1. What affects our health?

will become obese

(1) Biology, psychology, and social factors ☃ The stigma of obesity

influence health - obese: viewed negatively
§ health psychology: health + psychology - in some developing countries, being obese is a
§ well-being: positive state in which we feel our sign of being a member of the upper class
best - industrialized cultures: obesity is associated with
lower socioeconomic status
☃ Biopsychosocial model
- central to understanding the difference between ☃ Restrictive dieting
the traditional medical model and the approach - body’s natural defense against weight loss ->
taken by health psychologists diets fail
- health and illness = psychological factors + - body weight is regulated around a set point
social conditions + biological characteristics determined mainly by genetic influence
(continuous loop-서로 영향을 줌 cycle처럼) - body responds to weight loss by slowing down
metabolism and using less energy -> weight gain
(2) Obesity has many health consequences occurs much faster after weight loss: yo-yo
§ Body Mass Index (BMI): ratio of body weight to dieters
height - people need to make permanent life-style
- underweight: under 18.5 changes
- optimal weight: 18.5 ~ 25 - exercise is important
- overweight: 25 ~ 30
- obese: over 30 ☃ Disordered eating
- extremely obese: over 40 § anorexia nervosa(거식증)
§ Biopsychosocial model: genetic predisposition – - excessive fear of becoming fat
thoughts and feelings – behaviors - very small energy intake –> very low body
§ percentages are higher for racial and ethnic weight
minorities - vomit, abuse laxatives, excessive exercise
§ percentage of obese people has doubled - difficult to treat
- loss of bone density, heart disease -> fatal
☃ Overeating § bulimia nervosa
- most individuals who lose weight through dieting - late adolescence
eventually regain the weight - average weight or slightly overweight
- variety diet: availability of different types of - eating is out of control, worry excessively about
food is one factor in gaining weight body weight, engage in compensatory
- overweight people: more activity on reward behaviors(vomiting)
regions of brain when they look foods - occur secretly
- cause of obesity: variety of high-calorie foods + - dental, cardiac disorders -> seldom fatal
- large portions served in restaurants + individual § binge-eating disorder
differences in response to food cues - binge eating, do not purge
- close friends are similar in body weight - eat very quickly, feel guilty
- obese people
☃ Genetic influence - common among males and ethnic minorities
- obesity tends to run in families
- environment also determines whether the person (3) sexually transmitted infections can be
prevented by practicing safer sex (4) Exercise has numerous benefits
- sexually transmitted infections = STIs - exercise is good for our physical and mental
health
☃ STIs affect the health of many people - aerobic exercise: good for cardiovascular health,
- transmitted through sexual contact with a increase brain volume including both gray and
partner who carries the bacteria, virus, or white matter
parasite that causes the infection - good for neural system
- contact: vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse,
oral-genital contact, other means 2. how does stress affect our health?
§ how to spread - biopsychosocial model: biology + psychology +
- HIV: sharing needles social point of view
- Syphilis: touching the open sore
- herpes: kiss, skin-to-skin (1) Stressors have a negative impact on health
- passed from mom to child: chlamydia, - stress: a set of behavioral, mental, and physical
gonorrhea, genital herpes syphilis, human processes occurring when events match or
papillomavirus(HPV), HIV exceed the organism’s ability to respond in a
§ bad side healthy way
- chlamydia or gonorrhea -> ‘pelvic inflammatory § components of stress
disease (PID)’: increase risk of infertility - stressor: threatening event
- HPV: relatedto the development of cancer - stress responses: physical, behavioral, and
- HIV, herpes: can never be cured psychological responses to stressors
- mediating factors: personality and coping
☃ practicing safer sex can reduce the likelihood strategies which increase or decrease the
of contracting an STI likelihood that a stressor will elicit a stress
- safer sex: limit partner, get STI test regularly, response
have vaccination for HPV, use condoms and
dental dam ☃ types of stressors
§ major life stressors
(4) Smoking is dangerous to health - large disruptions, especially unpredictableand
- low income countries -> smoke more uncontrollable catastrophic events, that affect
- health problems: heart disease, respiratory central areas of people’s lives
ailments, cancers - choice you make: ex) moving somewhere new
- adolescent smoke because of social influence - positive experience can be stressors
and media image § daily hassles
- smoking is addictive: nicotine leads to increased - everyday irritations that cause small disruptions,
activation of dopamine neurons the effects of which can add up to a large
impact on health
☃ electronic cigarettes - slowly wear down personal resources
- positives: do not contain harmful chemicals, no
secondhand smoke (2) we have several responses to stress
- negatives: may hinder attempts to quit smoking
☃ general adaptation syndrome
☃ quitting smoking § Hans Selye: different types of stress produced
