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BA4105 Legal Aspects of Business

All Units Two mark Question with answer

Unit 1

1. What is Law?

Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental
institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It
has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice

2. Write short note on business law?

business law, also called commercial law or mercantile law, the body of rules, whether by
convention, agreement, or national or international legislation, governing the dealings between
persons in commercial matters.

3. What do you understand by mercantile law?

Mercantile law is a body of law or a legal code that deals with international commerce,
business transactions and operations like agreements, contracts, copyrights, franchising,
insurance, licensing, patents, shipping, transport, trademarks, etc.

4. Define commercial law?

Commercial law, also known as mercantile law or trade law, is the body of law that applies to
the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and business engaged in commerce,
merchandising, trade, and sales. It is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals
with issues of both private law and public law.

5. What is meant by valid contract?

A valid contract is an agreement, which is binding and enforceable. In a valid contract, all the
parties are legally bound to perform the contract. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines and
lists the essentials of a valid contract through interpretation through various judgments of the
Indian judiciary.

6. What are void Agreements?

A contract is an agreement enforceable by law. A void agreement is one which cannot be

enforced by law. Sometimes an agreement which is enforceable by law, i.e., a contract, can
become void. Void agreements are different from voidable contracts, which are contracts that
may be nullified

7. Define contract?

A contract is an agreement between parties, creating mutual obligations that are enforceable
by law. The basic elements required for the agreement to be a legally enforceable contract are:
mutual assent, expressed by a valid offer and acceptance; adequate consideration; capacity;
and legality.

8. List out the formation of a contract?

A contract is formed when all of the following key elements are present: offer; acceptance;
consideration (that is, money or money's worth); certainty of terms; and intention to create
legal relations

9. State the meaning of performance of contracts?

In some contracts, this means that one party promises something in exchange for a
performance from second party. The action of completing that performance fulfills the
second party's obligations in the contract. For example, one party may promise to pay another
party $100 if a second party paints their house.

10. What do you understand by Breach of contract?

A breach of contract occurs when two or more people enter into an agreement, and at least
one party does not fulfill their part of the contract by failing to meet the contract terms without
a legal excuse.

11. What are the remedies for breach of contract?

Remedies for Breach of Contract

1.1 1] Recession of Contract.

1.2 2] Sue for Damages.

1.3 3] Sue for Specific Performance.

1.4 4] Injunction.

1.5 5] Quantum Meruit.

12. Discuss about Quasi contracts?

A quasi contract is a legal obligation imposed by law to prevent unjust enrichment. This is
also called a contract implied in law or a constructive contract

13. What is contract of sale?

A contract of sale, sales contract, sales order, or contract for sale is a legal contract for the
purchase of assets by a buyer from a seller for an agreed upon value in money. An obvious
ancient practice of exchange, in many common law jurisdictions, it is now governed by
statutory law. See commercial law

14. Discuss about transfer of title?

If an unpaid seller exercises his right of lien or stoppage in transit and sells the goods to
another buyer, then the second buyer gets a good title to the goods as against the original
buyer. So in such a case transfer of title will occur

15. What are the condition and warranty in sales contract?

The condition is a fundamental precondition on the basis of which the whole contract is based
upon, on the other hand, warranty is the written guarantee wherein the seller commits to repair
or replace the product in case of any fault in the product.

16. Define performance of sales contracts?

Performance of contract of sale means delivery of goods by seller and acceptance of delivery
of goods and payment for the same by buyer.

17. Who is an unpaid seller?

The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (hereinafter referred to as the "Act") defines an unpaid seller as a
seller that has not been paid the full price of the goods that have been sold or that has
received a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument as conditional payment, and the
condition on which it was received has not .

18. What is a Negotiable Instrument?

A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of
money, either on demand, or at a set time, whose payer is usually named on the document.

19.Define Negotiation?

