUCTION OF A MAP PROJECTION

s h
B a
• The creation of a map projection involves three steps:
• Selection of a model for the shape of the earth or

n
planetary body

a
r
• Transformation of geographic coordinates (longitude
and latitude) to plane coordinates

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• Reduction of the scale
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“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 CHOOSING A PROJECTION SURFACE
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P M
(
• A surface that can be unfolded or unrolled into a flat

r
plane or sheet without stretching, tearing or shrinking
is called a 'developable surface'. The cylinder, cone

hi
and, of course, the plane are all developable surfaces.

a s
B
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m r Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
P M
GEOGRAPHIC MAPS
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• Cartography, or map-making, is the
hi
study and, often, practice of crafting

a
representations of the Earth upon a s
B
flat surface, and one who makes maps

n
is called a cartographer.

a
m rPrepared from book “Physical
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/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
M
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN MAP PROJECTIONS
1. Developable Surface
(P
i r
2. Undevelopable Surface

h
3. Latitudes and Parallels of Latitude

s
4. Longitudes and Meridians of Longitude

a
5. Graticule

B
6. Gore and Zone

a n
m r Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
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CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTION

Map projections are classified on the following basis:

(P
(1)
(2)
Method of construction.
Characteristics of map Projections.

hi r
s
(3) Use of light.

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m r Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
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CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTIONS

P
BASED ON METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

r (
i
There are following four families of projections

h
depending upon their construction:

(i)
(ii)
a
Cylindrical Projections
Conical Projections s
(iii)
B
Zenithal Projections

n
(iv) Conventional Projections

r a
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“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTIONS BASED
ON THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
P M
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i
(1) Equal Area or Homolographic Projection

h
(2) True Shape, or Conformal or Orthomorphic Projections

s
(3) True Direction or Azimuthal Projections
(4) True Scale Projections

B a
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m r Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
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CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTION

P
ACCORDING TO USE OF LIGHT

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i
(a) Perspective Map Projections

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(b) Non-Perspective Map Projections

a s
B
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m r Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
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Special-
Purpose

P
Maps Isopleth Map

Thematic

r ( Distribution

i
Maps Maps

s h
a
Reference Ariel
Maps Photography

B
Topographic

a n TYPES OF

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Weather Maps
Maps
MAPS

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“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
Topographic

P M
Maps • Such maps show the
r (
hi
natural features of
the area covered as

a s
well as certain

B
artificial features,
known as cultural

a n features.

m r Prepared from book “Physical

“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
• Reference or navigational
P M
Reference maps are created to help

r (
i
Maps navigate over the Earth’s

h
Surface. These kinds of

a s
maps show where
particular places are

B located and can be used to

n
navigate the way to them.

a
A street map or the

m r Prepared from book “Physical

“Geography
common highway road
map falls into this category.
& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
Special- • Among the most
P M
Purpose important of the special-

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i
Maps purpose maps are

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hydrographic and

a s
aviation charts.
Hydrographic charts are

B used for the navigation

n
of ships and cover the

a
surface of the oceans

m rPrepared from book “Physical

“Geography
and other large bodies of
water and their shores.
& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
P M
Thematic
(
• Thematic maps are used to communicate

r
i
Maps geographic concepts like the distribution
of densities, spatial relationships,

h
magnitudes, movements, etc. World

s
climate or soils maps are notable

a
examples of thematic maps. There are
five common techniques for depicting

B
geographical data on a thematic map. The
most common is a choropleth map that

n
uses colour to show variations in quantity,
density, percentage, etc. within a defined

a
geographic area. Each colour usually

r
depicts a range of values.

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“Geography& General
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Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
Isopleth
• Maps on which quantities are

P M
(
represented by isopleths are

r
Map called isopleth maps.

hi
Examples are: An isopleth
connecting places of the same

a s
temperature is called an
isotherm. There are numerous

B
other isoplets namely isobar
(pressure), isobath (depth),

a n isohaline (salinity), isoseismal

r
line (earthquake intensity),
isohel (sun-shine), isoneph

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(cloudiness).
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“Geography& General
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/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
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Bashir”
 S)
Distribution Maps

P M
• Following are the types of distribution maps:

r (
i
• 1. Non-quantitive areal distribution maps:

h
• 1.1 Chorochromatic maps which use shading to show
distribution of a quantity.

s
• 1.2 Choroschematic maps

a
• The maps showing non-quantitative areal distribution by
symbols, index, letter, etc.

B
• 2. Quantitative areal distribution maps:

n
• 2.1. Dot maps
• 2.2. Shading or choropleth maps

r a
• 2.3. Isopleth maps

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/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
 S)
Aerial Photograph
P M
r (
i
• Although there is now a variety of sensing

h
devices, aerial photography employing cameras

s
with returned film is perhaps the most widely

a
used remote sensing technique. Mapping from
the air has certain obvious advantages over

B
surveying from the ground, the most evident

n
being the bird’s eye view that the cartographer

a
obtains.

m r
Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
Types of Aerial Maps
S)
P M
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B High Oblique

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m r Vertical

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“Geography
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CSS / PMS
Geography ……….
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Imran
Low Oblique

Bashir"
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Available
Imran
& PMS”
@GeoEnvCSS
By Bashir”
Imran Bashir
 S)
Weather Maps
P M
Weather map contains a particular type of

r (
meteorological information regarding various
weather elements required for analyzing and
hi
a s
investigation of weather system of particular
purposes. There are many different types of

B
weather map, all drawn using internationally

n
agreed standards and using accepted

a
symbols.

m r
Prepared from book “Physical
“Geography& General
for CSSGeography....by
/ PMS ………. Imran Bashir"
Author: Available
Imran @GeoEnvCSS
Bashir”
Standard symbols used on weather charts
S)
P M
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a s
B
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m r Prepared from book “Physical
“Physical
& General
“Geography
& General for
Geography....by
CSS / PMS
Geography ……….
(Paper
Imran Bashir"
Author:
I) for CSS
Available
Imran
& PMS”
@GeoEnvCSS
By Bashir”
Imran Bashir
 S)
P M
r (
hi
a s
B
a n
m r “Physical & General Geography (Paper I) for CSS & PMS” By Imran Bashir