Examining the Perceived Impact of Screen Time on Health among Youth: A Focus Group

Discussion

Introduction

Decades ago , a forward looking world health organization (1948) defined health as

a “complete state of physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of

disease or infirmity. This definition is at the core of health psychologists' conception of health

.Rather than defining health as the absence of illness ,health is recognized to be an

achievement involving balance among physical, mental and social wellbeing.

Health can be defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It encompasses various aspects of an

individual's life, including their physical, mental, and emotional states, as well as their social

and environmental conditions. Achieving and maintaining good health involves making

positive lifestyle choices, such as engaging in regular physical activity, consuming a balanced

diet, getting enough sleep, managing stress, avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and

excessive alcohol, and seeking appropriate medical care when needed. It took many years ,for

psychology to gain acceptance by the medical field.

In 1911 the American psychological association (APA) recommended that psychology

be part of the medical school curriculum, but most medical schools failed to pursue this

recommendation .during the 1940s ,the medical specialty of psychiatry incorporated the study

of psychological factors related to disease into its training ,but few psychologists were

involved in health research. During the 1960s, psychology's role in medicine began to expand

with the creation of new medical schools ;the number of psychologists who held academic

appointments on medical school faculties nearly tripled from 1969 to 1993. By the beginning

of the 21st century, psychologists had made significant progress in their efforts to gain greater
acceptance by the medical profession .In 2002 ,the American medical association accepted

several new categories for health and behavior that permits psychologists to bill for services

to patients with physical diseases. Thus the role of psychologists in medical settings has

expanded beyond traditional mental health problems to include procedures and programs to

help people stop smoking , eat a healthy diet ,exercise, adhere to medical advice , reduce

stress, control pain and avoid unintentional injuries.

The biomedical model is the traditional view of western medicine ,which defines

health as the absence if disease .this view conceptualizes disease exclusively as a biological

process that is an almost mechanistic result of exposure to a specific pathogen, a disease

causing organism. This view spurred the development of drugs and medical technology

oriented towards removing the pathogens and curing disease. The focus is on disease which is

traceable to a specific agent. Removing the pathogen restores health.

An alternative model of health exists now ,one that advocates a holistic approach to

medicine .This holistic model considers social ,psychological, physiological and even

spiritual aspects of a person's health . This alternative model is the biopsychosocial model,

the approach to health that includes biological ,psychological and social influences .This

model holds that many diseases result from a combination of factors such as

genetics ,physiology ,social support ,personal control, stress ,compliance ,personality, poverty

and cultural beliefs.

Health practices are not independent of culture in any society and the socio-religious

beliefs and practices have various health implications in human societies.

Screen Time

With digitalisation reaching its peak, it is vital to understand the effects it has on

health. With entertainment, advertising, and information technologies shared through screens,

screen time has been on the rise. With the advent of the digital era, paper has been replaced

by the screen. Screen time is the amount of time spent using a device with a screen. The

screen, whether it be a computer, smartphone, television, or video game console has been a

symbol of modernization. With this modernization, health regarding screen time has taken a

back step. Easy smartphone access, cheap internet availability, and free content have greatly

contributed to the increase in screen time. Evidence suggests that adults spend as much as 11

hours in front of a screen. The emergence of the coronavirus pandemic has made work from

home and online education a part of life, which has significantly increased screen time which

in turn has negative consequences on our health. Studies have shown that screen time affects

our physical health, mental health and directly impacts child development. Excessive screen

time results in a sedentary lifestyle with little to no physical activity. Artificial light emitting

from screens affects our eyes, brain, and sleep. Because of these concerns, experts have

suggested controlling screen time. In recent years there have been significant strides made to

reduce screen time; some governments have placed restrictions on its usage while some

companies have considered the possibility of allowing employees to have breaks from their

work in order to not view a screen. Even prior to the onset of the COVID-19 global

pandemic, there was concern about the prevalence of technology in the lives of youth. With

the expectation that many students will learn online during periods of quarantine, concerns

about screen time exposure only increased. Screen time is defined in the literature as “the

summed exposure to devices capable of displaying video content”; this includes

“smartphones, tablets, computers, televisions, and video game consoles”. While all of these

devices contribute to screen time, analysis of time spent watching TV or using a computer
(usually but not exclusively within the context of video games) and its possible link to

sedentary behaviour appear to be the most common.

