SUBJECT CODE: SBEC 2742-01 (CONSTRUCTION SAFETY)

Title: GROUP HIRARC ANALYSIS REPORT AT JALAN TENGKU AZIZAH, BUKIT CHAGAR,
JOHOR BAHRU

LECTURER’S NAME: AP. SR. DR. MOHD SAIDIN MISNA

PREPARED BY

NO GROUP MEMEBER MATRIC NO

1. LOW CHIN YEOK A21BE0136

2. TONY WONG JING HAM A21BE0343

i
Table of Contents

No Item Pages

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

1.0 Introduction 1-2

2.0 Occupational Safety and Health Management S 3-6

ystem
2.1 Scope
2.2 Aim
2.3 Terms and Definition

3.0 Identification of Hazards, Risk, and Danger 7-9

s that Exist and Resulting Work Carried Out
in the Workplace
3.1 Safety Hazard
3.2 Health Hazard
3.3 Type of Hazards
3.4 Analyze and Estimate Risk

4.0 Hazard Identification on Site 10-17

4.1 Safety Hazard
4.2 Health Hazard

5.0 Evaluate and Interpret the Kids of Dangers 18-22

and Hazards (Safety and Health) Found in th
e Workplace
5.1 Likelihood of An Occurrence
5.2 Severity of Hazard
5.3 Risk Level
5.4 Prioritize of Action
5.5 Kind of Danger and Hazard
5.5.1 Safety Hazard
5.5.2 Health Hazard

6.0 Identify Methods Control, Prevention, and E 23-24

limination of Hazards That Exists

ii
7.0 Evaluate the Effectiveness of Methods-Must 25-27
control, Prevention and Elimination of Haza
rds that Have Been Carried Out

8.0 Proposed Rules for the Control and Preventi 28-29

on of Hazards, Risks and Hazards That Are I
nherent in the Workplace in Order to Be Eli
minated, Prevented or Controlled

9.0 Best Practice Solution Proposals 30-31

10. Photo of Practice, Action and Insecurity in 32-36

the Research Report
10.1 Safety Hazard
10.2 Health Hazard

11. Conclusion 37

12. Reference 38

iii
Acknowledgement

Firstly, we would like to thank our professor, AP. SR. DR. MOHD S
AIDIN MISNAN. His guidance and advice carried us through all the stages of
writing the group assignment which is HIRARC Analysis Report. Therefore, we
can complete our report successfully and smoothly.

After that, we would like to thank our family members who are not
retail to give their support and advice when we are doing this report. For
example, accompanying one of the group members to look for the construction
site.

Lastly, we are very appreciative about the contractor of Econpile Mal

aysia Sendirian Berhad. He gave the premise to visit their construction si
te and explained a lot of knowledge about the hazards might have in the co
nstruction site.

iv
ABSTRACT

This research project is conducted under the course Constructio

n Safety, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia. The main focus of this report is a HIRARC analysis study related
to the safety and health in selected workplace, which is a construction sit
e at Jalan Tengku Azizah, Bukit Chagar, Johor Bahru. The main focus of this
research project is to analyze the hazards and risks in the construction wo
rkplace and interpret them into a HIRARC analysis report, as well as to fin
d solutions or control methods for the workplace. Safety and health issues
are very common on construction sites and previous research has shown that
there are many hazards and health problems that occur on construction sites
every year. Although there are many preventive and elimination measures for
hazards and risks in construction sites, it still can give up some mistakes
that create hazards in the workplace. The main purpose for conducting this
research project was to analyze possible hazards and risks in the workplace
and to study and prevent the same mistakes in the future. The research meth
ods of this report are collecting the data and information from the interne
t and books and also visiting the construction site with the contractor of
the site. This project had studied several hazards and risks at the site an
d suggested some preventions and elimination.

v
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The group assignment will discuss the identify the hazards, risks and
dangers of the work performed in the workplace and assess the hazards found
in the workplace to give the most appropriate prevention methods. The workp
lace where we did the case study is at Jalan Tengku Azizah, Bukit Chagar, J
ohor Bahru. The workplace is the site currently carried out to a constructi
on project which is the Rapid Transit System Link (RTS) project. It is a re
al transit mrt station that leads from the JB Sentral to the Singapore Wood
land Checkpoint which was constructed by the Econpile Malaysia Sendirian Be
rhad. This is a report to be done by a team of two people, so I will be vis
iting the construction site with my classmate Tony Wong Jim Ham to collect
the risks of the hazards that will happen at the site. We were also fortuna
te to meet with the contractor in charge of the site and he did a great job
of showing us around the site. He also explained everything to us, which al
lowed us to gather a lot of information and learn valuable knowledge. We al
so took a picture with the contractor here.

