SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. ‘Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY 1 @___Deltne the erms @ oxidation Zp QA sours io Gi) reduction . [2 marks} (b) When an acidified solution of potassium manganate( VII) is edded to hydrogen peroxide a redox reaction occurs and the observations include effervescence and a colour change. (State the colour change observed. [1 mark] Gi) Write the TWO half equations for the reaction, indicating the changes in oxidation number. SSS se Se a ee ee {6 marks} Gil) State the roles of the 1wo reagents, potassium manganate( V1) and hydrogen peroxide. SS [2 marks](©) Describe an experiment, including observations, that can be used to compare the oxidizing ability of the elements chlorine, bromine and iodine. [4 marks] Total 15 marks% [2 marks} solution containing ammonia and ammonium | quantity of base(©) Calewlate the pH of @ buier solution made from 20.00 em? (CH,CH,COOH) and 40.00 cm? of 0.050 mol dm” sodium propanoate (Ci ©F 0.10 mol dnr* propanoie acid "H,COONa). (The acid dissociation constant, K,, for propanoic acid is 1.22 « 10) [5 marks} (4) The experimental determination of the pH ofthe buffer solution in 2 (c) was carried out by @ group of students @ (ii) List TWO relevant pieces of apparatus and/or materials that may have been used to ‘carry out the experiment eee — [2 marks} Describe TWO relevant steps taken by the students to determine ihe pH of the buffer.005 630 MODULE 3 CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS 3 @_—(_Outtine TWO reasons why aqueous hydroxide sons, OH (aq). are used in the identification of cations. [2 marks} Gi) Table 1 shows an incomplete list of « number of canions withthe expected results of their respective flame tests Element Ne K ca Colour of Flame Green (2 marks} &) ‘a mixture of a soluble and an insoluble salt. Table 2 tam incomplete laboratory report of tests carried out on M. ‘Complete Table 2 by writing the relevant observations.ee ‘TABLE 2: LABORATORY REPORT No. | Tests Observations Inferenees @ | Addai. HClioMand | + SO, evolved warm. (i) | Shake Miwith water and then filter. To the colourless filtrate, | * $0, (aq) present add acidified Cr,0,* (aq). | (iii) | Dissolve residue from (ti) indil. HNO, add a) KI (aq) = Pb* present and b)_ boil for I minute. . Ppl, formed [S marks] © @_ Write hatfequations to explain the observation in test (b) (i). Gd [4 marks] Identify the salts in mixture M. [2 marks} Total 15 marks007 +8 SECTION B Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided at the end of each question. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY 4 Calcium oxide, quicklime, is produced by roasting limestone. Quicklime iS used to neutralize the acidity of soils. (@) Define the term “standard enthalpy of formation’. ; [2 marks} (6) Write a balanced equation for formation of CaOKsp [1 mark] (©) Construct a Bom-Haber eycle for the formation of Cas) showing clearly, using equations, the steps of the enthalpy changes involved. =. [6 marks} @) __ Distinguish between ‘exothermic enthalpy change“and “endothermic enthalpy change’. citing, enthalpy changes from your Born-Haber cycle in (¢}t> Support your answer. [4 marks} (©) Explain, by writing an equation, how the data from the Borm-Haber cycle can be used to calculate the lattice energy of CaO(s). [2 marks} Total 15 marks ‘Write the answer to Question 4 here.g | S . 008 foocMle MODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA (@) With the aid of appropriate Boltzmann distribution curves, (using the axes provided om Page 12) describe the effect of EACH of the following on reaction rates: (Temperature [4 marks} Gi) Catalyst (3 marks} (>) The values of initial rates measured for the reaction below are recorded in Table 3. 8.0p(+2r ——> 2807-+1, ‘TABLE 3: INITIAL RATES DATA Experiment is0-1 i Iniciat Race | (ol dm) (mol dm) (mol dr? min 1 O15 025 Lax 108 2 ols 0.50 5.6% 105 3 0.075 0.50 28% 10° 4 0075 02s 10% 10° (Use the information from the table to deduce the rate equation and calculate the overall order of the reaction. [5 marks} (ii) Caleutate the a) rate constant [2 marks} b) al rate of the reaction when [S,0,° ], = 0.13 mol dm and (1),= 032 mol dm, (1 mark) Total 15 marke009 opie ‘Write the answer to Question 5 here. (@ Temperature i 3 g 5 zZ Kinetic energy Gi) Catalyst, z g 3 7 . ! ‘Kinetic energy©) © @ 010 “15s / MODULE 3 (CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS: ‘The atomic radii across the first row of transition elements show a gradual decrease, Outline the reasons for this trend. [2 marks] (i) State the FULL electronic configuration for the ions, Ti: Fe*™3Ce". [3 marks} Gi) Explain, in terms of electronic configuration, why iron(|!) is readily converted to inon(itl. [2 marks} When aqueous copper ions are treated separately with aqueous ammonia and concentrated hydrochioric acid, the complex ions (Cu(NH, ).(H,0).}* and [CuCl] are formed. J State the name of the shape for (i) EACH of the complex ions [2 marks} (i) a.complex ion of the formula (ML.]* where M is the central metal and L represents the ligand, [1 marky When titanium({Il) chloride is dissolved in water, a purple solution is formed. Explain carefully how the colour is produced. [5 marks} Total 15 marks ‘Write the answer to Question 6 here.011 SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided im this booklet. MODULE IL FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY 1,/ @)_ With the aid of an example, define the term “dasive (Co-ordinate) covalent bond’. BF and My nuteo noe afam Jiu oaladaaea ds esti.) Av tderl Pe OW. A | bce Bat Neg perme [2 marks} (&) ~~ Intermolecular forces of atraction influence the pinysical peoperties of substances, such as, their melting points, boiling points, and solubility i pollar and non-polar solvents. Nu Consider the structure of the following substances and amswer the questions which Oa 9 die. wee i Hc-6- hte i yC-€ &) Be-C-CcH tet = ‘ H OH (A) propanone B) I-propanol (©) butane @ Place substances A, B and C in order of increasing boiling point (lowest boiling, point first). [i mark] Gi) Identify the intermolecular attractive forces found in EACH of the substances in (b) () above.