Effects of screen time on health

Physical effects

From young children to working adults to even the elderly, most of us get a fair

amount of daily screen time from the numerous digital devices that we own. We consume so

much content from our digital screens that it’s easy to forget the negative side effects of too

much screen time. When we look at a screen, our eyes have to work harder to focus on the

pixels, causing eye strain. This can lead to symptoms such as headaches, eye fatigue, blurred

vision, and dry eyes. To reduce eye strain, it’s recommended to take frequent breaks, adjust

the screen’s brightness and contrast, and position the screen at a comfortable distance from

the eyes. Exposure to blue light, which is emitted by screens, can interfere with the body’s

natural production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. This can make it harder to

fall aslep and stay asleep and can cause insomnia to the person . To prevent this, it’s

recommended to avoid screens for at least an hour before bedtime or use blue light-blocking

glasses or apps. Sitting in front of a screen for long periods can cause neck and shoulder pain

due to poor posture. Looking down at a screen can cause strain on the neck and upper back,

while reaching for a mouse or typing can cause tension in the shoulders. To prevent this, it’s

recommended to adjust the height of the screen to eye level, use an ergonomic chair, and take

frequent breaks to stretch and move around. Spending too much time in front of a screen can

lead to a sedentary lifestyle, which can increase the risk of obesity. Lack of physical activity

can also contribute to other health problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. To

prevent this, it’s recommended to engage in regular physical activity and take breaks from

screens to move around. Sitting for long periods can cause back pain, especially if the chair
or desk is not ergonomically designed. Poor posture can put strain on the lower back, leading

to pain and discomfort. To prevent this, it’s recommended to use an ergonomic chair, adjust

the height of the screen, and take frequent breaks to stretch and move around. Studies have

linked excessive screen time with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart

disease, and cancer. This may be due to the sedentary lifestyle associated with excessive

screen time, as well as the negative effects on sleep and mental health. To prevent this, it’s

recommended to engage in regular physical activity, maintain a healthy diet, and take breaks

from screens to reduce stress and improve mental health.

Mental effects

Studies have shown that excessive screen time, especially on social media or

other apps that offer quick gratification, can lead to a decreased attention span. This can make

it difficult to focus on tasks that require sustained attention, such as reading a book, studying,

or completing work assignments. This can also lead to procrastination and difficulty

completing tasks. The blue light emitted from screens can interfere with the body's

production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. This can lead to poor sleep quality,

difficulty falling asleep, and insomnia. Poor sleep can also contribute to other mental health

problems such as anxiety and depression. Studies have linked excessive screen time,

especially on social media, with increased anxiety and depression, especially in children and

adolescents. The constant comparison to others, cyberbullying, and exposure to negative

news can contribute to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and negative emotions. This

can lead to a cycle of negative thoughts and emotions that can be difficult to break.

Spending too much time in front of screens can also impair social skills, especially in

children and adolescents. Social media and online communication may provide a false sense

of connection, leading to difficulties in making and maintaining real-life friendships. This can
also contribute to social anxiety and other mental health problems. Some individuals may

become addicted to screens and have difficulty controlling their usage, leading to negative

effects on mental health and overall well-being. Screen addiction can lead to a lack of

motivation, decreased productivity, and difficulties in maintaining real-life relationships.

Social effects

Excessive screen time can lead to a decrease in face-to-face communication,

which is an important aspect of social interaction. This can lead to feelings of loneliness,

social isolation, and decreased social support. Additionally, individuals who spend more time

communicating through screens may have difficulty understanding and interpreting

nonverbal cues, such as facial expressions and tone of voice, which are crucial for effective

communication. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Studies

have shown that excessive screen time, especially on social media, can lead to a decrease in

empathy. This may be because social media interactions lack the nonverbal cues that are

necessary for effective communication and understanding of emotions. Additionally,

individuals who spend more time communicating through screens may become desensitized

to the emotions of others, leading to a decrease in empathy. Cyberbullying is a type of

bullying that occurs through electronic communication, such as social media, text messages,

or email. The anonymity of the internet can make it easier for individuals to engage in

cyberbullying, which can have negative effects on mental health and well-being.