Negotiation is a dialogue between two or more people or parties to reach the desired outcome
regarding one or more issues of conflict. It is an interaction between entities who aspire to
agree on matters of mutual interest. The agreement can be beneficial for all or some of the
parties involved.

20. Write any five liabilities of the parties to a Negotiable Instrument?

The Liability of parties is as follows:

Liability of Drawer (Section 30) ...

Liability of the Drawee of Cheque (Section 31) ...

Liability of Acceptor of Bill and Maker of Note (Section 32) ...

Liability of Endorser (Section 35) ...

Liability of Prior Parties (Section 36) ...

5 negotiable instruments:

The common ones include personal checks, traveler's checks, promissory notes, certificates
of deposit, and money orders.

Personal checks. ...

Traveler's checks. ...

Money order. ...

Promissory notes. ...

Certificate of Deposit (CD)

 Unit 2

1. Define a "company"?

A company is a business organization that provides goods or services to earn a profit. It is

typically made up of a group of people working together to achieve common goals and
objectives. Companies can be structured in various ways, such as corporations, partnerships,
or sole proprietorships.

2. Classify the companies on the basis of liability?

On the basis of liability, the companies may be classified into three categories, i.e. (1)
Companies limited by shares, (2) Companies limited by guarantee, and (3) Unlimited
companies.

3. State any four differences between a public company and a private company

Ownership: A public company's shares are owned by the public and traded on stock
exchanges, while a private company's shares are owned by its founders, employees, or a
smaller group of investors.

Regulation: Public companies are subject to greater regulatory oversight, including reporting
requirements to government agencies such as the SEC, while private companies have fewer
reporting requirements.

Fundraising: Public companies can raise funds through the sale of stocks or bonds to the
general public, while private companies typically raise funds from private investors or banks.

Transparency: Public companies must disclose financial and other information to the public,
while private companies have more flexibility in keeping information confidential.

4. List out the formation of a company

The major steps in formation of a company are as follows:

Promotion stage.

Registration stage.

Incorporation stage.

Commencement of Business stage.

5. Describe the meaning of memorandum of Association:

Memorandum of Association (MoA) represents the charter of the company. It is a legal

document prepared during the formation and registration process of a company to define its
relationship with shareholders and it specifies the objectives for which the company has been
formed

6. What are articles of Association?

Articles of association form a document that specifies the regulations for a company's
operations and defines the company's purpose. The document lays out how tasks are to be
accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors and the
handling of financial records.

7. Give any two differences between memorandum and Articles

Purpose: A memorandum is a document used internally within an organization to

communicate information or instructions, while articles are a set of rules and regulations that
govern the functioning and management of a company or organization.

Legal standing: A memorandum does not have legal standing, whereas articles are considered
a legally binding document and have the force of law. This means that the provisions
contained in the articles are enforceable by the courts, whereas a memorandum is not legally
enforceable.

8. What is the 'Prospectus"?

A prospectus is an essential disclosure document that a company has to issue at the time of
issuing investment securities to the public. These formal documents provide detailed
information to prospective investors about mutual funds, bonds, stocks, and other investment
offerings to the public.

9. What is meant by director?

A director is someone elected or appointed to manage a company's business and affairs.

Every registered company must have at least one director

10. State the provisions of the companies Act regarding the mode of appointment of directors
of a Company.

Section 149(1) of the Companies Act, 2013 requires that every company shall have a
minimum number of 3 directors in the case of a public company, two directors in the case of a
private company, and one director in the case of a One Person Company. A company can
appoint maximum 15 fifteen directors.

11. State the modes of Removal of Directors

A director can be removed for any of the following reasons:

If they incur any of the disqualifications specified under the Companies Act.

If they absent themselves from board meetings over 12 months.

If they enter into contracts or arrangements against the provisions of Section 184 of the
Companies Act.

12. What are the provisions regarding powers of director?

The board of directors is the highest authority in any company. According to Section 179,
Companies Act 2013, the power of directors of a company – entitled to make any and all
decisions, and thus exercise all the power, which the company has authority to enact.