\ sirenke Alpe Aipsle Cepers by The eoeak Foeusa oF Oe loi Crrcar tae babow, Du 6 8¢oeL a ful org Sho § OF 8 rena elie Bs Spud fimo + Baile, hordes u Regurus cq Noeht [4 marks} (© Complete Table 1 by indicating whether EACH of the substances, potassium bromide, acetone and solid iodine are soluble or insoluble in the two solvents, water (polar solvent) and tolucne (son-polar solvent). ‘TABLE 1; SOLUBILITY IN POLAR AND NON-POLAR SOLVENTS. — ‘Substance Water (Polar) ‘Toluene (Non-polar) Solid iodine : 15 marks] ‘Total 15 marksMODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA 2. (a) _Describe, using FIVE essential steps, an experiment which can be used to determine the solubility product of Ca(OH), at room temperature. " (S marks] (&) The solubility product, K,,, at 25 °C for calcium carbonate (CaCO,) was found 10 be 5.0 10? moF dn*. (Define the term'solubility produc’ [i mark) (ii) Write the equation for the dissociation of calcium carbonate. _ tay, => ca +O, (mark) _Write the solubility constant expression for calcium carbonate. {2 marks}(0) Caleulate the solubility of éaleium carbonate (K,, = $.0 * 10 moP dm at 25°C) in / ksp= Cc4\+ cos @ pure water [2marks} (i) 0.1 mot dm Na,CO, solution, (3. marks] (@)___ Whatis responsible for the difference between the solubilities in (c) (i) and (c) (ii) above? (i mark] ‘Total 15 marks oa) 015 -6- MODULE 3 (CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Describe the reaction of EACH of the following halogens with hydrogen. @o w@ Git) Fluorine eee Se ee Chlorine ce oe Bromine (Smarks} |A student was provided with three test tubes, EACH containing one hydrogen halide. ‘Ared hot wire (exceeding 300 °C) was quickly placed into each test tube in turn. The observations were recorded in Table 2. 0 Gi) Gi) ‘TABLE 2: OBSERVATIONS FOR HYDROGEN HALIDES [No change Slight brown colouration seen. Copious violet fumes seen Identify the gases observed in ‘Test'Tube IL ‘Test Tube It [2 marks} ‘Write a balanced equation to represent the reaction occurring in Test Tube II. te 2 marks} ‘Using the relevant information provided in the data booklet, explain the trend jn the observations recorded in Table 2. $$ [2 marks} an an to THe weve pag ?© @ iv) What would Jou observe if hydrogen fluoride was used in the experiment? et [i mark ] Concentrated sulphuric acid was carefully added to test tubes containing sodium chloride and sodium bromide respectively. State what would be observed in the case of @ sodium chloride [mark] Gi) sodium bromide. Se (2 marks} The products of the reaction in (¢) (i) above were passed into water and the resultent Solution treated with AgNO, (aq) folléwed by aqueous ammonia. State what would be observed. 2 marks} Total 15 marks(3) (b) 017 -8- ae : a SECTION B Answer ALL questions. ‘Write your answers in the separate answer booklet provided. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY _ State THREE faetors which affect the first ionisation energy of the elements. [3 marks] “Write the s, p and d electronic configuration of the following species: @ @ oF e (ily Mn =— *> (iy) Fe (Ca [S marks} Explain how ionization energy dste provide evidence fir shells and subshells. o.< [3 marks] 4 — 2 . ‘Study Figure | which shows the loganitizm to tite base ten of the successive ionisation energies of an clement and answer the qastions which follow. 5 T2345 67 8 9 10M 213 14 15 16 17 18:19 [Number of the ionisation Figure 1. Log,, of ionisation en¢rgies of an element Pavoge rene ner magecs} cs] on 018 (@ Write the electronic configuration of the element represented in Figure 1. 1 [mark | Gi) Suggest an identity for the clement. U mark} it) Write a balanced equation to illustrate the first ionisation of the element. _ [2 marks} ‘Total 15 marks MODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA @ — @__ Copy and complete Table 3 10 show the type of equilibrium for the selected equilibrium systems, TABLE 3: SELECTED EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS ‘System Number{ Equilibrium System Type of Equilibrium Saturated solution of a salt at 1 oom temperature ‘The vertical balancing of a ruler 2 on a flat surface 3___| Heating of limestone at 800 To marks] Gi) State TWO characteristics of the equilibrium represented by System 1 in Table 3, [2marks} (©) Substances A, B, X and Y form an equilibrium mixture represented by the equation below. AAT DB xx +yy Write the expression for the equiliprium constant, [mark] What deduction can be made when the equilibrium constant is much greater than 1? (mark |019 102 (©) When solid bismuth (III) chloride, BiCl, is added to water, a white precipitate BiOCI is produced. These compounds form an equilibrium mixture represented by the equation BiCl(aq) + H,0(l) = BiOCI(s) + 2HCK(aq). () Explain why the white precipitate, BIOCL, disappears on the addition of aqueous HCI io the equilibrium mixture [2 marks} Gi) Explain what would be observed if a large volume of water was added to the equilibrium mixture, (3 marks] (@) _Phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl., decomposes at 250 °C and forms an equilibrium mixture represented by the equation PCL(g) == PCL(g) = CL(g). One equilibrium mixture at this temperature contains PCI, and PCI, at concentrations, of 0.20 mol dnr? and 0.010 mol dm® respectively. Given K, at 250 °C = 0.19 mol dar, calculate the concentration of Cl, in the mixture. B marks] ‘Total 15 marks wf Ca fn ow rata weer Dae) ©) Melting point @C) 020 itt. MODULE 3 cumbirey oF rm ELEMENTS ‘The elements sodium to argon (Period 3) are often used to illustrate periodic trends. “i _State the general trend in atomic radii in moving from left to right across Period 3 (ffom sodium to argon). {0 mark] Gi) Give a reason for the trend stated in (i) above. [mark | Each clement in Period 3exhibits one of three structures: simple molecular, giant metallic or giant molecular. : Which structure is exhibited by EACH of the following elemenis in Period 37 @ Magnesium Gi) Silicon Gi) Sulphur [3 marks} Study Figure 2 which shows the variation in melting points across the elements in Period 3 and answer the question that follows. t t ar it t Na Mg al Si P s cl Ar Period 3 Figure 2. Variation in melting points across Period 3 ‘With reference to structure and bonding, account for the variation in melting points shown in the figure, 13 marks}Vopr6 (d) @o Gi) © @ 021 de ‘Sketch a similar diagram to Figure 2 given in 6 (c) to illustrate the variation in the electrical conductivity of the elemenis in Period 3. (2 marks} With reference to structure, explain the variations shown on your sketch in @ @ above. B marks] Describe the reaction which occurs When magnesium is heated in dry chlorine ans. [1 mark} ‘Write an equation to represent the reaction in (eX(j) above. (1 mark] Total 15 marks END OF TEST IP YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS TEST. wot‘ 022 SECTION A \ Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY (@) In 1803, John Dalton came up with a series of postulates concerning