Cyberbullying can lead to feelings of isolation, depression, and anxiety, and in severe cases,

may even lead to suicide. Social media can create a fear of missing out on experiences and

events that others are sharing online. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and negatively

impact mental health and well-being. FOMO can also lead to a compulsion to constantly

check social media, even when it is not necessary, leading to a cycle of negative emotions and

behaviors.
WHY SCREEN TIME INCREASES

The last two decades have seen an explosion in the use of digital technology.

It has accelerated human’s exposure to prolonged screen time which is becoming a growing

concern. Digital technology is essentially the use of electronic devices to store, generate or

process data; facilitates communication and virtual interactions on social media platforms

using the internet. Electronic devices include computer, laptop, smartphone, tablet, or any

other similar devices with a screen. They are a medium of communication, virtual

interactions and connectedness between people. Social connection is fundamental to humans.

In addition, social connectedness also enhances mental well-being. COVID-19 pandemic has

imposed digital platforms as the only means for people to maintain socio-emotional

connection. The digital technology is influencing how people use digital devices to maintain,

or avoid social relations or how much time to spend for virtual social connectedness. Screen

time refers to the amount of time spent and the diverse activities performed online using

digital devices For instance, screen time encompasses both, using digital devices for work

purposes (regulated hours of work or educational purpose) as well as for leisure and

entertainment.The COVID-19 pandemic came with restrictions, regulations and stay-at-home

orders. This meant that people stayed indoors, offices remained shut, playgrounds were

empty and streets remained barren of human interaction. Many individuals could not return to

their homes, many stuck in foreign lands and many in solitude. As a result, the usage of

digital devices has increased manifold across the globe. Irrespective of age, people are

pushed to rely on digital platforms. Education, shopping, working, meeting, entertaining and

socializing suddenly leaped from offline to online. Here, digital technology came as a

blessing in disguise, enabling individuals to remain emotionally connected despite the social

distancing. At the same time, prolonged screen time has caused concerns related to its impact

on physical and mental health. While mindful (and regulated) use of digital devices is linked
with well-being, excessive screen time is reported to be associated with a range of negative

mental health outcomes such as psychological problems, low emotional stability, and greater

risk for depression or anxiety. Negative consequences often result when digital use is

impulsive, compulsive, unregulated or addictive. Screens are often seen as a convenient way

to access information, communicate with others, and complete tasks. For example, online

shopping, banking, and booking appointments can all be done easily through screens. they are

also used extensively in education, particularly in higher education and online learning.

Students may spend a significant amount of time completing coursework and engaging in

online discussions. Gaming has become increasingly popular, particularly among younger

populations. Gaming often involves screens and can lead to increased screen time,

particularly if individuals become addicted to gaming.

Positive consequences

Screens can be used to provide educational opportunities for individuals of all ages.

Online courses, educational videos, and interactive learning games can help individuals learn

new skills and expand their knowledge base. For example, individuals who may not have

access to traditional educational opportunities, such as those living in remote areas or

individuals with disabilities, can benefit from online learning options. Screens can provide a

means for individuals to communicate with loved ones who live far away. Video calls, text

messaging, and social media can help individuals maintain relationships and stay connected.

This can be particularly important for individuals who may feel isolated or lonely. It provide

a wide range of entertainment options, such as movies, TV shows, and video games. This can

be a source of enjoyment and can help individuals relax and relieve stress. Additionally,

screens can provide access to cultural and artistic content, such as virtual museum tours and

online music performances. it can be used to access a wealth of information on a variety of

topics. This can help individuals stay informed and make informed decisions. For example,
individuals can access information on health and wellness, current events, and scientific

discoveries.They can be used for work-related tasks, such as email, video conferencing, and

online collaboration. This can enhance productivity and facilitate remote work. Additionally,

screens can provide a means for individuals to complete tasks more efficiently, such as online

banking and shopping. It can provide a means for individuals to engage in creative activities,

such as digital art, music composition, and video production. This can promote self-

expression and provide individuals with a creative outlet. Additionally, screens can be used to

share and showcase creative work, such as through social media and online platforms.

Negative consequences

Excessive screen time can cause a range of physical health problems. For

example, prolonged exposure to screens can cause eye strain, dry eyes, and headaches.