13. List out the provisions regarding liabilities of directors?

Fiduciary duty: Directors have a legal obligation to act in the best interests of the company
and its shareholders.

Due care: Directors must exercise reasonable care, skill, and diligence in carrying out their
responsibilities.

Insider trading: Directors are prohibited from using inside information to benefit themselves or
others.

Conflicts of interest: Directors must disclose and avoid conflicts of interest that may influence
their decisions.

Illegal or unethical acts: Directors can be held liable for engaging in illegal or unethical
behavior, such as fraud or embezzlement.

Misrepresentation: Directors may be held liable for making false or misleading statements
about the company.

Environmental and labor laws: Directors are responsible for ensuring the company complies
with environmental and labor laws and regulations.

Responsibility for financial reporting: Directors are responsible for overseeing the accuracy of
financial reporting and ensuring compliance with accounting standards.

Corporate opportunities: Directors must not exploit corporate opportunities for their personal
gain.

Derivative actions: Shareholders can bring lawsuits against directors for actions that harm the
company.

14.Define 'Winding up of a company'

Winding up refers to closing the operations of a business, selling off assets, paying off
creditors, and distributing any remaining assets to the owners. Once the winding-up process is
complete, the dissolution step comes into play. This is when the company formally under law
ceases to exist.
15. What are the modes of winding up?

The two main types of winding up are compulsory winding up and voluntary winding up.
Winding up a business is not the same as bankruptcy, although it is usually an end result of
bankruptcy.

16. Who can present petition for winding up?

A contributory shall be entitled to present a petition for winding up a company,

notwithstanding that he may be the holder of fully paid-up shares, or that the company may
have no assets at all, or may have no surplus assets left for distribution among the
shareholders after the satisfaction of its liabilities.

17. What is voluntary winding up?

A voluntary liquidation is a self-imposed windup and dissolution of a company that has been
approved by its shareholders. Such a decision will happen once an organization's leadership
decides that the company has no reason to continue operating. It is not a compulsory order by
a court.

18. State the types of voluntary winding up?

There are two types of voluntary winding-up, viz. Members' voluntary winding-up and
Creditors' voluntary winding-up

19. What are the consequences of winding up?

Consequences of Winding Up Winding up doesn't take away the existence of the company
completely. The company continues to exist as a corporate entity till its dissolution. All the
ongoing business of the company is administered by the liquidator during the phase of
liquidation.

20. Define corporate governance?

Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. Boards
of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies. The shareholders' role in
governance is to appoint the directors and the auditors and to satisfy themselves that an
appropriate governance structure is in place.
 Unit 3

1. What is a factory?

A factory, manufacturing plant or a production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex

consisting of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or
operate machines which process each item into another.

2. Give any three objectives of factories Act?

The main objectives of the Indian Factories Act, 1948are to regulate the working conditions in
factories, to regulate health, safety welfare, and annual leave and enact special provision in
respect of young persons, women and children who work in the factories.

3. Define the term 'worker' used in factories Act?.

“worker” means a person 4[employed, directly or by or through any agency (including a.

contractor) with or without the knowledge of the principal employer, whether for remuneration
or. not], in any manufacturing process, or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises
used

4. Write short note on the word 'Occupier' as defined under factories act.

factory if no manufacturing process is being carried on in such premises or part thereof;] (n)
“occupier” of a factory means the person who has ultimate control over the affairs of the
factory 5***. 4[Provided that— (i) in the case of a firm or other association of individuals, any
one of the individual partners.

5.What are the provisions of the factories act, 1948, Relating to Health of workers?