the atom which later became known as Dalton’s atomic theory. @ i List FOUR postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory, SSS Se 1 4 marks} Identify TWO of Dalton’s postulates which were proven invalid by modem atomic theory. SS 1 2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE023 (b) A cstudent was asked to investigate the relative reducing abilities of the elements zine and copper. @ Gi) ii) Gv) ” List TWO chemicals and ONE piece of apparatus that the student may use to carry out the investigation. ‘Chemicals: Describe ONE physical change that the student may have observed. a ta ee | imark } Identify the reducing agent in the experiment. a Timark] Write relevant half equations to illustrate the chemical changes that occur with EACH clement. wa Bit Ee pace a a le | 2 marks} From the half equations in (iv), deduce 2 balanced equation for the redox reaction. * | 2 marks} ‘Total 15 marks@ (b) © 024 MODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA @ the factor which affects the solubility product constant, K,, [1 mark] (i) ONE factor (except that in (i) above) which infuences the solubility of a salt. [ imark] Describe the ‘common ion effect’ as it relates to the sofubility of salts. [2 marks} ‘One type of kidney stones is formed by the precipitation of calcium phosphate (Ca(PO,),), which has a K,, of 1.3 x 10%? at 25 °C. A patient submitted a urine sample which contained concentrations of 1.2 x 10+ mol dm* calcium ions and 1.1 * 10 mol dm” phosphate ions. (Write a balanced equation for the formation of calcium and phosphate ions from calcium phosphate. [2 marks} (ii) Write the expression for the solubility product constant for calcium phosphate. 1 2 marks} ii) Calculate the ionic product of calcium phosphate in the patient's urine. [Timark] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.025 ase (iv) State why kidney stones are likely to form in the patient’s urine. [ i mark] (4) Outline an experimental procedure for the determination of the solubility product constant of barium hydroxide Ba(OH), TT S marks} Total 15 marks al N ' s GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ~~@) () © 026 a= MODULE 3 CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Group Il elements exhibit an oxidation number of +2 in their compounds. ‘Write the ionic equation of such an element, M, to show the formation of the ion present. [A mark] ‘The second ionisation energy for some members of Group II ate provided in Table 1. ‘TABLE 1: DATA FOR SOME GROUP II ELEMENTS: Elements Mg ca Sr Ba Second [onisation Energy (J mot") 1450 1150 1060 970 Use the information in Table 1 to account for the differences in reactivity of the elements shown, [3 marks} Radium, Ra, is the last member of the Group II elements. Using 2 knowledge of Group II chemistry, (comment on the solubility of the sulphate of radium in water (i) write the balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of the nitrate of radium, Ra(NO,), {3 marks] GOON TO THE NEXT PAGE027 955 \ (@)— @_State the steps that should be taken in the investigation of the differences in / solubility of the sulphates of magnesium, calcium and barium. ae So te se et ee ee le, ee T 3 marks} (ii) List the names of the reagents that may be used in the investigation, (©) List THREE uses of calcium carbonate, aa ee eee 1 3 marks] Total 15 marks GOON TOTHE NEXT PAGE” 7@) ) (ce) @) (b) ©) SECTION B Answer ALL questions, ‘Write your answers in the separate answer booklet provided. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY State the FOUR basic assumptions of the kinetic theory with reference to an ideal gas, [4 marks] 0785 g of an organic compound, Z, was vapourized at 100 °C and 101.325 kPa. The vapour occupied a volume of 0.40 dm’. Calculate the relative molecular mass of 2 (R = 8314 J mot! K-\dm? kPa), [3 marks} @ State Hess's Law. [ 2 marks} (iH) Constructa diagram of a well-labelied Bom-Haber eyele showing the formation of magnesium oxide (MgO) from magnesium-metal and ‘oxygen gas. On your diagram, show clearly ALL the ‘enthalpy changes and ‘species involved in the Process, [ 6 marks} ‘Total 15 marks MODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA (Why is chemical equilibrium referred to as dynamic? (1 mark] (ii) State THREE characteristics of a chemical system at equilibrium. [ 3 marks] Define the equilibrium constant, K,, and describe its significance toa system in dynam cauilibrium. In your response make reference tothe importance of fe ‘magnitude, (3 marks} Ata certain temperature, K, = 4.66 x 10 for the reaction N.04 (8) => 2NO, (g), AH? = +58 kJ mot! © Caleulate the equilibrium concentration of EACH gas, atthe same temperature, ¥¥0.800 moles of N.O, were injected into a closed container of volume Tie [ 6 marks} Gi) Using Le Chatelier’s principle, describe the effect, on the equilibrium position, of decreasing the volume of the container, [ Lmark] Git) Describe theeffect on the equilibrium constant, K,, of increasing the temperature of the reaction, (4 mark | : Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE6. @ MODULE3 CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Copy and complete the information in Table 2 regarding some physical properties of elements in Group IV of the Periodic Table. TABLE 2: SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS IN GROUP IV Element C Miamend) Si Sn Pb Electrical Conductivity Conductor ‘Structure Giant molecular Giant metallic 4 [ 4marks} &) Both melting and boiling points of Group IV elements decrease from carbon to lead (ey @ © while there is an increase in their densities, Use a knowledge of structure and bonding to explain these trends, [4marks} ‘Account forthe following observations, using the bonding present in the compounds @ Si icon tetrachloride is a volatil liquid at room temperature. 