1
Figure 1: A photo of group member with the contractor for the Econpile Mala
ysia Sendirian Berhad

Figure 2: Construction Project Board on The Site

2
Figure 3: Scenario of The Construction Sit

3
2.0 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

An Occupational Safety and Health Management System is a management s

ystem or part of a management system used to achieve the Occupational Safet
y and Health (OSH) policy to prevent the work that is related to injury and
ill-health to the workers and to provide a safe and healthy workplace. Your
health and safety programme is only one component of an occupational health
and safety (OHS) management system. In addition, it also includes health an
d safety policies, systems, standard and record, and involves integrating
your health and safety activities and programs into your other business pro
cesses. Having an effective management system allows us to identify the pre
sence of various hazards and have the ability to control workplace risks an
d minimize them.

2.1 SCOPE

The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514), Regulations &Orders
is a reference for any construction company to complete the investigation o
f the construction safety system ,identification and classification of the
hazards or danger that existed in the construction site. Having a strong ma
nagement system enhances your capacity to continuously recognize risks and
control dangers at work. The scope of reference focused on Occupational Saf
ety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1
996 is as a guideline that is used for us to investigate the potential haza
rds such as health hazards and the safety hazards that may happen at the co
nstruction industry.

2.2 OSHMS IN THE ORGANIZATION

Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is a set of interr

elated interacting elements to establish and implement Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH) policy and objectives, and to achieve those objectives. Oc

4
cupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is very important in
an organization due to it can help to identify and mitigate the hazards and
reduce the risk of accidents and injuries occurring in the construction sit
e.

Figure 4 :The conceptual sub-element in OSH Management System

2.3 TERMS AND DEFINITION

The interpretation of meaning of each terms stated in Occupational Safety A

nd Health Act 1994 (Act 514), Regulations & Orders as below:

NO TERMS DEFINITION

1. Contract of service Mean any agreement, whether oral or in wri

ting and whether express or implied, where
by one person agrees to employ another as
an employee and that other agrees to serve
his employer as an employee and includes a
n apprenticeship contract.

2. Council National Council for Occupational Safety a

nd Health established under Section 8.

5
3. Employee A person who is employed for wages under a
contract of service on or in connection wi
th the work of an industry.

4. Employer Immediate employer or principal employer o

r both.

5. Government Federal Government, the Government of a St

ate or a local government

6. Immediate employer The employer who has been employed by Prin

cipal Employer to manage and undertake the
workplace through service contract.

7. Industry Public services, statutory authorities or

any of the economic activities listed in t
he First Schedule.

8 Occupier The person who has the rights or powers to

manage and control the workplace.

9. Officer The safety and health officer is appointed

under subsection 5(2) OSHA and includes Di
rectors and Assistant of Occupational Heal
th and Safety.

10. Place of work Premises where persons work or premises us

ed for the storage of plant or substance.

11. Plant Any machinery, equipment, appliance, imple

ment or tool.

12. Practicable Practicable having regard to the severity

of the hazard or risk in question.

6
13. Premises Any land, building or part of any buildin
g.

14 Prescribed Prescribed by this Act or the regulations.

15. Principal employer The individual who is fully responsible fo

r the project or owned the industry such a
s manager, occupier, legal representative
and government.

16. Secretary Secretary appointed under subsection 12

(1) OSHA.

17. Self-employed person The individual who is paid by the employer

but is not under contract of employment.

18. Substance Any natural or artificial substance, wheth

er in solid or liquid form or in the form
of a gas or vapor or any combination there
of.

19. Substance for use at w Any substance intended or supplied for us

ork e, whether exclusively or not, by persons
at work.

20. Supply Relation to any plant or substance that re

ceived by sale, exchange, lease hire or hi
re-purchase, whether as principal or agent
for another.

21. Trade Union Any association or combination of workmen

or employers within the meaning of the Tra

7
de Unions Act 1959.

8
3.0 IDENTIFY HAZARDS RISKS AND DANGERS THAT EXIST AND RESULTING WORK CARRI
ED OUT IN THE WORKPLACE.

Hazard identification is a part of the process that helps the people used
to evaluate if any particular situation, item and things that may be have a
potential to bring harm and dangers to the people in the construction site.
Analyzing potential hazards in the workplace is fundamental to ensuring the
personal safety and health of workers. Having comprehensive health and safe
ty management reports can help workers avoid unnecessary risks and injurie
s. Health hazards, safety hazards and environmental hazards can be categori
zed into three major categories.