Heath: According to the Act, all factories must be kept clean, and all essential safeguards
must be taken to safeguard the health of workers. The factory must have a sufficient drainage
system, adequate lighting, ventilation, temperature, etc. There must be clean water supplies

6. List out the provisions of the factories act regarding the employment of Young persons.

Prohibition of Employment of Young Children [Section 67]: A child who has not completed his
fourteenth year is prohibited from working in any factory. Under any circumstances,
whatsoever, no exemption even in case of emergency can be allowed to overcome the
provisions of this section

7. State the provisions of the factories act regarding the employment of women.

no woman shall be 1[required or allowed to work in any factory] except between the hours of 6
A.M. and 7 P.M.: Provided that the State Government may, by notification in the Official
Gazette, in respect of 2[any factory or group or class or description of factories,] vary the
limits laid down in clause
8.Define 'Wages' as per the payment of wages act?

“wages” means all emoluments which are earned by an employee while on duty or on leave in
accordance with the terms and conditions of his employments and which are paid or are
payable to him in cash and includes dearness allowance but does not include any bonus,
commission, house rent allowance, overtime wages.

9. State any four objectives of payment of wages Act.

To regulate the payment of wages to certain classes of employed persons.

To ensure timely payment of wages to the employees.

To protect the rights of workers and prevent exploitation by employers.

To provide a framework for the resolution of disputes related to wages

10. What are the medium of payment of wages?

Wages to be paid in current coin or currency notes-All wages shall be paid in current coin or
currency notes or in both: [provided that the employer may, after obtaining the written
authorisation of the employed person, pay him the wages either be cheque or by crediting the
wages in his bank account.

11. What are the payments to the employees which are not considered a "wages"?

Payments to employees that are not considered "wages" may include the following:

Reimbursements: payments made to cover expenses incurred while performing job duties.

Gifts: non-cash gifts given to employees as a reward or recognition.

Employer-paid benefits: benefits provided by the employer such as health insurance,

retirement plans, etc.

Expense allowances: amounts paid to employees to cover specific job-related expenses, such
as travel or entertainment.

Bonuses: additional payments made to employees for performance or other reasons.

12). List out the time of payment of wages

In general, the payment of wages must be made at least once a month and on a working day.
Some countries or states may have specific laws and regulations regarding the time of
payment of wages, such as:

Within a certain number of days after the end of the pay period
On a specific day of the week or month

At the time of discharge for terminated employees

It's important to check the laws and regulations in your jurisdiction for specific details.

13. State any four permissible or authorized deductions under the payment of wages act.

The Payment of Wages Act allows the following four permissible deductions:

Deductions for income tax

Deductions for fines imposed by the employer for misconduct

Deductions for recovery of advances or loans given to the employee

Deductions for payments towards provident fund, insurance, and other statutory dues.

14. What are the limit on deductions?

It allows a maximum deduction of Rs 1.5 lakh every year from the taxpayers total income. The
benefit of this deduction can be availed by Individuals and HUFs. Companies, partnership
firms, LLPs cannot avail the benefit of this deduction. Section 80C includes subsections ,
80CCC, 80CCD (1) , 80CCD (1b) and 80CCD (2).

15. Describe the meaning of the word 'Bonus'

A bonus is an extra payment, reward, or benefit given to an employee in addition to their

regular salary or wages. It can be a one-time payment or an ongoing incentive for meeting
certain goals or performance standards. Bonuses can be based on individual performance,
company performance, or a combination of both.

16. State the objectives of the Bonus Act.

The objectives of the Bonus Act are to provide for payment of bonus to persons employed in
certain establishments, and to regulate the payment of bonus and matters connected
therewith. The act aims to ensure that workers in eligible establishments receive a fair share
of the profits made by their employers and to promote harmony between workers and
employers.

17. what is minimum Bonus?

The Act Applies to all Factories and every other establishments, which employs twenty or
more workmen. The Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 provides for a minimum bonus of 8.33
percent of wages.

18. Define an 'Employee' in the Bonus Act?

As per the Bonus Act, 1965 of India, an "employee" refers to any person employed on a salary
or wage basis in an establishment, including an apprentice, but does not include an employee
who is employed in a managerial or supervisory capacity.