Additionally, poor posture while using screens can cause neck, shoulder, and back pain. Lack

of physical activity due to excessive screen time can also lead to obesity, diabetes, and

cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, the blue light emitted from screens can suppress the

production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep, and lead to poor sleep quality.screen

time has been linked to a range of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression, and

stress. Social media use, in particular, has been linked to negative effects on mental health,

such as feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, and poor body image. Moreover, excessive

screen time can lead to a lack of social interaction, which can result in feelings of social

isolation and loneliness.it has been linked to a range of behavioral problems in children and

adolescents, such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Children who spend excessive

time on screens may have difficulty regulating their emotions and engaging in physical play,

which is critical for their development. Excessive screen time can lead to interpersonal

problems, such as neglecting relationships and reduced social interaction. Individuals who
spend excessive time on screens may struggle with face-to-face communication skills and

may have difficulty building and maintaining relationships.

Review of literature

Aric Sigman (2012) quantitively studied how children’s health in Britain is being

affected by increase in screen time. The research found that children by the age of 10 have

regular access to five different screens at home. Research also found that over the course of

childhood, children spend more time watching television than they spend at school. It was

also found that the increase in screen time has been associated with negative cognitive

outcomes for children between the ages of 0 and 4. Children with higher screen time scored

lower on number knowledge and classroom engagement.(sigman, 2012)

Madhav KC and Samendra Sherchan (2017) studied the association between screen

time and depressionn among US adults. The findings of the study suggested that screen time

was associated with moderate or severe depression among US adults. The research also found

that screen time was a significant risk factor for mental health disorders among US adults.

(sherchan & KC ,2017)

Ernesto Ramirez (2011) studied ‘Adolescent screen time and rules to limit screen

time at home.' His primary focus was to investigate associations between adolescent screen

time behaviours and screen time rules. Data indicated that screen time rules was significantly

correlated with time spent watching TV (β = −.22, p < .01), playing video games (β = −.18, p

< .05) and using the internet for entertainment (β = −.18, p < .05). From the findings, it was

concluded that setting limits on screen time was associated with fewer hours of screen time

for adolescents.( ramirez, 2011)

Andrew K. Przybylski (2019) conducted a research on ‘Digital screen time and

paediatric sleep. The findings from the research indicated that each hour devoted to digital
screens was associated with 3-8 fewer minutes of nightly sleep and significantly lower levels

of sleep consistency. However, links between digital screen time and paediatric sleep

outcomes were modest, accounting for less than 1.9% of the observed variability in sleep

outcomes. In the end, it was concluded that Contextual factors surrounding screen time exert

a more pronounced influence on paediatric sleep compared to screen time itself.( Przybylski,

2019)

Shields, Mark S Tremblay (2008) studied ‘Screen time among Canadian adults.

The study found that three in 10 people (29%) reported that they averaged 15 or more hours

per week watching television and 19% reported 21 or more hours per week watching

television. 29% of the Canadian adults were classified as frequent television viewers. It was

also found that the working-age population, employed full-time were less likely to be

frequent viewers of television than people who were not employed. ( Shields &Tremblay

2008)

Method

Focus group discussion

A focus group discussion involves gathering people from similar

backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of interest. It is a form of

qualitative research where questions are asked about their perceptions attitudes, beliefs,

opinion or ideas. In focus group discussion participants are free to talk with other group

members; unlike other research methods it encourages discussions with other participants. It

generally involves group interviewing in which a small group of usually 8 to 12 people. It is

led by a moderator (interviewer) in a loosely structured discussion of various topics of

interest. The group's composition and the group discussion should be carefully planned to

create a non-intimidating environment, so that participants feel free to talk openly and give
honest opinions. Since participants are actively encouraged to not only express their own

opinions, but also respond to other members and questions posed by the leader, focus groups

offer a depth, nuance, and variety to the discussion that would not be available through

surveys. Additionally, as FGDs are structured and directed, but also expressive, they can yield

a lot of information in a relatively short time. Therefore, FGDs are a good way to gather in-

depth information about a community’s thoughts and opinions on a topic. The course of the

discussion is usually planned in advance and most moderators rely on an outline, or guide, to

ensure that all topics of interest are covered. FGDs are different from other forms of group

discussion in that they are typically more structured and guided by a moderator who helps to

direct the conversation and keep it focused on the topic of interest. The moderator uses open-

ended questions to encourage participants to share their thoughts and experiences, and may

use prompts or follow-up questions to delve deeper into particular topics.

