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1) ´·®Ω’í∫’ ´u®Ωn °æüΔ®√n©’
2) Åçô’ ¢√uüµ¿’© àñ„çô’x
3) NüËQ ÊÆçvDߪ’ ®Ω≤ƒßª’Ø√©’
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External Features of an Insect
What is an Insect?
Insects are small animals with 6 pairs of legs that
range from less than 1 mm to about 30 cm long.
Within the phylum Arthropoda, the classes Insecta
and Entognatha (together forming the superclass
Hexapoda) have the most developed tagmosis, that
is, their body segments are arranged into well
defined functional body parts known as tagmata
(singular tagma).
Adult insects and entognathans are characteris-
tic in having three tagmata, the head, thorax and
abdomen. Besides bearing the mouthparts, the
insect head contains many of the sensory organs
that perceive and process external information
(e.g., antennae, eyes and ocelli). The thorax bears
the locomotory organs (i.e., legs and wings). The
abdomen contains most of the organs associated
with metabolism and reproduction. The insect body
is protected by a hard external ‘shell’ or integument
called the exoskeleton, which is composed of cuti-
cle that is secreted by the epidermis.
Cuticle is formed of chitin (an amino-sugar poly-
saccharide) and protein, and there are several lay-
ers that vary in development and composition on
different areas of the body to allow flexibility or
strength of the body wall.
External Features of Grasshopper
The external morphology varies a great deal in the
various orders of insects. Some of the features can
be conveniently described through a diagram of a
typical insect whereas others can be explained ade-
quately through the diagram of an insect which may
be closest to a generalized form i.e. grass hopper.
Head
It is the most anterior and compact body division;
segmentation is not evident in head. It bears a pair of
antennae, a pair of compound eyes, three dorsal
ocelli and the mouth parts. Head is strongly sclero-
tized. The sclerotized capsule minus the
appendages is called cranium. Head capsule is cov-
ered with hardened plates or sclerites. Soft parts or
joints between sclerites are called sutures.
Compound eyes are dorsolateral in position and
are located on either side of the head. Each eye con-
sists of a number of individual sensory units or
ommatidia.
Antennae are paired segmental appendages that
articulate with the cranium between the compound
°v éæ %π AE ¨»ÆœÆæ’†h o 鬩’≠æuç
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Entomology is a branch of biology that focuses
on the study of insects. The word entomology
comes from the French word ‘entomologie’
coined from the Greek word ‘entomon’ means an
‘insect’ and ‘logia’ means the ‘study of’.
öÃáÆˇ°‘áÆ‘q
eyes.
{ }
Paper-II
Agriculture
Antennal segments are of uniform thickness and
hence the antenna is threaded like (filiform).
Mouth parts are mandibulate. They are suited for
biting and chewing the food. Mouth parts consist of
two lips (labrum and labium), two pairs of jaws
(mandibles and maxillae) and a tongue like organ
hypopharynx.
Entomology
Head is connected to thoraxby a membranous
region the neck or cervix.
Thorax
It is the middle body region and three segmented.
The thorax moving from anterior to posterior are
termed the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
Each thorasic segment consists of a dorsal sclerite
called the notum and ventral sclerite called the ster-
num and on either side is the pleuron which is mem-
branous, the notum of prothorax is called pronotum
which is saddle shaped. There are two pairs of respi-
ratory openings (spiracles or stigmata) located later-
ally on mesothorax and metathorax.
Each thoracic segment bears a pair of segmented
legs. Each leg consists of five segments viz., coxa,
trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. Tarsus ends in
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pretarsus. Pretarsus consists of a pair of claws and a
median lobe, arolium. Fore and middle legs are suit-
ed for walking while the hind leg is suited for jumping.
The wing bearing thoracic segments viz.,
mesothorax, and metathorax are collectively called
pterothorax. Mesothoracic wing is called forewing.
Fore wings are leathery and are known as tegmina.
They are protective in function. Metathoracic wing is
called hind wing. Hind wings are larger and membra-
nous. They are kept folded beneath the forewings at
rest.
Abdomen
It is the posterior tagma. It is the longest of the
three body regions. It consists of 11 telescopic seg-
ments which are joined by intersegmental, mem-
brane called conjuctiva which makes the abdomen
more pliable. Abdomen flexibility is a requirement
for copulation and
oviposition.
Each segment
is made up of an
arched dorsal
sclerite, the ter-
gum, and a small
ventral plate ster-
num. There is no
pleuron. An oval
shaped transpar-
ent auditory mem-
brane, tympanum
is found laterally
on either side of
the first abdominal
segment. There
are 8 pairs of
abdominal spira-
cles. The first pair
lies in front of the
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tympanum on the first abdominal segment and the
remaining 7 pairs are found on the side of the ter-
gum from second to eight abdominal segments.
The external sexu-
al organs (Genitalia)
of male grasshopper
are present in the 9th
abdominal sternite.
Male genitalia consist
of a median intromit-
tent organ or aadea-
gus and lateral clasp-
Ƒ£«î˝.®√ñ«íıú˛
ing organs called
parameres. The female egg laying apparatus is
called ovipositor. It arises from 8th and 9th abdom-
inal sternites, ovipositor consists of two pairs of
basal sclerites (Valvifers) and three pairs of elon-
gated processes (Valvulae) viz., dorsal, inner and
median valvulae. Both dorsal and ventral valvulae
are short, hooked, highly sclerotised and are found
at the terminal end of the abdomen which are use-
ful to dig the soil during oviposition. Median valvu-
lae are small and concealed by other valvulae and
act as egg guide.
The triangular dorsal plate of 11th segment is
called epiproct and paired lateral plates are called
paraprocts. A pair of short unsegmented cerci is
present between the epiproct and parapro cts.
They are sensory in function. Anal opening is found
immediately below the epiproct. GENCO
TRANSCO / DISCOMS
EEE, ECE,
Mech, Civil
Fee:19,000/-
New Batch starts from:28-09-15
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