19. State the "Bonus formula" given in the payment of Bonus Act, 1965.

The formula for calculating bonus under the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 is as follows:

Bonus = (Eligible Salary * No. of days actually worked) / (No. of days in the reference period *
365) * Available Bonus

Where:

Eligible Salary = Basic Salary + Dearness Allowance

No. of days actually worked = number of days an employee has worked during the reference
period

No. of days in the reference period = either 260 or 261, depending on the company's financial
year

Available Bonus = Bonus Pool, which is the amount set aside for distribution as bonus,
calculated as 8.33% of the annual net profits of the company.

20.Define the concept of minimum wages.

Minimum wages have been defined as the minimum amount of remuneration that an
employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which
cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract.
 Unit 4

1. What is Tax planning?

Tax planning means reduction of tax liability by the way of exemptions, deductions and
benefits. Tax planning in India allows a taxpayer to make the best use of the various tax
exemptions, deductions and benefits to minimize his tax liability every financial year.

2. Define Tax Evasion?

Tax evasion is an illegal activity in which a person or entity deliberately avoids paying a true
tax liability. Those caught evading taxes are generally subject to criminal charges and
substantial penalties.

3. What are the need for corporate Tax planning

Corporate tax planning is important to minimize a company's tax liability and maximize its
profits. It involves analyzing the company's financial situation and taking advantage of
available tax deductions, credits, and other incentives to reduce the amount of taxes owed.

4. What is Income Tax?

Income tax is a tax imposed by the government on individuals or businesses based on their
income or profits. It is usually calculated as a percentage of the total income earned. Income
tax is used to fund government services and programs, such as education, healthcare, and
infrastructure

5. What do you mean direct Tax?

Direct tax is a type of tax where the burden of the tax falls directly on the person or entity that
is liable to pay it. Examples of direct taxes include income tax, property tax, inheritance tax,
and gift tax.

6. Write short note on Indirect Tax

Indirect tax is a type of tax where the burden of the tax is shifted from the person or entity that
is liable to pay it to another person or entity. Examples of indirect taxes include sales tax,
value-added tax, excise tax, and customs duties. Indirect taxes are typically collected by the
government from businesses, which then pass the cost on to consumers in the form of higher
prices.

7. State the objectives of Tax planning

The objectives of tax planning are to minimize the amount of taxes paid, maximize the after-
tax income, and ensure compliance with the applicable tax laws. Tax planning involves
analyzing the tax implications of various financial decisions and taking steps to minimize the
amount of taxes paid. It also involves taking advantage of available tax credits and deductions
to reduce the amount of taxes owed.

8. Give any two differences between Tax Evasion and Tax planning

Tax evasion is a crime for which the assesse could be punished under the law. Tax Planning:
Tax planning is process of analyzing one's financial situation in the most efficient manner.
Through tax planning one can reduce one's tax liability

9. What is meant by Tax Management?

Tax management refers to the management of finances, for the purpose of paying taxes. Tax
Management deals with filing Returns in time, getting the accounts audited, deducting tax at
source etc. Tax Management helps in avoiding payment of interest, penalty, prosecution.

10. What are the elements of Tax Management

Elements of tax management

Filing return.

Auditing.

Source deduction.

11. State any two differences between Tax management and Tax planning

Tax planning is all about making sure you take advantage of every legal deduction and credit
to minimize your tax bill.

Tax management, on the other hand, is about reducing the taxes you owe each year.

12. List out the authorities under the IT act?

The Certifying Authorities (CAs) issue computerized signature testaments for electronic
confirmation of clients. The Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) has been named by the
Central Government under Section 17 of the Act for reasons for the IT Act. The Office of the
CCA appeared on November 1, 2000.