Participant

For this focus group discussion, we recruit nine participants between the ages of 18-21 who

were all undergraduate students the University of Delhi and used various electronic screens

on a regular basis for at least 2-3 hours a day. Three members of the discussion served as the

moderator who facilitated and moderated the focus groups while the other two members

were appointed as the assistant moderators who were writing notes by pen and paper. The

rest of the 9 participants were deeply involved in the discussion which went for 1 hour to

1.5 hours.

Procedure (include moderator schedule)

The focus group discussion was conducted in the psychology lab where a round

table was set up. Thirteen participants were present, of whom nine actively participated in the

discussion, while two served as assistant moderators and one as the main moderator. The
discussion began with the moderator introducing herself and her two assistants, after which

she asked each participant to introduce themselves and state their purpose or motivation for

being present. The discussion was then guided by the moderator, who asked questions,

directed the conversation, and created a comfortable environment for any reserved

participants. The moderator also provided affirmations through gestures and nods. Each

participant was given their own name card, a blank sheet of paper, and pens, and water was

readily available. All participants enthusiastically and genuinely engaged in the discussion,

showing interest and curiosity throughout. The discussion was voluntarily and systematically

recorded under the guidance of our professors. The focus group discussion lasted

approximately 90 minutes. The session closed with the moderator’s reiteration of

confidentiality and the purposes for which the data will be used and summarisation of the

whole discussion by the assistant moderators. Participants were thanked and received some

compensation for taking out their time to participate in the study. The focus group

discussions were digitally audio-video recorded to ensure accuracy of the information and

then transcribed verbatim after the session was concluded.

The transcription was analysed thoroughly employing the method of thematic

analysis to organize the information into overarching categories based on participant

responses. These trends were further categorized into subgroups using direct quotes

Participant responses were kept confidential and anonymously documented in the further

analysis

Result and discussion

Four major themes, with up to 2 subthemes, were identified following the thematic coding of

the focus group transcripts. These themes and corresponding quotes are presented in Table 1

to Table 4.
 Table.1

Presenting description of theme – 1 – Attitude towards screen time on health

Subthemes Quotes

“According to me, there's internet and social media, so like there is a

1.1: Positive aspects of screen time
work life balance. So, you can work from home in order to spend

more time with your family.” (Participant 6)

“Online actually gives us more flexibility, more time for our social

interactions considering we have a good schedule or timetable.”

(Participant 3)

“I feel like working on screen brings me some sort of satisfaction. So,

I just know that yes, I'm getting some work done. “(Participant 2)

“Because of social media and screen time we do get to know a lot

more information than a newspaper because we get to know about

instant news more.” (Participant 7)

“People feel connected as well…when they suffer from isolation. As

it's giving you a community…you go online, ask for resources, and

you end up connecting with a BPD community. It also raises your

self-esteem when you realise that there is a community of people that

go through the same difficulties.” (Participant 5)

“I think it's a loop. I think it helps me to regulate my anxiety as well

as it adds on to it. when I'm feeling anxious, I need some distraction.

So, I open my phone for texting or Instagram or whatever.”

(Participant 1)

“If you talk about its positive impacts on health, I think it gives us the
 awareness…they have the access to it, they have the resources, I think

it will mean a better addition to health.” (Participant 5)

“It prevents isolation but prevention is more like an online version.

That we have online friends.” (Participant 7) “I have proper online

friends also and i have people who have been friends after meeting

online also.” (Participant 5) “I have social anxiety…I actually find it

more comfortable talking to people online. (Participant 1)

“Sedentary lifestyle. You are using a screen for your work or to do

1.2: Negative aspects of screen time
anything, you are sitting in one place for hours and it leads to

obesity.” (Participant 6)

“It impacts our eyesight.” (Participant 9) “When we talk about how

the screen affects our eyes, people don’t usually think over how it

actually does that. If people are looking at the screen for 2 or 3

hours… they are just staring at the screen without even blinking once

and that their eyes’ fluid is getting dried up and this leads to their

damage. (Participant 3)

“It leads to lethargy and also fries your brain.” (Participant 5)

“No matter what device you are using, your posture gets

compromised.” (Participant 7) “We always think that the screen

affects just the upper body but forget that the lower body is getting

equally impacted. There is no mobility while one uses the screen

sitting at one place for long stretches.” (Participant 3)

“People get so distracted while gaming that they don’t focus on eating

or drinking.” (Participant 8)

“We all use platforms like Instagram and watch reels and all and
many of us get influenced by the way these celebrities look and it

leads to body image issues.” (Participant 4) “Identity crisis. You

watch so many influencers. You like their personalities. And you

forget who you are.” (Participant 6)

“We don’t see kids playing in the streets or parks outside anymore.”