- use nicotine replacement: e-cigarettes, patches, roughly the same pattern of physiological
gum changes -> enlarged adrenal glands, damage to
 part of the immune system(decrease white - contributes to nearly every major cause of
blood cell) => GAS death, including obesity
§ General adaptation syndrome(GAS): a consistent
pattern of physical responses to stress that 3. what changes the impact of stressors?
consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and - chronic stress is associated with the initiation
exhaustion and progression of a wide variety of diseases
- alarm stage: physical responses when there is a (heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung, accidents)
stress. ex) sweat on palms -> boosting our
physical abilities to fight or run away, less able (1) Personality influences how stress affects us
to cope with additional stressor, starts action in - chronic stress: overstimulate the sympathetic
the immune system nervous system
- resistance stage: when stressors last much
longer -> body prepares for a longer, more ☃ type A and B behavior patterns
sustained attack against a stressor, maximizes § Type A behavior pattern
its defenses - competitiveness, achievement orientation,
- exhaustion stage: body’s ability to respond to aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience
stress begins to decline, immune system begin with others, inability to relax
to fail - likely to develop heart disease
§ Type B behavior pattern
☃ Immune response - noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing,
- stress alters the functions of the immune accommodating
system
- short-term stress: boosts the immune system ☃ Hostile personalities and depression
(fight-or-flight response) - hostility -> related to heart disease, chronic
- chronic stress: weak the immune system -> pulmonary disease
probability and severity of poor health increase - negative emotional states (depression) predict
heart disease
☃ fight-or-flight response - anger -> prepare fight or flight
- body prepares to deal with the short term stress
of an attack (2) Coping mediates the effects of stressors
- enables the organism to direct its energy to - primary appraisals: making decisions about
dealing with the threat whether a stimulus is stressful or not
- most likely to be exposed to infection and - secondary appraisals: decide how to mange and
disease respond to a stressful stimulus
- sympathetic nervous system
- postpone less critical processes ☃ types of coping
§ emotion-focused coping: people try to prevent
☃ tend-and-befriend response having an emotional response to a stressor
- females: protect and care for their offspring as - avoidance, minimizing the problem, trying to
well as by forming alliances with social groups distance ourselves from the outcomes of the
to reduce risks to individuals, including problem, engaging in behaviors such as eating
themselves when there is stress - do not solve the problem
§ problem-focused coping: people take direct
☃ negative stress responses steps to confront or minimize a stressor
- eat junk food, smoke, use drugs, ... - generating alternative solution, weighing their
 costs and benefits, choosing between them - resilient people: experience positive emotions
§ problem-focused behaviors: when stressors are even when under stress
controllable, moderate levels of stress - positive emotion -> novel solutions
- do not work unless the person with the problem
can do something about the situation ☃ health benefits of positivity and well-being
§ emotion-focused behaviors: uncontrollable - relationship between emotion and disease ->
stressors or high levels of stress hypertention, diabetes, respiratory tract
- effective in short run infections
§ cognitive process - hope, curiosity -> good
- focus on possible good things
- downward comparison (2) Social support is associated with good health
- give positive meaning to ordinary events - social interaction: beneficial for health
- loneliness predicts both physical illness and
☃ Individual differences in coping mortality
§ hardiness: how capable of adapting to life § social support
changes by viewing events constructively - less stress
- commitment: committed to their daily activities - enable us to better cope with stressful events
- challenge: view threats as challenges
- control: think life controllable ☃ marriage can be good for your health
§ resilience: able to cope in the face of adversity ☃ spirituality contributes to well-being
- use emotional resources flexibly - religion or spirituality provides a sense of
meaning or purpose in life
☃ Involving the family - maintain well-being through the social support
- family interventions can be beneficial when provided by faith communities
family members promote the person’s feeling of
being in control (3) Several strategies can help us stay healthy
응 넘겨
4. Can a positive attitude keep us healthy?

(1) positive psychology emphasizes well-being

§ positive psychology: what is positive in th
human experience
§ happiness
- positive emotion and pleasure
- engagement in life
- meaningful life

☃ a sense of well-being
- we need to strive for optimal health and life
satisfaction by actively participating in
health-enhancing behaviors
- well-being index: life evaluation, emotional
health, work environment, physical health,
healthy behavior, basic access
- well being vary across cultures