1 mark) (When exposed to the atmosphere, SiCl, produces white fumes while no such fumes are produced with CCl, if { 3marks} With reference to (¢) (ii) above, @ name the type of reaction taking place (@) state the name and the formula of the substance responsible for the presence of the white fumes. [2 marks} State ONE use of a ceramic material based on silicon (IV) oxide. {1 maric} ‘Total 15 marks END OF TEST030 2 e SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. ‘Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY (2) Bach element has a characteristic ‘fingerprint’ line emission spectrum. Niels Bohr, in 1913, proposed an explanation for the emission spectrum of the elements. @ Gi Gi) State the property of elements which is responsible for the characteristic line spec- trum of each element. [1 mark] ‘Sketch a diagram of the line emission spectrum of hydrogen. On your diagram, indicate the direction of increasing frequency and increasing wavelength. [3 marks] Explain, in terms of electronic transitions, the origin of the lines in the Balmer series. [4marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE031 (iv) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the lines in the Balmer series occur. [1 mark) (¥) Calculate the energy (E) of a quantum of radiation with a corresponding frequency (of 457x 10" Hz. (h= 4.x 10 KS s mor) [2marks} (®) Figure 1 represents the apparatus assembled by a student for the experimental determina- tion of the heat of combustion of ethanol. ‘Figure 1. Student’s apparatus for determination of heat of combustion of ethanol Identify FOUR errors in the assembly of the apparatus in Figure 1. [4marks} ‘Total 15 marks GA ON TA THR NEYT PARRMODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA (@) State TWO factors which affect reaction rates. (2 marks} (>) The data in Table 1 were obtained for the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide at 673 K. NO,(g) > NO (g)-+ 4 0,(g) TABLE 1 : DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE Y Time(s) | _[NO,] mol dm Roy ‘mot! dm? 0.0 0.0100 100 50.0 0.00787 apunuss. 100.0 0.00689 154 _ 200.0 0.00481 a ~ 1 300.0 0.00380 263 ‘ © Complete Table 1 by writing the missing values for ROI » [2marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE033 =e Gi) Plota graph of TROT] *itstime, onthe rid blow ‘The first and Jast points have been plotted on the grid. Time) 7 [2 marks} qi) From your graph, determine the order of the reaction with respect to NO,. = Give a reason for your answer. ( Order of reaction: Gv) State the rate law for the reaction. (1 mark] » Pac the slope ofthe graph to determine the value and units of the rate constant, k:\ for the reaction. [2 mark(©) Several experimental methods, including titrimetry, can be used to determine reaction rates. Suggest TWO OTHER methods which can be used to determine reaction rates. [2 marks} (@) Outline TWO experimental steps in the determination of the reaction rate of an esterifica- tion reaction using titrimetry. [2 marks} Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 99119090 A PRIN035 aE MODULE 3 CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS (@) __Insertarrows in the relevant boxes in Figure 2 to show the electronic configuration of the species. [5 marks] rea [| nan [ | crap I LI [ee] ew [ODIO oO veo COT | Figure 2. Electronic configuration of different species (©) Use the distribution in the d-orbitals to account for colour in transition metal ions. a! OS the lower it grievant Lee can Arter visible bart anc a bint \ i & [2 marks] (© Account for the observation that Zn”* compounds are normally colourless. Za odo od _absoct warble hart due to dheir electronic _areangemect in Hcic dt ocote. a? [2marks] GO ON TO THR NEXT PAGE:@ Figure 3 refers to the following reaction scheme. ; cucin, Bett, © kh 0 (CuSO, (anhy) emo {Ca(H,0),7* @ ® Figure 3. Reaction seheme @ Complete the table below by writing the colour of the species labelled A,B, C.D and E in Figure 3, Species | a B c D E ] Colour [mite blue + | 1S marks) (i) Write the formula of Species B cud Cimark J ‘Total 15 marks Veat CH), > Cu + Bip GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE037 a SECTIONS Answer ALL questions in this section. ‘Write your answers in the answer booklet provided. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY ‘Valence Shell Blectron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory is normally used to predict the shapes and ‘bond angles of simple molecules and ions. @ © © ‘State the basic principle behind the VSEPR theory. (i mark] ‘When hydrochloric acid reacts with water and ammonia the corresponding hydroxonium and ammonium ions are formed. @ Using the VSEPR theory, state the shapes of the hydroxonium (H,O*) and ammonium (NH,") ions. OW! [2marks] a # (i) Using suitable diagrams, iustrle the shape of EACH ion in (6) @) [2 marks] (ii)__Account for the shape of EACH of the species, H,O* and NH,*. {4 marks} Suggest an explanation for EACH of the following observations: (The experimental determination of the relative molecular mass of ethanoic acid (CH,CO,H) produces a value of 120 g. Your answer should include a suitable diagram. [4 marks} (i) The boiling point of propanone (acetone) is greater than the boiling point of butane. [2 marks] Total 15 marks A AN tn von NEWT DAGE038 -10- MODULE2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA ‘The following equation represents a step in the Contact Process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Equation 1: _280,(@) + 0,(@) => 280,(2): AH =_196 kJ mor! @ State Le Chatelier's Principle. (so)? [2 marks] @:) 0, )* @) State the effect of EACH of the vomit, equilibrium position of the reaction in fion 1: 4 © i nee 6. and (ii) (2 marks] “Onis fy te agi 2 eet @ When SO, and o, », are mixed in a2: 1 ratio at 303 K the total equilibrium pressure aftig gratin Is 101.3 kPa. 4 pre Calculate K,, at 303 K for the reaction in Equation 1, if at equilibrium the number 2 a od of moles of SO,, 0, and SO, are 12, 0.6 and 0.8 respectively. [4 marks] & Gi) Comment on the value for K, at 695 K for the reaction in Equation 1. (1 mark] *@ cbse te towing on for a reversible reaction. Saar wy Equation 2: ase He aa is ay byte a = 89x10 (i) Define the term ‘Brinsted - Lo ae. (1 mark} propa Ace pioe | es w@ er eee ae [2 marks} H,O* © Caza net ot 5 ston a OE, [3 marks] a Ba lO), —> Ba” DON” Tota 15 marks | Poe gl Rls pow =~ leq Cord ie to the 1:9 Are moles of DH is o bees thet of Byori) 05 mal KO of pDH = BE o-4 = por =~! - lq. Coty “GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE = 1@ &) © @ 039 sae MODULE 3 CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Define the term ‘electronegativity’. [1 mark | Consider the chlorides of the elements in Period 3 of the periodic table, and answer th following questions: @ Describe the structures of the chlorides. [2marks (@__Deseribe the differences in the pH of the solutions formed when the chloride react with water. [2marks ii) Write the equation for the reaction of silicon(IV) chloride and water. f ‘[2marks Chlorine forms a colourless solution, P, when dissolved in cold sodium hydroxide. Thi ‘teaction, which is represented by the reaction below, is referred to as a disproportionation CLie) + 201ea) = Cr taq) + C1O(eq) + #00) @ What is meant by the term ‘disproportionation’? (1 mark ] (i) __A suspension is formed when