(Participant 1) “In our times, we used to play outside, get hurt and

learn too...but I have seen kids in my residential society come to the

playground only to sit on benches and play games on their phones. the

advent of online payments has made it easy for kids to just buy

anything whenever they want and I think that is also a loss.”

(Participant 3) “Immunity and Internet usage seem interlinked like it

was said that in our times, we used to play outside a lot and got hurt

and still played. We got exposure to everything but nowadays, kids

don’t get to be exposed to all of this and with Covid, it all lessened so

I think they are somehow weaker than us immunity wise” (Participant

5)

“Once you start scrolling, you just can’t stop…ultimately your sleep

gets affected because if you sleep at 3 and wake up at 12 it ruins our

sleep schedule and also our circadian rhythm.” (Participant 7)

“Humans are wired in such a way that towards the end of the day they

require some sort of warm lights. But what the screens emit are blue

lights which is not good for us as they don't allow us to sleep.”

(Participant 2)

“Our problem solving and decision making skills get affected. And

with google and all we have resources at our fingertips. We are not
 searching for them in books. Its efficient but it also reduces our

critical thinking skills. Interestingly, I read a research article asking

“do we need critical thinking skills right now?” and “do we need

proper memory right now?” (Participant 5)

“Because of the availability of information, social media becomes our

first source of information. We hardly ever test the reliability of the

information. We don’t confirm its reliability from a professional.”

(Participant 3)

“Our generation has become very impatient.” (Participant 1) “We

have even become pretty reactive to things. Someone puts up an

opinion online and immediately we go ‘cancel this person’.”

(Participant 5) “I have a bit of anger issues because of gaming.”

(Participant 9)

“There was research which mentioned our attention span reducing.”

(Participant 2)

“Social platforms create an alternate reality hence causing identity

conflicts between the real life and online… your perception of reality

also gets distorted.” (Participant 3)

Table.1 describes how participants reported using screen time for many activities

ranging from communication to entertainment purposes such as social media and watching

videos to educational purposes like note-taking, research or looking up reference materials.

Many students noted that they use their laptop or phones for pulling up lecture slides or

reference books. One participant uses a screen for everything -- watching TV, researching

things, Instagram, communicating with people, spending free time. Another participant noted
that using a screen is nice for studying as anytime you have a question, you can reach out to

Google. The participants hold various positive views about the influence of their screen time

usage and its role in their lives-through the means of internet and social media. They believe

it offers the opportunity to balance work and personal life, increases social interactions,

enhances a sense of accomplishment, provides immediate access to information, fosters

communities for support, boosts self-esteem, aids in anxiety management, promotes health

awareness, combats loneliness through online relationships, and helps those with social

anxiety connect with others. The negative repercussions brought up by participants were a

sedentary lifestyle, eye strain, posture problems, lethargy, and negative impact on brain

function. They also discussed how excessive screen time affects sleep patterns and the body's

natural circadian rhythm due to the blue light emitted by screens. Other issues raised by the

participants include the negative impact of social media on body image and the creation of an

alternate reality that leads to identity conflicts. They also discussed how easy access to

information through technology affects critical thinking skills and decision-making abilities.

The participants also mentioned the negative impact of excessive screen time on physical

activities such as playing outside, which is essential for developing immunity in children. The

participants also discussed behavioural changes that result from excessive screen time, such

as impatience, anger issues, and a reactive mindset. They also noted how social media has

become the primary source of information, leading to a lack of reliability and accuracy. The

conversation highlighted the need to balance screen time with other activities that promote

physical and mental well-being.

The participants' views on the influence of screen time usage on their lives are

likely shaped by their personal experiences and the information they have gathered from

various sources, including media, peers, and educational institutions. The positive views

expressed by the participants have stemmed from their belief in the convenience and benefits
of technology, as well as the cultural norms that prioritize technology usage in modern

society. They have learned about the positive effects of screen time on mental health and

well-being, as well as the opportunities for social interaction and knowledge acquisition that

it provides through personal encounters. On the other hand, the negative views expressed by

the participants seem to be influenced by concerns about the potential physical and

psychological risks associated with excessive screen time. They have learned about the

negative effects of technology on sleep patterns, posture, and brain function, as well as the

potential impact on social skills, critical thinking abilities, and physical activity because of

their personal experiences and from the news and incidents happening around the world. The

participants' views are shaped by a combination of personal experiences, cultural and societal

norms, and information gathered from various sources, highlighting the complex and

multifaceted nature of attitudes towards screen time usage.

