sp Hybridization

Linear: Two electron groups are involved resulting in sp

hybridization; the angle between the orbitals is 180°

All compounds of beryllium, like BeF2, BeH2, BeCl2

All compounds of a carbon-containing triple bond, like C2H2.

sp2 Hybridization
•Trigonal planar: Three electron groups are involved
resulting in sp2 hybridization, and the angle between the
orbitals is 120°.
• All the compounds of Boron, i.e., BF3 and BH3

• All the compounds of carbon-containing a carbon-carbon double bond, Ethylene (C2H4)

sp3 Hybridization
•Tetrahedral: Four electron groups are involved resulting in
sp3 hybridization, and the angle between the orbitals is
109.5°.
• Each sp3 hybrid orbital has 25% s character and 75% p character.

• Examples of sp3 hybridization are ethane (C2H6) and methane.

Sp3d Hybridization
•Trigonal bipyramidal: Five electron groups are involved resulting
in sp3d hybridization; the angle between the orbitals is 90°,
120°.
• Example: Hybridization in Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5)

sp3d2 Hybridization
•Octahedral: Six electron groups are involved resulting in
sp3d2 hybridization, and the angle between the orbitals is 90°.

 • sp hybridization ((Beryllium chloride, BeCl2; Acetylene, C2H2)

• sp2 hybridization (boron trichloride BCl3 , ethylene C2H4)
• sp3 hybridization (methane CH4, Ethane, C2H6 )
• sp3d hybridization (phosphorus pentachloride PCl5))
• sp3d2 hybridization (sulphur hexafluoride SF6)
• sp3d3 hybridization (iodine heptafluoride IF7)

• 1s and 1 p: sp orbitals
• 1s and 2p: sp2 orbitals
• 1s and 3p: sp3 orbitals
• 1s, 3p, and 1d: sp3d orbitals
• 1s, 3p, and 2d: sp3d2 orbitals