3.1 SAFETY HAZARDS

For our group assignment, we have concluded that in the construction site t
hey have xx safety hazard and xx health hazard. Safety hazard is one type o
f hazard that is common and will be present in most workplaces at any time
and it includes the unsafe conditions that can cause people injury, illness
and for serious causes of death. Safety can be classified into tripping haz
ards like wires run across the floor, pressure system, lifting, fire hazard
s and so on.

3.2 HEALTH HAZARDS

For health hazards there are chemical, physical or biological factors in ou

r environment that can have negative impacts on our short and long term hea
lth. Occupational health hazard is any agent that may cause an individual’
s illness. The safety and health hazard categorized in different HIRARC for
m with the specific activity that have been involved. Chemistry such as bat
tery acid and solvents, biological threat and physical movements is the exa
mple of health hazards.

3.3 TYPE OF HAZARDS

9
 I. Physical hazards

Physical hazards are common hazards that always happen in the constru
ction site. It is defined as the factors or conditions within the env
ironment that can bring harm or dangers to the health and safety. Alt
hough the workers may be hurt by a physical danger with or without c
ontact. These dangers include radiation, working in extremely hot or
cold conditions and always spending a lot of time in the sun, or bein
g around loud noises all the time. For example, lifting and pushing,
handling heavy or awkward sized objects, slipping on a wet surface an
d placing the items in the unsuitable place also are the hazards that
commonly occur in the construction place.

II. Chemical hazards

It is present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in

the workplace in any form. A chemical hazard is a type of occupationa
l hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace. Chemical h
azards can include vapors & fumes that come from welding or exposure
to soluments. For example, liquids like cleaning products, paints, ac
ids, silica dust and fiberglass fibers are also particularly involved
in the chemical hazards. In the long term, the workers' exposure to c
hemicals have been shown to increase risk of diseases such as heart d
isease, stroke, high blood pressure and other illnesses.

III. Biological hazards

Biological hazard is a hazard that is associated with working with an

imals, people and infectious plant materials. The biological risks li
ke blood ,fungi, mold, viruses and animal droppings can be exposed to
the worker who closely interacts with other people, animals or infect
ious materials. Biological hazards in construction exposure may occur

10
 during demolition, renovation ,sewer work, work on air handling syste
ms, or other construction work from contact with contaminated or dise
ase-carrying sources such as soil, water, bird or bat droppings.

IV. Ergonomics hazards

It refers to the condition in a work environment that can lead to mus

culoskeletal disorders (MSDs). It occurs when the type of work, body
position & working conditions put strain on your body. At the constru
ction site, ergonomic dangers can result in severe and crippling inju
ries to joints and muscles. Ergonomic risks are the most common healt
h risks in construction and the main reason for injuries according to
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The ergonom
ic hazard is a hazard that related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) a
ccount for 33% of all employee injury and illness cases. These types
of hazards occur when repetitive work, the type of work, or a certain
position strains the body. These are the most common difficult hazard
s to spot because problems build up over time.

V. Psychological hazards

Aspects of the workplace and how work is structured that are linked t
o mental problems and the physical harm or disease are known as th
e psychological hazards. The psychosocial hazards also can be defined
as the factors in the design or management of work that increase the
risk or work that is related to the stress and in the long term it ca
n lead the people involved in psychological or physical harm. For exa
mple, lack of supervisor and co-worker support, feeling of job insecu
rity and working at long hours.

3.4 ANALYZE AND ESTIMATE RISK

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The process of locating and evaluating potential problems that can adversel
y affect important corporate endeavors or projects is known as risk analysi
s. This procedure is carried out to assist companies in avoiding or reducin
g certain hazards. There are two main risk analysis methods which are quali
tative risk analysis and quantitative risk analysis. Qualitative risk analy
sis rates or scores risk based on the perception of the severity and likeli
hood of its consequences. The outcomes of the quantitative risk analysis ca
n also be assessed by using risk management tools such as a sensitivity tab
le .On the other hand, quantitative risk analysis is used to calculate risk
based on the available data or information.

12
4.0 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ON SITE

4.1 SAFETY HAZARD

No Activities Safety Hazard

1. Easy to cause eye injur

y.

The worker is not wearing the welding face

shield properly.

2. May cause injury when t

he items fall down.

The worker stands too close with the crane

s.

3. May cause injuries when

people fall down.

The worker climbs on the round iron cage.