Emerging research is showing some interesting results on the content of screen-

based programming. A recent study showed that playing shooting-based games is associated

with benefits related to visual processing, attention, and spatial processing (i.e., mental

rotation abilities) (Granic et al., 2014). In addition, most types of video games have

favourable associations with problem solving and creativity. Educational TV programs can

also help to broaden children's knowledge by influencing their racial attitudes and

imaginativeness (Thakkar &Garrison, 2006). Researchers have also shown that the context in

which youth use the Internet can affect mental health outcomes differently. For example, in

youth who perceived that their friendship qualities were low, using the Internet to

communicate was related to less depression and less internalizing problems whereas using the

Internet for noncommunication such as surfing was related to detrimental effects on

depression and social anxiety (Selfhout et al., 2009). With Internet usage a mainstay in

society, it is not surprising that people are using it to connect with others from around the
world. The American Academy of Pediatrics in 2016 released a consensus statement that

noted that screen time can be used to enhance social support and connection, community

participation, and civic engagement. Moreover, social media can be used to harness health

communication and can be useful for people who are looking for tailored health information

(e.g., disease-specific information and information about sexuality) or who are seeking

welcoming communities and social support (Krueger et al., 2015). In fact, the majority (68%)

of U.S. adults report that they get their news from social media sites such as Facebook,

Reddit, or Twitter (Gottfried & Shearer, 2016). With the large majority of people around the

world engaged in social media, it holds the potential to enhance and broaden opportunities to

affiliate with people, enhance peer relationships, and to explore opportunities of self-

disclosure (Shapiro et al.2015). This also seems to hold true for video games. The social

benefits of video games can include building social skills, working cooperatively to achieve

an in-game goal, engaging in moral decision making, prosocial behaviours, and civic

engagement (Anderson &Yukawa et al., 2009). The motivational quality of screen time has

been proposed as a moderator of the relationship between screen time and mental health

indicators. For example, researchers have shown that a higher duration of playing video

games in adults was only related to lower well-being when the players were obsessively

passionate about the video game. By contrast, a higher duration of playing video games in

people who were low on obsessive passion had higher levels of post play energy (Przybylski

& Weinstein, 2009) Furthermore, video games that allow players to feel competent or

efficacious, compete socially with or against friends in an interactive format, or allow for in

game self-direction of behaviours have been related to higher in game enjoyment and

preferences for playing in the future (Ryan & Rigby., 2006) .Collectively, research evidence

highlights some potential cognitive, social, motivational, and health behavioural benefits

associated with certain types or contexts of screen time.

 Nevertheless, these potential beneficial effects of screen time on health must be

weighed alongside the known potential harmful effects of accruing longer time spent

sedentary while using a screen. Current evidence seems to suggest there are more deleterious

effects of excessive screen time than potential benefits. Previous research supports the

argument that screen time use definitely affects the physical and psychological health of

youth and adolescents (Busch et al., 2014). Children and youth showed lowered physical

activity levels, less outdoor time, higher sedentary behaviour that included leisure screen time

and more sleep during the coronavirus outbreak (Bahkir & Grandee, 2020). Sudden increase

in complaints of irritability without internet connectivity and smartphone; gambling, inability

to concentrate; absenteeism in online educational classes or work due to disturbed sleep

cycle, and unavoidable excessive use of smart-phones have been reported in the media (Smith

et al., 2020). The two crucial negative impacts of screen time on the physical health of

children & adolescents is that of sleep problems and increased risk of myopia (Singh &

Balhara, 2021). A large number of original studies indicate excessive screen time has adverse

health effects in long run such as physical health symptoms like eye strain, sleep disturbance,

carpal tunnel syndrome, neck pain as well as mental health problems ranging from difficulties

in concentration, obsession to diagnosable mental illness such as anxiety, depression, and

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Király et al., 2020; Meyer et al., 2020; Oberle et al.,