13. What are the procedures of filling appeal?

Appeal before a CIT(A) can be filed only in the prescribed form number 35 and is to be
accompanied by the proof of payment of prescribed appeal fee and original copy of the notice
of demand issued by the assessing officer under section 156 and a copy of the order.

14. State the types of direct taxes

Types of Direct Taxes

Income tax. It is based on one's income. ...

Transfer taxes. ...

Entitlement tax. ...

Property tax. ...

Capital gains tax.

15. list out the types of Indirect Taxes

Service Tax. ...

Value Added Tax. ...

Excise Duty. ...

Custom Duty. ...

Entertainment Tax. ...

Stamp Duty. ...

Securities Transaction Tax.

16. What do you understand by value added tax

Value-Added Tax (VAT) is a tax, which is payable on sales of goods or services within the
territory of the Member States of the EU. The tax, in all cases, is ultimately payable by the final
consumer of the good or service.

17. Define Input Tax?

An input tax is a levy paid by a business on acquired goods and services. An example of an
input tax is the value added tax. When a business then taxes its customers, this is considered
an output tax.

18. What is the VAT Rate structure?

The Value Added Tax (VAT) rate structure refers to the way in which VAT is calculated and
applied to goods and services. It includes the standard VAT rate, reduced VAT rates, and zero-
rated or exempt goods and services.

The standard VAT rate is a percentage applied to the sale price of goods and services, which
is set by each country. This rate is typically between 15-25% depending on the country.

Reduced VAT rates are lower rates applied to specific goods and services, such as basic food
items, books, and medical supplies.
Zero-rated goods and services are those that are taxed at a rate of 0%. These goods and
services are usually considered essential, such as exports or certain food items.

Exempt goods and services are those that are not subject to VAT at all. These are typically
non-business or non-commercial transactions, such as the sale of a personal residence.

19. Define 'output Tax

Output VAT is VAT which you must calculate and collect when you sell goods and services,
provided that you are registered in the VAT Register. Output VAT must be calculated both on
sales to other businesses and sales to ordinary consumers

20. State any five features of VAT

VAT is a form of indirect taxation.

VAT is a broad-based tax as it covers the value added to each commodity by a firm during all
stages of production and distribution.

VAT is based on value added principle. ...

VAT is a substitute for sales tax, hotel tax.

 Unit 5

1.Define Consumer protection Act?

The Consumer Protection Act is a law enacted in India in 1986 to protect the interests of
consumers and promote fair trade practices. It provides a framework for consumer redressal
and lays down the rights and duties of both consumers and traders. The act aims to ensure
that goods and services are of reasonable quality, and that consumers have the right to seek
compensation for any harm suffered as a result of a trader's actions.

2. State any two objectives of consumer protection Act?

To promote and protect the rights of consumers and to provide them with remedies for the
same.

To establish consumer forums and other authorities for the speedy and inexpensive
settlement of consumer disputes.

3. What are the various rights of consumers recognized under the consumer protections Act?

The Consumer Protection Act recognizes the following six rights of consumers:

Right to Safety: Consumers have the right to be protected against goods and services that are
hazardous to life and property.

Right to be Informed: Consumers have the right to receive complete, accurate, and up-to-date
information about the goods and services they are buying.

Right to Choose: Consumers have the right to a variety of goods and services at competitive
prices, and the right to choose from different brands.

Right to be Heard: Consumers have the right to have their complaints and grievances
addressed, and to be heard in a fair and impartial manner.

Right to Redress: Consumers have the right to seek a remedy for goods and services that do
not meet the standards set by law or have been sold fraudulently.

Right to Consumer Education: Consumers have the right to be educated about their rights and
responsibilities, and to be informed about goods and services, their prices, quality, and
availability.

4.Who is consumer?

A consumer is the one who purchases the product for his/her own need and uses or
consumes it. A consumer cannot resell the good, product or service but can consume it to
earn his/her livelihood and self-employment. Definition of consumer. The consumer is the one
who is the end-user of any goods or services
5. Define 'Unfair' trade practice?