4. It easily let the worke

rs fall into the reserv
oirs.

13
 There is not railing around the reservoirs

5. Increase the risk of in

jury when fall down

Workers climbing on the scaffolds without

any safety measures

6. May cause workers to st

umble.

The rebar is storage on the worker’s res

t area

7. May cause injury when t

he machine fails.

The workers are discussing things on the c

rane.

8. Easy to cause collapse

when the soil absorbs m
ore water.

The tarps used to cover the land were not

properly disposed of.

9. Can cause injury when w

orkers accidentally ste
p on

14
 Abandoned iron rollers were left on the ro
ad.

10. Something may fall down

from the high place.

Workers not wearing full PPE clothing and

not using correct equipment to support hea
vy loads.

11. May cause workers easil

y to injury

Workers messing around at work

12. Workers may fall down f

rom the high place.

The workers do not wear a harness when wor

king over 3 meters (unsafe scaffolds).

15
16
17
4.2 HEALTH HAZARD

NO Activities Health Hazard

1 Workers may slip and fa

ll down and cause injur
y

The rebar at the construction site is not

put properly

2 Workers keep exposed to

chemical material

Chemical storage

3 Can cause mosquito bree

ding during the rainy s
eason.

The rubbish is not thrown properly.

4 May cause an accident a

nd will be injured.

Using a steel cutting machine to cut steel

18
5 May cause the workers i
njured of backbone

The workers are caring out with the brick

6 Cause sound pollution a

nd worker’s hearing lo
ss.

Pilling work

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20
5.0 EVALUATE AND INTERPRET THE KINDS OF DANGERS AND HAZARDS (SAFETY AND HE
ALTH) FOUND IN THE WORKPLACE

5.1 LIKELIHOOD OF AN OCCURRENCE

Likelihood of an occurrence is a weighted factor based on a subjectiv

e analysis of the probability that a given threat is capable of exploiting
a given vulnerability or a set of vulnerabilities.This value is used to mea
sure the possibility of the number of cases happening in the past. In other
words, it is a scale that allows you to put things in order from smallest t
o largest (or vice versa). When it comes to Risk Likelihood, you can use an
ordinal scale to rank the likelihood of something happening on a scale from
1 to 5.

The following tables shows the likelihoods value:

LIKELIHOODS(L) EXAMPLE RATING

Most Likely The most frequently happened even 5

t which hazard or danger had been
realized

Possible The hazard and danger event has g 4

ood possibility to happen and not
unusual

Conceivable Have the possibility to happen in 3

the future

Remote The possibility of happening is l 2

ower and had not been hearing or
realized in many years

Inconceivable Nearly impossible to happen or ne 1

ver happen

Table 5.1.1 Likelihoods of An Occurrence

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5.2 SEVERITY OF HAZARD

Severity of hazard can be defined as the highest level of damage possible

when an accident occurs from a particular hazard. The damage can be catastr
ophe, fatal, serious, minor and negligible.

The following table shows the severity of hazard:

SEVERITY(S) EXAMPLE RATING

Catastrophe An event causing great and usually sudden damage 5

or suffering

Fatal Causing death. 4

Serious No fatal injuries had occurred but permane 3

nt disability

Minor Non-serious injuries 2

Negligible First aid type injuries 1

Table 5.2.1 Severity on Hazard

5.3 RISK LEVEL

Risk can be presented in a variety of ways to communicate the results of th

e analysis to decide on risk controls. This research had used severity and
likelihoods as qualitative to measure the risk level. The formula to calcul
ate relative risk is L X S (L=Likelihoods, S=Severity).

22
 Table 5.3.1 Risk Level

To use this matrix, first need to find out the column that can best d
escribe the outcome of risk. After that follow the likelihood row to find t
he description that is suitable for the likelihood that the severity will o
ccur. The relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary actions t
o manage hazards at the workplace efficiently.

5.4 PRIORITIZE OF ACTION

The level of risk selected above can determine the priority of actions take
n to have effective management of hazards and hazards in the workplace. The
table below shows prioritization of actions to be taken according to the sc
ope of the risk hierarchy.

23
 Table 5.4.1 Prioritize of Action

The hazard risk level can be classified into three levels which are low ris
k, medium risk and high risk. The “Low” risk level can be defined as acce
ptable risk. While the service can be used with known threats, it is necess
ary to monitor any changes in these threats to find out if the level of ris
k has increased. However, “ Medium” risk level can be planned first to co
ntrol the hazard in order to reduce the hazard risk. “High” risk level is
not an acceptable risk. It can not start using the service before risk-redu
cing treatment has been implemented and needs to be solved to avoid the ris
k of hazards that happen in the environment. Any people at the workplace or
construction site are responsible to take action to control the risk of haz
ard and dangers.

24
5.5 KIND OF DANGER AND HAZARD

5.5.1 Safety Hazard

Risk Level

No Likelihood Severity Relative Risk

1. 3 (Conceivable) 3 (Serious) 9 (Medium)

2. 3 (Conceivable) 4 (Fatal) 12 (Medium)

3. 2 (Remote) 3 (Serious) 6(Medium)

4. 3 (Conceivable) 4 (Fatal) 12 (Medium)

5. 3 (Conceivable) 3 (Serious) 9 (Medium)

6. 3 (Conceivable) 3 (Serious) 9 (Medium)

7. 3 (Conceivable) 3 (Serious) 9 (Medium)

8. 3 (Conceivable) 4 (Fatal) 12 (Medium)

9. 4 (Possible) 3 (Serious) 12 (Medium)

10. 4 (Possible) 4 (Fatal) 16 (High)

11. 4 (Possible) 3 (Serious) 12 (Medium)

12. 4 (Possible) 4 (Fatal) 16 (High)

5.5.1.1a: Risk Level of Safety Hazards

5.5.2 Health Hazard

Risk Level

No Likelihood Severity Relative Risk

1. 3 (Conceivable) 5 (Catastrophe) 15 (High)

2. 3 (Conceivable) 4 (Fatal) 12 (Medium)

3. 4 (Possible) 4 (Fatal) 16 (High)

25
4. 3 (Conceivable) 3 (Serious) 9 (Medium)

5. 4 (Possible) 5 (Catastrophe) 20 (High)

6. 2 (Remote) 3 (Serious) 6 (Medium)

5.5.1.1b: Risk Level of Health Hazards

6.0 IDENTIFY METHODS CONTROL, PREVENTION, AND ELIMINATION OF HAZARDS THAT E

XISTS

26
 The hierarchy of control is a system for controlling risks in the wo
rkplace. The hierarchy of control is a method for systematically eliminatin
g or reducing risks, and it lists risk controls in order of decreasing the
amount of protection and reliability from highest to lowest. A triangle wit
h an apex upwards shows the priority of actions and decreasing effectivenes
s from top to the bottom. In the top of the hierarchy is the elimination, s
ubstitution, engineering controls, administrative controls until the bottom
is PPE.

I. Elimination

The first in the top is elimination. Elimination or physically removi

ng a hazard from a workplace is the most effective stage of the hierarchy o
f controls. When risks are taken away or removed from a workplace, they los
e their ability to have a negative effect on workers. The safety measure th
at is taken to eliminate hazards is removing all potential element of caus
e, machine or the process altogether.

II. Substitution
27
Substitution is the most effective stage of safety control. It refers to re
placing a hazardous item or activity with something less hazardous. Elimina
tion and substitution both strive to remove hazards from the workplace or l
essen the likelihood that they may have a negative impact on workers. If a
workplace process is still in its design or development phase, substitution
can be an inexpensive method for managing a hazard.

III. Engineering Controls

The third most effective stage of safety control is engineering controls, o

r creating solutions with a purpose to physically isolate employees from ha
zards. A machine guard will be implemented as an engineering control measur
e in the event that the risk cannot be removed or no adequate solution can
be found. Although engineering controls often have greater capital costs th
an less effective controls in the hierarchy, they may wind up saving money
in the long run.

IV. Administrative Controls

Administrative controls, or changes to the way employees work and perform p

articular processes are the fourth most effective stage of safety control.
Administrative control changes to the way people work. For example, limit t
he time a worker is exposed to a hazard, create written formalized operatin
g procedures and install signs, labels and alarms.

V. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the fifth most effective stage of sa

fety control. Physical equipment worn or used by employees while they perfo
rm their work. It is typically used alongside pre existing processes that h
aven’t completely controlled the occupational hazard. Eye and face protect

28
ion, vest, hard hats, hand and arm protection (chemical-resistant gloves) a
nd hearing protection (earplugs) are the examples of the Personal Protectiv
e Equipment (PPE).

7.0 EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METHODS-MUST CONTROL, PREVENTION AND ELI

MINATION OF HAZARDS THAT HAVE BEEN CARRIED OUT

As we know, a construction site will have a lot of equipment, tools a

nd heavy machinery that is required for the certain work. When the workers
are doing the dangerous work, many risks and hazards arise at the same tim
e. As construction workers, injury is the most common situation but the wor
st outcome is fatal when they construct the building.To prevent the increas
ing cases of injury occurring in the construction field, it is compulsory t
o produce a set of control measures.

In order to prevent the increasing number of injury cases in the cons

truction field, first need to identify the hazards that can occur on a cons
truction site, such as health hazards, safety hazards and environmental haz
ards. Next, conduct a risk assessment, creating a table showing the probabi
lity of an accident occurring and the severity of the hazard. People must t
ake initiatives to reduce the likelihood of accidents. In order to control
the occurrence of accidents, a hierarchy of HIRARC controls has been create
d.

First, the most effective and important way to reduce workplace accid
ents is elimination. Elimination is taking the hazard that your employees
face and eliminating it. The employer has a duty to provide a workplace fre

29
e of hazards to their employees, so if elimination is available to an emplo
yer, it is the option they must choose. If the employer is able to do that,
but chooses not to, they could be looking at a willful violation, should an
OSHA inspection occur. example of elimination in terms of equipment or mate
rials, such as removing some flammable gas containers from an area where ho
t work is being performed or eliminating an unnecessary blade on a machine.

The effectiveness of substitution is after the elimination. Substitut

ion is identifying a hazardous substance or piece of equipment and substitu
ting it for a substance or piece of equipment that is not hazardous. Substi
tution can be a very good solution if a substitute item is available on the
market. For instance, choose water-based paint rather than solvent-based pa
int. This is because solvent-based paint that consists of high chemical haz
ard which could cause physical hazard and health hazards should be replaced
by the paint which has more safety chemical substances that contribute less
hazard to the user.

The next effectiveness of methods is engineering control. Engineering

control includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation
systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure. Engineering cont
rols are a very reliable way to control worker exposures as long as the con
trols are designed, used, and maintained properly. For example, to remove t
he toxic gasses in paint spraying areas by installing local exhaust or gene
ral dilution ventilation. In order to prevent workers from being injured by
collapsing objects while moving some heavy objects, mechanical lifting devi
ces are needed to lift or move objects instead of lifting them manually. Be
sides that, installing adequate light in the construction working space to
ensure the workers have enough light to carry out their works safely and so
undly. Other than that, it is important to install railings or handrails an
d safety nets around upper floors and stairs because it prevents workers an

30
d any objects from falling to the ground, which can lead to injuries and ac
cidents.

Then, administrative control is the second least effect on controllin

g the risk.Creating procedures to ensure that the work is done in a way tha
t minimizes risk constitutes administrative controls. Examples include esta
blishing or improving training and education, creating or improving work pr
actices and procedures, and making or altering policies. Methods of adminis
trative control include using job-rotation schedules or a work-rest schedul
e that limit the amount of time an individual worker is exposed to a substa
nce, implementing a preventative maintenance program to keep equipment in p
roper working order, scheduling maintenance and other high exposure operati
ons for times when few workers are present (such as evenings, weekends) and
other. Administrative control does not necessarily remove or reduce the haz
ard from the workplace because these control measures have many limitations
due to the hazard itself is not actually removed or reduced

Last but not least, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is situated a

t the base of the hierarchy, indicating that it is least effective in reduc
ing risk and accident. Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to anythi
ng workers wear to help protect them from a workplace hazard. The use of PP
E as the main method to control exposures should be limited to situations w
here elimination, substitution, engineering, or administrative controls are
not practicable, or when due to a temporary or emergency condition, additio
nal protection is needed since other control measures fall short of reducin
g the risk.Examples of PPE include wearing coveralls, aprons, full body su
its provide skin protection, using face shield can provide eye protection,
to provide foot protection need to wear safety shoes and other.The choice o
f which type of PPE to use must be based on the specific hazards found in t
he workplace to provide the most effective personal protection.

31
32
8.0 PROPOSED RULES FOR THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF HAZARDS, RISKS AND HAZAR
DS THAT ARE INHERENT IN THE WORKPLACE IN ORDER TO BE ELIMINATED, PREVENTED O
R CONTROLLED

Effective control can protect workers from workplace hazards at the s

ame time it can also help avoid injuries and accidents. Besides that, effec
tive control can also reduce safety and health hazards at the workplace to
decrease the risk of accidents happening in the construction site. Moreove
r, effective control may help employers in providing a safe and healthy wor
king environment to the workers.

Many effective controls can be used to control and reduce workplace h

azards. For example, employers should involve all employees in the hazard c
ontrol program so that they can better understand the hazards that may occu
r at the site. Employers can use the hazard control plan to guide the selec
tion and implementation of control measures and to implement controls accor
ding to the plan. In addition, employers must evaluate the effectiveness of
existing controls to ensure that they continue to provide adequate protecti
on, and they must develop different controls to address those that have fai
led. The employer also must identify and evaluate the options for controlli
ng hazards by using a hierarchy of controls.

First, the employer should control, organize and review with workers
the hazards according to the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 source
s to determine the types of hazards that may be present. Next, the employer
needs to develop a control program based on the risk assessment. In additio
n to this, the employer must investigate the control measures that are avai
lable at the workplace. Employers can also get input from workers who may b
e able to suggest and evaluate solutions based on knowledge of equipment an
d work processes.

33
 In Action 2, the employer should choose the appropriate controls that
will be effective in reducing hazards based on all the site information col
lected. Employers can select controls based on the level of control that em
phasizes the engineering solution. In addition, employers must discuss with
employees to ensure that controls minimize hazards and accidents that may o
ccur to ensure site health and safety.

In Action 3, the employer can develop and update a hazard control pla
n. The purpose of developing and updating a hazard control plan is to repla
ce a control plan that is no longer effective. The hazard control plan will
describe the manner in which the controls can be implemented based on the s
elected controls. It is important to track the progress of the completion o
f the control plan and to periodically verify that the controls are effecti
ve. If a control plan is found to be ineffective or no longer useful, the e
mployer must develop a new hazard control plan to replace the old one.

In Action 4, employers must select controls to protect workers based

on non-routine operations and in emergencies because non-routine or infrequ
ent work can also catch us off guard. Hazard control plans must include pro
visions to protect workers during non-routine operations and emergencies. I
n this action, procedures on how to control the hazards that may occur duri
ng non-routine operations. For example, if a machine suddenly breaks down a
nd requires immediate repair or perhaps a broken conveyor belt needs to be
replaced. The equipment or machine that needs to be carried out to control
the hazards associated with an emergency.

In Action 5, the employer must implement selected control measures in

the workplace. Once hazard prevention and control measures have been identi
fied, they should be implemented in accordance with the hazard control pla
n. Employers must immediately provide a suitable, effective, and cost-effic
ient plan to address the issue.

34
 In Action 6, the employer must follow up on all hazard controls to en
sure that the controls are effective. Employers should track the progress o
f the implementation of control measures. Inspect and evaluate controls aft
er they have been installed and perform regular preventive maintenance.

9.0 BEST PRACTICE SOLUTION PROPOSALS

The construction site is a very dangerous place because each year, ac

cidents at construction sites cause hundreds of fatalities and injuries. In
the construction site will be some hidden hazards such as physical hazard,
biological hazard, chemical hazard, ergonomic hazard, psychosocial hazard a
nd electrical hazard. Why do accidents continue to happen despite the fact
that we are aware that a building site is dangerous and that we must use re
asonable caution when we enter one? This is an issue that needs to be taken
into cautions by both the employer and the workers.

First, the project manager needs to ensure that workers are fully awa
re of the possible hazards on the construction site before entering the wor
kplace. This is why a pre-construction safety meeting is necessary, which c
an include the possible hazards on the job site and how to avoid them, as w

35
ell as the construction process. The pre-construction safety meeting can en
sure that the work flows smoothly and that everyone who needs to enter the
job site is aware of the risks associated with the work to ensure the safet
y of the job site and everyone on it.

In addition, employers should organize training sessions for their wo

rkers. The purpose of training sessions is to ensure that all employers and
employees are adequately trained. Both experienced and inexperienced worker
s should attend regular training sessions. This is because all knowledge is
constantly being improved and updated, so all workers must be able to updat
e and consolidate their knowledge of safety in the workplace. At the end of
the training course, workers will have more knowledge about how to face acc
idents in the workplace and how to avoid them with more experience.

Then, employers must provide employees with appropriate equipment and

adequate work areas. Employers plan appropriate work areas wisely, unreason
able planning of work areas can lead to increased chances of accidents. For
example, the workers' recreation area is only 5 meters away from the heavy
machinery work area, which is very unreasonable because it will lead to wor
kers who are resting and may have an accident if the machinery is out of co
ntrol. Secondly, without proper equipment, workers will be more exposed to
the possible hazards of the construction site. Improper equipment used by c
onstruction workers can be fatal because poor quality helmets and goggles d
o not protect the lives of workers well. Not only equipment, employers must
also ensure that all machinery and materials are always well-maintained. Em
ployers need to regularly inspect all machines in a good working condition
and must replace and repair any damaged parts as soon as they are found.

Not only that, project managers must also make sure that all of the w
orkers wear PPE before entering the construction site. PPE refers to anyth
ing workers wear to help protect them from a workplace hazard. PPE such as

36
safety helmets can protect the user's head impact from objects falling from
above, by resisting and deflecting blows to the head, safety shoes protect
feet from foot injuries and prevent exhaustion and safety glasses prevent f
oreign objects or debris from damaging your vision. To satisfy PPE standard
s, each worker of the construction site must wear the proper attire to prev
ent and protect them from safety and health hazards. As the PPE is very imp
ortant, the site manager needs to make sure that anyone without proper PPE
cannot enter the workplace.

Educating employees on safety issues is something that can be used to

reduce construction site accidents. Workers on a construction site must hav
e the proper tools. Workers' understanding of safety issues is also critica
l in order to reduce construction site hazards. Employers and employees mus
t work together to minimize construction site hazards, as there is no clear
way to reduce the number of accidents to zero.

10.0 PHOTO OF PRACTICE, ACTION AND INSECURITY IN THE RESEARCH REPORT

37
10.1 SAFETY HAZARDS

No Activities Explanation

1. The worker is not weari

ng the welding face shi
eld properly.

2. The worker stands too c

lose with the cranes.

3. The worker climbs on th

e round iron cage.

4. There is not railing ar

ound the reservoirs

38
5. Workers climbing on the
scaffolds without any s
afety measures

6. The rebar is storage on

the worker’s rest are
a

7. The rebar is storage on

the worker’s rest are
a

8. The tarps used to cover

the land were not prope
rly disposed of.

9. Abandoned iron rollers

were left on the road.

39
10. Workers not wearing ful
l PPE clothing and not
using correct equipment
to support heavy loads

11. Workers messing around

at work

12. The workers do not wear

a harness when working
over 3 meters (unsafe s
caffolds)

40
10.2 HEALTH HAZARDS

NO Activities Explation

1. The rebar at the construc

tion site is not put prop
erly

2. Chemical storage

3. The rubbish is not thrown

properly.

4. Using a steel cutting mac

hine to cut steel

41
5. The workers are caring ou
t with the brick

6. Pilling work

42
11.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, employers must put the welfare and health of their emp
loyees first. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1994 (Act 51
4), one of an employer's general duties is to provide a healthy environment
for its employees and other related persons. This means that companies must
focus on the safety and health of their workers, as well as the associated
public that comes into contact with the company or location. This will undo
ubtedly help in performing tasks and managing performance. The workplace sh
ould also be free from any safety and health threats and risks. Employers a
nd workers must strictly enforce and maintain proper safety and health regu
lations in their work. In order to maintain a safe working atmosphere, all
workers are responsible for ensuring their own safety.

In the workplace, trying to ensure absolute safety is not easy to ach

ieve. To reduce the probability that risks will occur in the workplace, the
focus needs to be on observing, classifying and monitoring the hazards and
accidents that may arise. In order to define the potential for possible haz
ards, a number of preventive measures need to be taken. Therefore, HIRARC i
s important in every project because it shows the hazards and risks of the
project. In any project, HIRARC has shown its efficiency in reducing constr
uction site accidents. It can be inferred that the implementation of HIRARC
is also successful in reducing construction site accidents. So HIRARC shoul
d be promoted and made mandatory in dealing with construction site safety i
ssues because HIRARC is effective in managing hazards. It is well known tha
t HIRARC has contributed to the reduction of construction accidents and has
been certified by consultants as well as by the implementers themselves.

Although there is no absolute safety in the construction industry, sa

fety culture and security must be strongly promoted in order to improve saf

43
ety performance and prevent accidents. Therefore, the construction industry
must develop a safety culture within its organization by developing and imp
lementing a safety policy to its maximum level.

44
12.0 REFERENCES

DOSH, 2000. Quality, Occupational Safety and Health Policy.

DOSH, 2007. Guideline for Public Safety and Health at Construction Sites.

DOSH, 2008. Guideline for Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk C
ontrol (HIRARC)

International Law Book Services. (2020). OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
1994 (ACT 514), REGULATIONS & ORDERS. Accessed on 27 December 2021.

Fortress Learning. (2014). Types of Hazards. Retrieved by (28 December), Ac

cess from https://fortresslearning.com.au/cert-iv-content/design/types-of-h
azards/

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2022). H
ierarchy of Controls. Retrieved by (1 January), Accesses from

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/default.html

45