excess silver ions (Ag*) are added to Solution I (On filtering the suspension and heating the filtrate a white precipitate is formed. Given the fact that the filtrate contains both Ag* and CIO” ions, account for th presence of the white precipitate on heating. [2 marks) A simple salt, S, when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid produces dense whit ‘fumes, T, and a red-brown gas, U. T, on dissolving in water, produces a colourless solution which turns blue litmus pape red, and gives a cream precipitate, V, on addition of silver ions. V dissolves in aqueou ammonia, @ Identify the substances. T.U and V. U3 marks) Gi) Write the formula for the ion present in S. [1 mark] (ii) Write the equation for the formation of the cream precipitate, V. [1 mark ] ‘Total 15 marks END OF TEST040 “Os SECTIONA Answer ALL questions in this section. ‘Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet. MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY J. The manganate(VII) ion reacts in an acidic medium according to the following half equation: @ @ Gi) MnO, (aq) + 8H"(aq) + Se —> Mn®*(aq) + 41,0. Define reduction and oxidation in terms of oxidation number. Reduction: Lresease in acidatien 2 = ahion 7 [2 marks] Identify the role played by the MnO, ion in the redox reaction above and explain ‘your answer in terms of oxidation number. (nO. sores a8 “the owicdi ciency eget oS Here Oxidation: Decewose in oe Ie_an weredse WH _evidation nue! echan ih is bang cattueed Me z i May 3— Mn" M1 S a [2 marks} (©) —_Anaqueous solution of potassium iodide, KI, reacts with acidified MnO,” to form a red- brown solution on completion of the reaction. @ Gi) déntify the species responsible for the red-brown colour. (imark] Given that iodide ions react according to the following half equation, 2E(aq) > 1,(eq) + 26° deduce the balanced equation for the redox reaction between MnO,” and I”. ag, + 2H, oI af on” 7 FT [3 marks}(© Compounds X and Y are tested for ‘MnO, (aq) and I" (aq) separately. 041 nit their reducing and/or oxidizing propertiés with ‘The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1: RESULTS OF TESTS ON COMPOUNDS X ANDY x x Mn0,(aq) | @ ~Mn0-(aq) Jo Mz0,~(eq) decolourized decolourized Freq (i) Red-brown solution formed No visible change Categorise X and ¥ in terms of their oxidizing and reducing properties based on the above results. x @:. arcane © Complete the following table by filling in the missing observations or inferences. ‘Test Observation Taference MnO,~(aq) is added to @ + Aecolorrzed @ sMatt dove ore solution containing proatucedt aq). @ » browne cotaur ‘+ Fe ions produced | ‘MnO,; (aq) is added to Gil) »colourleys + MnO," reduced to Mn** a solution containing SO,> followed by (aq). * White precipitate forms on — [(iv) + i. e addition of BaCl,(oq). Slr g~ Sift co 805 50% [5 marks) ‘Total 15 marks GO ON TO THR NEXT PAGR,2 MODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA (@) Use the following electrochemical data to construct the labelled cell diagram for the combined half-cells. Cut/Cu B= +034V - +080V— de op flow of vlectnnt aol {4 marks} (©) Write the relevant half-equations for the change taking place at the @ anode er (1 mark] (i) cathode. ee (1 mark} © ‘Write the equation for the overall cell reaétion. Aga 4 Cutan == Ia! 09) + Co, Uimark} GO ON TO THE NEXT a@ ® 043 Sie State at which electrode reduction takes place in the above electrochemical cell. (©) Calculate the cell potential. cathode. {1 mark} Give ONE reason for your answer to (d) (i). Qkidabion ccout at Le onde [1 mark} 0.30 + 0.34 = +0-Nbo (1 mark] o @ w@ Gi) Describe THREE changes you would observe if you substituted a zinc half-cell for the Ag half-cell in your cell diagram in (a) on page 4. Zita =H = -0.76V [3 marks] ‘Suggest ONE reason for the. enanges observed in (f)() above. ‘Identify an electrolyte that could be used in the zinc half-cell. GO ON TO THR NEXT PAGE@ @ 044 Bin MODULE 3 CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Both AP" and Pb* give the same results on addition of NaOH(aq) and NH,(aq). ‘Complete Table 2 by filling in the observations. ‘TABLE 2: TESTS FOR AP* AND Pb” ‘Test Observation ‘NaOH{(aq) is added ‘gradually wntil in excess. ‘NH (aq) is addded gradually until in a (2marks] Describe a test that could be carried out to distinguish between Al* and Pb** ions. Reagent: Observation: Inference: [3 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE045 Lt (®) —_Anaccident occurs ata chemical plant that results in a chemical spill. The team of chemists recruited to do the clean-up takes a sample of the spill for analysis. ‘The results of the analysis are as follows: A B c @ Gi) Gy) ow No characteristic colour change is observed on subjecting the sample toa flame test. No precipitate is obtained on treatment with AgNO (aq). ‘The pH of the sample is found to be 12. ‘The addition of acidified barium chloride results in the formation of a white ‘What deduction can be made about the sample, based on the observation in A? [1 mark} ‘What does the result in B indicate about the saraple? [i mark} Based on the result in C, what type of compound is present in the sample analysed? (1 mark] ‘Identify the anion present in the sample. [i mark} ‘Suggest the identity of the chemical in the spill as indicated by the results of the amalysis. [1 mari] GO ON TO THR NEXT PAGR046 -8- (© — @)_ Identify the products, A and B, im the reaction scheme below. cuP*(aqy R2OH, 4 Excess NH,(eq) Gg lane a Ma cl B {2marks) (i) Write the ionic equation for the formation of B. (2 marks} (i) Name the type of reaction illustrated in the conversion of Cu (aq) to B in the reaction scheme in (¢) (i) above. ee (1 mark ‘Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE~ (2 marks] @_—_ Whatis meant by ‘Le Chatelier’s principle’? [2 marks} Total 15 marks f he = Coaco,] Rep (a ] C00.) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE049 -n- MODULE 3 (CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS ‘NaX is a sodium halide which gives the following results on testing: ~° Bubbling Cl, into an aqueous solution of NaX gives a red-brown solution. On addition of starch a blue-black colour forms. - Addition of AgNO, to NaX(eq) gives a yellow precipitate which is insoluble in aqueous ammonia. (a) ‘Identify Element X and explain the reaction taking place in BACH of the tests above. Tnclude balanced equations in your explanations. [Smarks) ©) Consider the halogens Cl, Br, and T,. @ State the trend in their colour intensity. [1 mark] Gi) a) State the trend in volatility of the elements. b) Account for this trend in volatility, in terms of atomic size and inter- molecular bonding. [3 marks]050 -12- Figure 1 shows the trend in the first enthalpies of ionisation (ionisation energies) in the elements, sodium to argon. First ‘enthalpy of ionisation gj mot @ Gv) No Mg Al Si P sa sar State the general trend in the first enthalpies of ionisation for the elements Na to Ar as shown in Figure 1. (1 mark} Explain the differences observed in the first enthalpies of ionisation of the following pairs of elements: a) MgandAl b) PandS (2 marks} ‘Suggest TWO OTHER pairs of elements which should exhibit differences in their first enthalpies of ionisation as those elements given in (c) (ii) above. [2 marks] Describe the relationship between atomic radius and first enthalpy of ionisation. (1 mark } ‘Total 15 marks END OF TEST051 SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answer in the spaces provided in this booklet MODULE 1 FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY 1. (@)_Heess’s law states that the total energy change in a reaction is independent of the route 7 from reactants to products if the initial and final conditions of temperature and pressure are identical. Given the following data: Mg(s) + 2H%(aq) —> Me™(aq) + B®) 4H = -SUL1Kd ‘MgO(s) + 2H" (aq) > Mg” (aq) + H,O(e) AH = “15110 2H,@ + Oe) > 24,08) AH = -483.6K “Uso Hess’s Jaw to calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction: 2Mg(s) + Og) > 2Mz0@) Bemeon': est sot a. [3 marks] (©) A student carries out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. She measures the steady temperature of 1100 cm? of hydrochloric acid in.a polystyrene cup. She then places a 10 cm long piece of magnesium, of mass 0.5971 g, in the acid and records the temperature every 30 seconds for 4 minutes, while stirring at regular intervals. (@ Explain the reason for stirring the mixture at regular intervals. a ee [i mark |052 5 Seu Gi) Given that the initial and final temperatures are 28°C and 57°C respectively, sketch a typical graph for the results of the experiment to illustrate how the student ‘arrived at the temperature change, AT, for the experiment. (ii) Give the main source of error for the experiment. se =n Oe sSsFSsSsS P v [1 mark]©) dv) Gy Calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ mol! of Mg for the reaction at constant Pressure, given 9.0°C 20 Ig °C, The density of dilute HCI is 1.0g em. eo a i ee a eS {3 marks] ‘Use the results of your calculation in (b) (iv) above to state whether the reaction is endothermic or exot — (mark ] Draw a clearly labclled energy profile diagram for the reaction between magne-_ sium and hydrochloric acid. Inciude on your diagram the enthalpy change for the reaction.@ &) MODULE2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA Methanoic acid, HCOOH, the ivtant found in the sting ofan ant, isa weak acid with an acid dissociation constant, K,, of 1.6 x 10+ mol dm, HOOOH(aq) + #0 = H,O%aq) + HCOO-(aq) © Bxplsin what is meant by the term ‘weak acig Saar rane Uimark} (@) Write an expression for the dissociation constant, K, of methanoie acid. @ Using Bronsted-Lowry theory. explain what is meant by a strong hase. i =" a SnNTNLCGnSnIne scree (2 marks}055 6. Gi) Caloulate the pH of the standard NaOH solution. [2 marks} (ii) The concentration of methanoic acid in Solution ¥is found tobe 60 x 10-* mol dex. Calculate the pH of Solution ¥. [2 marks} Gv) Suggest a suitable indicator for the titration between methanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. eee {1 mark) (¥) Sketch a graph to illustrate the changes in pH that take place during the titration, [ 4marks} An ow tA rue NEV pace(©) Ant stings can be treated with baking soda, NaHCO, . Suggest, with the aid of an equation, 056 ‘how baking soda helps to relieve the effect of the sting. [2 marks] ‘Total 15 marks MODULE3 (CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS Barium is a member of the Group II elements in the periodic table. A barium sulphate meal is often fed to patients in preparation for X-ray analysis ofthe digestive tract. fa) @) @ ‘Describe the reaction of barium metal with water. Include a balanced equation. [4 marks] Explain why the use of barium sulphate is acceptable in the X-ray analysis even though Ba** ions are toxic.&) © @ 057 wile Radium is a member of the Group II elements and is located at the bottom of the group. Predict EACH of the following: @ Thermal stability of RaCO, relative to the other Group If carbonates Gi) Ease of reaction between radium and oxygen [2 marks) ‘Magnesium oxide is used in the walls of industrial fumaces. Suggest an explanation for this usage. [2marks} A student heated two calcium salts, A and B, and the following results were obtained. Compound A decomposed to give a gas which formed a white precipitate on being bubbled into an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. ‘Compound B decomposed to give two gases. One gas was brown in colourand tumed moist bine litmus paper red and the other gas rekindled a glowing splint. @ Identify the gas evolved on heating Compound A. (imark] Gi) Identify the TWO gases evolved on heating Compound B. (2marks] (ii) _Deduce the molecular formulae of the two calcium salts. : Compound A: Compound B: [ 2marks) ‘Total 15 marks. 058 ape SECTION B Answer ALL questions in this section. Write your answer in the answer booklet provided. MODULE 1 a = FUNDAMENTALS IN CHEMISTRY 4. , The safety air bags used in many vehicles are inflated on impact by a gas that is produced from the rapid decomposition of sodium azide, NaN, (@) Assuming that the gas produced behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions: @ State TWO properties of an ideal gas. [2 marks] Gi) Use the ideal'gas equation to calculate the number of moles of gas produced in an air bag of volume 40.0 dm’ at a pressure of 2.0 x 10 KPa and a temperature of 30°C. [5 marks} Git) Given that the mass of gas produced in the air bag is 90.0 g, use the answer from (2) Gi) to calculate the molar mass of the gas and suggest its identity. [2 marks) (iv) Write the equation for the decomposition of NaN. [2 marks] (e) @_State the conditions of temperature and pressure under which gases deviate from ideality. [2 marks} (Describe the property of the gas molecules that is responsible for the deviation from ideality. [2 marks] ‘Total 15 marks SS ny Gar ag@) @) 059 -10- MODULE 2 KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA ‘State and explain the effect of EACH of the following on the rate of a chemical reaction: @ — Acaualyst [ 2marks} Gi) Concentration of the reactants [ 3marks) Sulphur dichlorine oxide