Complex Engieering Problem

 Objective:

To calculate and design a reciprocating device to control fuel flow.

 Governor:

In a spark ignition engine, the carburettor is responsible for delivering a correct mixture
of air and petrol but in compression ignition engine, the situation is different. The air sucked
inside the cylinder depends upon the breathing characteristics of the cylinders and varies with the
speed and operating temperature of the engines. The problem of matching the characteristics of
engine and pump is difficult, where it is necessary to provide for running at varying speeds on a
definite acceleration position. Here a governor serves the purpose. It controls both maximum
and idling speeds

 Types of Governors

Following are the three different types of governors used in automobile vehicle:

1. Mechanical or centrifugal governor.

2. Pneumatic governor.
3. Hydraulic governor.
4.
 Mechanical or Centrifugal Governor

Mechanical governors are fitted to large engines on an extension of the pump camshaft.

 Working of Mechanical Governor

When the engine starts, the weights take up a position to maintain a stable idling speed. As the
accelerator pedal is depressed against the spring, the weight moves inwards, and since the weight
are linked to the control rod, the fuel delivery is increased and hence the engine speed also
increases.

 Problem Statement:

A steam power plant is installed at the campus. In summers when the load is
increased the voltages are low and in winters it’s vice versa. Design a Mechanical Regulating
Device to address the given problem.

 Parameters:
 Choose any Centrifugal Type Governor
 The length of each arm is 300 mm and all the arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation
 The mass of each ball is 7.5 kg and the mass of the sleeve is 45 kg.
 The extreme radii of rotation are 150 mm and 225 mm.

 Required:
 Draw the controlling force curve and set-off a speed scale along the ordinate
corresponding to a radius (assume any value b/w 200mm to 300mm)
 Complete engineering design
 2D and 3D CAD models of your design.

Solution:
 In the given problem statement I have to design a mechanical regulating device to
control the voltage in summer season and winter season of a steam power plant.

In this regard am going to design a type of governor known as Porter governor which is a type of
centrifugal governor.

As we discussed earlier that a governor is a mechanical device to govern the mean speed of an
engine or plant when there is variation in load. So, before moving further lets talk about
centrifugal and porter governors.

Porter governor:

Porter Governor: Construction and working: The porter governor is the modification of the Watt
governor having central dead mass attached with the sleeve. There are two arms AP and BP each
having ball at the one end, other end of the each arm is hinged on the spindle as shown in the
figure 4 (a). There are two links BD and AC, one end of each link is attached with the sleeve and
other end of each link is attached with the ball as shown in the figure 4 (a). The dead mass moves
up and down on the spindle. This additional downward force increases the speed of revolution
which is required to enable the balls to move to any pre determined level.

CONSTRUCTION OF PORTER GOVERNOR:

The balls are connected to the arms as shown in the figure and these arms get connected at a
single point called pivot as in the figure, and the sleeve present on the bottom of the spindle
connected to the balls to move in up and down direction, due to this momentum the supply of
fuel is done.

MAIN PARTS OF PORTER GOVERNOR:

The following are the main parts of Porter Governor:

 Pivot

 Arms

 Balls

 Connecting Rod

 Sleeve

 Fuel Pump

Now we will move towards the numerical solution of the given problem.

The given parameters are:

Length = L = 300mm

Mass of ball = m = 7.5 kg

Mass of sleeve = M = 45 kg

Min radius = r1 = 150 mm

Max radius = r2 = 225 mm

Controlling force curve:

we will calculate controlling force and use controlling force curve to calculate the speed scale.

Let FC = Controlling force.

At radius r =

The following table shows the values of FC for different values of r.

r (in
metres)

h1 =

l 2  r12
 FC (in
newtons)

. In order to set-off the speed scale along the ordinate through r = 249mm = 0.249 m, we have
The values of FC for different values of N are given in the following table.

N in
(r.p.m.)

Fc (in
newtons)

From the values we got from the tables we will draw a graph by keeping value f radius on x-axis
and values of Fc and N on the corresponding y axis.

Then we will draw lines from origin to meet the speed table on graph.

After that a curve will be obtained on graph for the values of Fc.

Now we will make tangents of the given radius and that value is required speed scale value.
\ The range of equilibrium speeds for the governor is obtained by drawing lines from the origin
(shown dotted in Fig. 18.39 ) through the two points A (when r = 0.15 m ) and B ( when r =
0.225 m) on the controlling force curve. From the graph, we see that these lines intersect the
speed scale at approximately 155r.p.m. and 177 r.p.m.

So this value is equal to our calculated values.

Cad models:

I have designed the 3d and 2d model of my porter governor according to

dimensions.

Here are the results.

3D:
2D: