Lecture 14 Coevolution

Coevolution
Learning Outcomes
• Understand and express of how evolution is

change from generation to generation, not
change by individuals in their lifetime.
• De ne Ecology
• De ne co-evolution and its requirements.
• Identify four di erent forms of co-evolution.
fi
fi
ff
Evolution, in particular selection
A population with variation in neck length
(assume the variation is heritable)
A population with variation in neck length
Only individuals with longest necks may feed
=
Di erential tness
ff
fi
What happens?
These individuals do not grow
longer necks in their lifetime
NOR do they gain mutations
“in order” to reach trees.
These individuals have higher

survival and therefore higher
reproduction = higher tness
fi
On average, they have more o spring, which in turn
carry the genotype/genes/alleles/mutations responsible
for the longer neck.
ff
Over time, the trait and number of individuals with the
longer neck will increase in the population because
those with the longer neck genotype/genes/alleles/
mutations reproduce more, passing on their genotype/
genes/alleles/mutations more than those without.
These organisms do not “know” or “want” to
do this; the change takes place over
generations. They also do not “try” to get
traits that lead to better tness – because
the traits are dependent on mutations, the
individual organisms do not have control
over these traits. Those with traits that
increase tness, through survival or
reproduction, will reproduce more than those
without the traits.
fi
fi
Coevolution
Change of a biological species triggered by the

change of another species

Two (or more) species reciprocally affect each

other's evolution. Can occur at the species or
population level.
Coevolution
Predator and Prey
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism
Coevolution: Predator and Prey
Not all predator-prey interactions are coevolutionary!

Requires…

Requires…
Reciprocity!
Requires…
Reciprocity
Both species must impact each other

Arms race.
Arms race.
Arms race.
Evolutionary arms race.
Evolutionary arms race.
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection

Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Geographic Mosaic theory of Coevolution
Geographic Mosaic theory of Coevolution
Coevolutionary selection does not
occur the same everywhere and
produces genetic differentiation
across populations:
Specific environmental conditions

determine how any genotype of one
species influences the fitness of
another species
Hotspots & Coldspots
Traits mix among local environments

Resistance and
toxins matched
Newts kill all snakes
Snakes unaffected by any newt

Natural Selection

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgRh_Q_xwys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOKhWzwQUhs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrZ2hNZsCuE
Coevolution
Predator and Prey
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism
Coevolution: Competition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9MV5CgPgIQ
Coevolution: Competition
Intraspeci c – members of
the same species compete
(can include sexual
selection).
Interspeci c – di erent
species compete over the
same resources.
fi
fi
ff
Coevolution
Change of a biological species/phenotype

triggered by the change of another species/
phenotype

Two (or more) species/phenotypes reciprocally

affect each other's evolution. Can occur at the
species or population level.
Coevolution
Predator and Prey
Competition
Mutualism
Parasitism
Coevolution: Mutualism
different species exist in a relationship in which
each benefits from the activity of the other
?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DTrENdWvvM
10x-1x as many microbe cells as human

cells
Some commensal (meaning no harm to

host) or parasitic, many mutualistic.
Hundreds of genera, ~1000 or more

species in the gut alone.
decreases in the diversity of our microfauna may be
responsible for some health problems in humans
decreases in the diversity of our microfauna may be
responsible for some health problems in humans
Why?
Coevolution between humans and cows?
B R I E F C O M M U N I C AT I O N S
Gene-culture coevolution between a

© 2004 Nature Publishing Group http://www.nature.com/naturegenetics
cattle milk protein genes and N
human lactase genes

W E
Albano Beja-Pereira1,2, Gordon Luikart1, Phillip R England1,

Daniel G Bradley3, Oliver C Jann4, Giorgio Bertorelle5,
Andrew T Chamberlain6, Telmo P Nunes7, Stoitcho Metodiev8,
Nuno Ferrand2,9 & Georg Erhardt4
Milk from domestic cows has been a valuable food source

for over 8,000 years, especially in lactose-tolerant human
societies that exploit dairy breeds. We studied geographic
b
patterns of variation in genes encoding the six most important
milk proteins in 70 native European cattle breeds. We found
substantial geographic coincidence between high diversity
in cattle milk genes, locations of the European Neolithic
cattle farming sites (>5,000 years ago) and present-day
lactose tolerance in Europeans. This suggests a gene-culture
coevolution between cattle and humans.
Some, but not all, human populations have the genetically determined
ability to digest milk lactose in adulthood, thereby benefiting from the
rich food resources in cow’s milk1. These societies (e.g., Northern
Europe) are lactose-tolerant and highly dependent on milk products.
Lactose tolerance is an example of selection-based evolutionary
change in humans from milk-drinking cultures2. Has there also been a
detectable evolutionary change in the gene pool of domestic cattle
from these cultures? c
Figure 1 Geographic coincidence between milk gene diversity in cattle,

lactose tolerance in humans and locations of Neolithic cattle farming sites in
NCE. (a) Geographic distribution of the 70 cattle breeds (blue dots) sampled
across Europe and Turkey. (b) Synthetic map showing the first principal
component resulting from the allele frequencies at the cattle genes. The
dark orange color shows that the greatest milk gene uniqueness and allelic
diversity occurs in cattle from NCE. (c) Geographic distribution of the
lactase persistence allele in contemporary Europeans. The darker the
orange color, the higher is the frequency of the lactase persistence allele.
The dashed black line indicates the limits of the geographic distribution
of early Neolithic cattle pastoralist (Funnel Beaker Culture) inferred from
archaeological data15. 1,000 0 1,000 2,000 Km
1Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, Génomique des Populations et Biodiversité, CNRS UMR 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
2Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO-UP) and Secção Autónoma de Ciências Agrárias, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do
Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão (VCD), Portugal. 3Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin
2, Ireland. 4Institut für Tierzucht und Haustiergenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gieβen, Ludwigstr. 21b, 35390 Gieβen, Germany. 5Department of Biology, University
of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. 6Department of Archaeology and Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK. 7CIISA/UISEE/DETSA, Faculdade de
Medicina Veterinária, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, Rua Prof. Cid dos Santos, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal. 8Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Thracian
University, Agricultural Faculty, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. 9Departamento de Zoologia/Antropologia da Faculdade de Ciências Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002
Porto, Portugal. Correspondence should be addressed to A.B.-P. (albano.beja-pereira@ujf-grenoble.fr).
Published online 23 November 2003; doi:10.1038/ng1263
NATURE GENETICS VOLUME 35 | NUMBER 4 | DECEMBER 2003 311

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Coevolution

• Understand and express of how evolution is

These individuals have higher

Change of a biological species triggered by the

Two (or more) species reciprocally affect each

Predator and Prey

Not all predator-prey interactions are coevolutionary!

Not all predator-prey interactions are coevolutionary!

Both species must impact each other

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Specific environmental conditions

Hotspots & Coldspots

Traits mix among local environments

Snakes unaffected by any newt

Variability Heredity Differential Fitness

Predator and Prey

Change of a biological species/phenotype

Two (or more) species/phenotypes reciprocally

Predator and Prey

10x-1x as many microbe cells as human

Some commensal (meaning no harm to

Hundreds of genera, ~1000 or more

Gene-culture coevolution between a

cattle milk protein genes and N

human lactase genes

Albano Beja-Pereira1,2, Gordon Luikart1, Phillip R England1,

Milk from domestic cows has been a valuable food source

Figure 1 Geographic coincidence between milk gene diversity in cattle,

Published online 23 November 2003; doi:10.1038/ng1263

NATURE GENETICS VOLUME 35 | NUMBER 4 | DECEMBER 2003 311

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