dissociates according to the following equation: $0,CL,(@) > SO,(g) + CL) ‘The data in Table 1 was obtained from 2 kinetic study of the variation in the rate of disso- ciation of $O,CI, with concentration at a constant iemperature. BLE 1 [s0,C1) Rate of dissociation mold | mol dm 5 0.45 1.35 x 104 039 LIT x10* 034 1.02 x 10+ 028 8.40.x 10% 0.23 69x10 018 54x 10% @) Use the data given in Table 1 to calculate the order of the reaction with respect to the SO,CI,. [ 2marks} Gi) Write the rate equation for the reaction and calculate the value and units for the rate constant, [ 4 marks} Gi) Calculate 4 for the reaction. ( 2marks] (iv) State and explain the effect on the rate of dissociation of S0,Cl,, of carrying out the experiment at 2 higher temperature. { 2marks} Total 15 marks060 “1s MODULE 3 (CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS ‘The reaction shown in Figure | illustrates the reaction occurring between oxyhaemoglobin and carbon monoxide to form carboxyhaemoglobin. Figure 1 (@) @ __ Define the term ‘ligand’ and identify two ligands in the haemoglobin structures in Figure 1. [ 4marks] Gi) State and explain the principle on which the reaction in Figure 1 is based. { 2marks} (b) Carbon monoxide, CO, formed from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, poses no threat to vegetation but is extremely toxic to humans at high concentrations. @ Using the information in Figure 1, account for the toxic effect of carbon monoxide at high concentrations. U3 marks} i) Suggest 2 treatment for a patient suffering from overexposure to carbon monoxide. and give a reason for your suggestion. U2marks] © Account for the origin of colour in transition metal complexes. [ 4 marks} ‘Total 15 marks END OF TESTSECTIONA Answer ALL questions in this section. MODULE1 1. Inman experiment to determine the empirical and molecular formulae of a hydrocarbon, A, hydrocarbon is completely burnt in excess oxygen and the products collected. A gave 3.52 g carbon dioxide and 1.62 g of water, on complete combustion. IM, CO, = 44; M, H,0 = 18] @ Calculate the mass of @ carbon in 3.52 g of carbon dioxide [mark] (ii) hydrogen in 1.62 g of water. C1 mark } (b) Use the answers obtained in (a) (i) and (a) (ii) to calculate the empirical formula of A. [2marks}062 Bs ‘The molar mass of A is 14 g mol. Calculate its molecular formula. [2 marks} Describe simple tests that could be used to confirm that the products of the combustion of ‘A are water and carbon dioxide (You must include in your answer the reagent used and the ‘observation obtained for BACH test), @ Water se — (2marks] (i) Carbon dioxide [2marks] ‘Total 10 marks063 wigs ‘An organic compound, X, is subjected to chemical analysis and mass spectrometry to 2 @) determine its structural formula. Some of the results of the chemical analysis are recorded. in Table 1 below. Complete the table by writing the observations and inference that have been omitted. ‘TABLE 1: RESULTS OF TESTS ON COMPOUND X ‘Test Observation Inference ‘An alkaline solution of silver} (i) nitrate is added to a few cm? of X. The mixture is warmed. Aldehyde Todine and X are warmed —_| Gi) ‘Methylketone with some NaOH in a test tube. Kisadded to afew om*of | 4ii) ‘bromine in tetrachloro- Alkene methane. X is added to dilute HCL White crystals are produced. —_{(iv) [4 marks] (&) Suggest a value for the pH of a solution of X. [imark} i) ‘The mass spectrum of X reveals that it has a RMM of 203. A prominent peak is also observed in the mass spectrum at m/z 77. Use this information and the results of your ‘chemical analysis as recorded in Table 1 above to draw a displayed structure for X. [1 mark] GO ON TO THE NEYT PAGEomitted. 064 ese (©) Anorganic compound ¥ is also subjected to chemical analysis. Some of the results are presented in Table 2. Complete Table 2 by writing the tests and inference that have been TABLE 2: RESULTS OF TESTS ON COMPOUND Y Test Observation Inference KMn0, is added toa | Colourchanges from purple| (i) ‘of Y, and the mixture is | to colourless. White precipitate produced. | Phenol present. Gas evolves which forms | Carboxylic acid group white fumes with NH,(2). [3 marks} ‘The molecular formula for Y is found to be C, H,,O,. Suggest a structural formula for Y. (1 mark] ‘Total 10 marks,3. A student synthesizes a crude organic product in the laboratory. ‘The process of purification ‘outlined in the flow diagram in Figure | below. (Crude product fn aqueous solution Solid Produet ‘Ada hot solvent ‘Mixture Process 2 Cystalline product suspended in solution B Process 3 Dry colourless erystals Figure 1. (@) Identify BACH of the processes 1, 2 and3 in Figure 1.©) © @ w® 066 oT. Suggest the name of Solvent A ond explain why the solvent suggested is suitable. a a pe ei iimateeen ee ssp oh EE We [3marks} aw Describe Mixture B eae re ee {i mark] ‘Suggest a suitable piece of equipment which could be used to obtain the wo extracted product je ee ee {1 mark } Gi) dry cystals. (1 mark) Mixture B shows some discolouration and an additional step is required before Process 2. ‘Name the purifying agent necessary in this step. {1 mark } ‘Total 10 marks067 ae SECTION B Answer THREE questions from this section, ONE question from EACH module. @ @ ) id Gv) (vy) MODULE1 Answer EITHER Question 4 OR Question 5. Describe the features of a chemical system in a state of dynamic equilibrium. [4 marks] Define the term ‘equilibrium constant’. {1mark ] Iodine gas is purple and hydrogen iodide gas is colourless. Hydrogen and iodine, in the gascous state, react according to the equation: B®) + L@ = 2H) Describe and explain, with reference to changes in colour, the observations made when hydrogen gas is reacted with iodine gas at constant temperature until equi- librium is achieved. (5 marks] Table 3 shows some data for the system given in (fi) above. (Ascume that the volume of the vessel is 1 dm’ and the temperature remains constant.) TABLE 3: DATA FOR THE SYSTEM ABOVE Species 4, A HI Initial concentration (mol dm") 1 2 0 ‘Equilibrium concentration (mol dm™)} .67 8) Use the information in Table 3 and the equation in (a) (ii) aboveto caleu- late the number of moles of hydrogen reacting. >) Complete the table by inserting the equilibrium concentrations of I, and HI 13 marks] ‘Write an equation for K, for the reaction in Gi) above. [2 marks] ©) The terms K,, pK, and pH can be used to indicate the relative strength of weak acids. The ‘general equation for the equilibrium of a weak acid is given below: @ HAG@q) = Haq) + A‘G@q) ‘Write an expression for EACH of the following terms: ) «K b) pK, ©) pH [3 