Unfair business practices encompass fraud, misrepresentation, and oppressive or

unconscionable acts or practices by business, often against consumers, and are prohibited by
law in many countries.

6. What is meant by restrictive trade practice?

A restrictive trade practice is generally one which has the effect of preventing, distorting or
restricting competition. In particular, a practice which tends to obstruct the flow of capital or
resources into the stream of production is an RTP.

7. Define Consumer Dispute.

Consumer dispute” refers to a dispute where a consumer make a complaint against a person
and the person denies the allegations contained in the complaint.

8. What are the rights of consumers to be protected by central council?

The Consumer Protection Council is a government body that looks after the interests of
consumers in India. It has a total of 20 members and all are appointed by the President of
India on the advice of the Prime Minister. The term of all members is 5 years and they can be
re-appointed once their term ends.

9 Discuss about consumer disputes redressel agencies.

There are 'Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies at District, State and National Level. These
are called Disrrict Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum (DCDRF), State Consumer disputes
Redressal Commission (SCDRC), and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
(NCDRC) respectively.

10. State the powers of the consumer forums?

Consumer forums have the following powers:

Adjudicating consumer complaints: Consumer forums are authorized to hear and decide
consumer complaints related to defective goods, unfair trade practices, and other such
matters.

Awarding compensation: If a consumer complaint is found to be valid, the forum has the
power to award compensation to the aggrieved party.

Ordering recall and replacement: The forum may order the manufacturer or seller to recall and
replace faulty or defective products.

Directing cease and desist orders: The forum can issue cease and desist orders to stop unfair
trade practices or misleading advertisements.
Imposing penalties: Consumer forums have the power to impose penalties on manufacturers,
sellers, and service providers for violation of consumer rights.

These powers are exercised within the limits set by the Consumer Protection Act of 1986 and
other relevant laws

11. Define cyber law,

Cyber law (also referred to as cyberlaw) is a term used to describe the legal issues related to
use of communications technology, particularly "cyberspace", i.e. the Internet.

12. Define information Technology (IT).

Information technology is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve and
exchange all kinds of data and information. IT forms part of information and communications
technology.

13. What is Information Technology Act 2000?

Information Technology Act, 2000 is an Act of the Indian Parliament notified on 17 October
2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.

14. Give any two objective of IT Act 2000.

Providing legal recognition to digital signatures for the authentication of any information or
matters requiring authentication. Facilitating the electronic filing of documents with different
Government departments and also agencies. Facilitating the electronic storage of data

15. Define the term 'Electronic Commerce'.

Ecommerce or electronic commerce is the trading of goods and services on the internet. It is
your bustling city center or brick-and-mortar shop translated into zeroes and ones on the
internet superhighway.

16. What is meant by Electronic Governance?

E-governance, meaning 'electronic governance' is using information and communication

technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) at
various levels of the government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of
enhancing governance.

17. What is Digital Signature?

Digital signature is a mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital messages
or documents. A valid digital signature, where the prerequisites are satisfied, gives a recipient
very high confidence that the message was created by a known sender, and that the message
was not altered in transit.
18.Define Electronic record?

An electronic record is any information created, used and retained in a form that only a
computer can process. Electronic records include email, text messages, disaster recovery
backup tape, and records that exist on portable media, such as memory sticks, BlackBerry
devices, or PDAs.

19. What do you understand by electronic form?

Electronic forms (e-forms) provide a user interface to data and services, typically through a
browser-based interface. E-forms enable users to interact with enterprise applications and the
back-end systems linked to them.

20.State any five provisions of electronic governance?

The provisions are:

Legal recognition of electronic records – Section 4.

Legal recognition of digital signatures – Section 5.

Use of electronic records and digital signatures in the Government and also its agencies –
Section 6.

Retention of electronic records – Section 7.

Publication in Electronic Gazette – Section 8.