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE@ ©) ) Gi) Given that K, for acid HP is 3.0 x 10“ mol dm”, predict the relative size of K, for a stronger acid HQ. Explain your reasoning. [2 marks} ‘Total 20 marks ‘Explain EACH of the terms ‘oxidation’ and ‘reduction’, in terms of (@ loss and or gain of electrons [2 marks] Gi) change in oxidation number. [2 marks] ‘Hydrogen peroxide, H,,0.,. can act as both an oxidising agent and a reducing agent, and chloric @) acid (HOC!) can act as an oxidizing agent. O,+ 2H? + 2c > HO, W,H0,+ HY +e" + 1,0 HOC + HY +e ¥%,Cl, + HO (Use the appropriate half equations (from those above) to write a balanced equa- tion to show the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and chloric (1) (nypochlo- ous) acid. [2 marks} Gi) By making reference to the change in oxidation numbers of the elements in both the hydrogen peroxide AND the chloric (1) acid, determine which reactant is re~ duced and which is oxidised. [6 marks] In an experiment to determine whether iron or nickel is a better reducing agent, a strip of ‘cach metal is placed in an aqueous solution of a salt of the other metal. A reaction occurs in the container in which iron is placed in the aqueous solution of the nickel salt. @ State what type of chemical reaction occurs and write an ionic equation for the reaction. [3 marks} (i) Which element has the greater reducing ability? Explain your answer, using a suitable half equation. (4marks] Gil) Tin shows no reaction with solutions of EITHER iron or nickel salts. Place the elements, tin, iron and nickel in order of INCREASING reducing ability. (imark} ‘Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE069 = 10 - MODULE 2 Answer EITHER Question 6 OR Question 7. (@) Describe EACH of the following terms, using appropriate examples: (@__ Homolytic bond fission Gi) Inductive effect [6 marks} (b) —_Citral is an oily liquid which contributes to the flavour and aroma of oranges. cu, CHO a,c“ cu, Citrat (@ State TWO types of reaction mechanisms which citral will undergo, identifying the functional group involved in EACH case. [4 marks} (i) With the use of simple molecules containing the functional groups identified in ©) (@, explain the steps involved in EACH of the mechanisms mentioned in (b) @. [8 marks] (©) —_Cestrone, a female sex hormone, reacts with bromine in the presence of iron (II) bromide Via a mechanism not mentioned in () (ii). Identify the mechanism and draw the product of this reaction. {2marks} ‘Total 20 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE070 Silies ‘The reaction sequence below shows the conversion of methylbenzene to A. (@) —()_For the reaction sequence given above, state the reagents and conditions needed for Reactions I and II. [4 marks] Gi) Identify ONE OTHER product that could be obtained in Reaction I by changing. the conditions. State the condition(s) needed. [2 marks} ©) Amphetamine, like A, is an amine. It is a drug that increases the heart rate and causes increased sweating in humans, Its structure is given below: cH, oH, Os nt Structure of Amphetamine (®) Explain the differences in basic character of A, ammonia and amphetamine. In your explanation make reference to the molecular features of each molecule. State the order of INCREASING basic character of the three molecules. (8 marks] (ii) Write an equation to show the basic nature of any ONE of the above substances. {1 mark] Gil) ‘The pK, of A is 9.62. Suggest how the pK, of amphetamine and ammonia should vary relative to that of A. U2 marks} © The pH of ethanoic acid is 4.76 and of dichloroethanoic acid is 1.29. (@ Predict pH values for difluoroethanoic acid and dibromoethanoic acid. (2 marks} (i) Would benzoic acid be a stronger or weaker acid than ethanoic acid? (i mark | ‘Total 20 markso71 -12- MODULE 3 Answer EITHER Question 8 OR Question 9. ‘The enthalpy of solution of sodium chloride is determined in a school laboratory. The results of four trials are presented in Table 4 below. ‘TABLE 4: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DETERMINATION OF AH ,,, NaCl Trial i 2 3 4 aH. 4.80 465 5.25 460 (KJ mor) The theoretical value is + 5.00 KI mol", @ — @ _ Calculate the mean of AH_,,, NaCl from the data. [2 marks} Gi) Comment on the precision and accuracy of the results. (3 marks] Gil) Calculate the standard deviation of the data and explain the significance of the value. [3 marks} (©) __ Inthe above experiment a top loading balance is used to weigh the sodium chloride sam- ple and a 250 cm® beaker is used to measure the volume of water. The thermometer readings are measured within + 0.5 °C. (@ Discuss whether each instrument is appropriate for the measurcment taken and. suggest possible alternatives where necessary. (6 marks} ii)’ Give TWO reasons for calibrating an instrument such asa thermometer and suggest TWO steps invoived. [4 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE072 13 - (©) The volume of ywater, at room temperature, displaced by a series of standard weights is recorded. The results are given in Table 5 and the calibration curve is plotted in Figure 2. TABLE S: VOLUME OF WATER DISPLACED } “Mass of ‘Volume of standard HO displaced @) (em) 2 075 4 15 8 30 2 4s 16 60 ‘Volume of water displaced (cn?) avolume of 4.0 om. Figure 2. Use the calibration curve in Figure 2 to determine the density of a block: 10 ‘Mass of standard (g)073 Bae Different types of distillation, for example, simple distillation, fractional distillation and steam distillation, are used to separate mixtures. The physical properties of three compounds, W, X and Y are given in Table 6 @) @) © TABLE 6: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF W,X AND Y Compound mpJ°C bps°c Solubility in water w -977 645 Soluble x ~62 a4 Iramiscibie x 801 1465 Soluble ‘State which type of distillation is BEST suited for separating EACH compound from a ‘mixture of the compound in water. 13 marks} A fourth compound, Z, (b-p=97.2°C) forms a non-ideal mixture with water which boils at 88.1°C at 0.43 mole fraction of Z. @ Construct the b.p / composition curve for the mixture of Z in water, Include in your diagram all data given, and label the two phases present. [5 marks] Gi) Use the diagram drawn in (b) (i) to explain why this mixture cannot be completely separated using fractional distillation. (8 marks} ‘Steam distillation is used in the extraction of essential oils from plant materials. Suggest @ ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of carrying out the distillation under increased pressure [2 marks} Gi) TWO industries that utilize the process. [2 marks} ‘Total 20 marks END OF TEST