2020; Stavridou et al., 2021). In a study with older adolescents aged between 18 and 20,

researchers found that smartphone dependency can predict higher reports of depressive

symptoms and loneliness (George et al., 2018) Another study (Twenge et al., 2018) revealed

that the generation of teens, known as “iGen”–born after 1995–are more likely to experience

mental health issues than counterparts–their millennial predecessors. Building on these

studies, our findings highlight how students perceive screen usage, including usage for work

and social media use, negatively impacts the overall wellbeing of students in terms of the
worsening mental and physical health. They reported it as a distraction and an obsessive

habit, and something that contributes to poor sleep hygiene. In particular, it was noted that

one-click access to the Internet, more than the devices themselves, was a big factor in

becoming distracted. The mental health impacts of excessive digital use include attention-

deficit symptoms, impaired emotional and social intelligence, social isolation, phantom

vibration syndrome, and diagnosable mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, and

technology addiction like gaming disorder (Amin et al., 2020; Dienlin & Johannes, 2020;

King et al., 2020; Lanca & Saw, 2020; Lodha & De Sousa, 2020; Oswald et al., 2020; World

Health Organization, 2020; Xiang et al., 2020; Hudimova, 2021; Wong et al., 2021). Though

digital devices kept many socially and emotionally connected, screen time also resulted in

experiences of irritability, corona-anxiety, sleep problems, emotional exhaustion, isolation,

social media fatigue and screen fatigue and phantom vibration syndrome (Gurvich et al.,

2020; Lodha & De Sousa, 2020; Hudimova, 2021). Evidence among adult populations is less

divisive and shows that total sedentary behavior, and not just screen time, is associated with

adverse health. The American Heart Association science advisory recently summarized the

existing evidence about total sedentary behavior as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity

and mortality in adults (Young, Alhassan S & Camhi et al., 2016). They reported that

prospective evidence is accumulating rapidly on sedentary behavior as a risk factor for

cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus morbidity and for all-cause mortality. A recent

synthesis of systematic reviews reported numerous negative relationships between screen

time and health indicators (de Rezende & Rodrigues, 2014). Specifically, in children and

adolescents, they reported that there is strong evidence for a negative relationship between

TV viewing, screen time, and obesity. Moderate evidence was found for the relationship

between TV viewing, screen time, and higher blood pressure; higher total cholesterol; lower

self-esteem; social behavior problems; lower physical fitness; and poorer academic
 achievement. In adults, they reported strong evidence for a relationship between TV viewing,

screen time, and all-cause mortality; fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease; type 2

diabetes; and metabolic syndrome.  Screen exposure increases sleep disturbances. For

example, the blue light of screens has been shown to suppress melatonin secretion, which

may delay sleep onset (Wood, Plitnick & Figueiro, 2013) Many individuals are using screen

devices within the hour before trying to fall asleep or using cell phones in bed, which

interferes with the ability to fall asleep throughout the night (Adams & Williford, 2013).

Overall, there is a large body of evidence (although largely observational in nature) linking

higher screen time with adverse psychological and physical health. These findings are

certainly a cause for concern given that screen time is ubiquitous in modern societies, with

many individuals exceeding public health screen time recommendations. This reality is

especially important to document and study as new technologies emerge that integrate screen

time into a more traditional physical activity environment.

Table.2

Presenting description of theme 2: Shifts in Screen Time Habits

Subtheme Quotes

“Post COVID you have now discovered that all the work that was
2.1: Reasons for the shift
earlier done offline can also be done online.” (Participant 2)

“Increased screentime was not in our hands if you look at it

objectively. It wasn’t forced on us rather it became the need of the

hour during COVID and it came naturally. You can say that the

Economically weaker section, they might have felt forced for using

screens because not all of them had access but for others it came

naturally and everyone went along with it.” (Participant 3)

 “During COVID the child was given the phone and was exposed to it

and discovered a new…. Earlier social media platforms had age

restrictions 13 years, 18 years 15 years now those restrictions have

become invisible and are not even imposed. “(Participant 3)

“Unfiltered access to information for kids… restrictions don’t work

and the algorithm is designed such so that the population can easily

get hooked, frying brains of kids and kids at the end of the day are

being exposed to stuff that the shouldn’t. “(Participant 5)

2.2: Facilitators of increased screen “All meetings that we could hold offline are now happening online.
All the studies and academics even can be one in front of a screen.”
time
(Participant 2)

“We didn’t realise how our screen time gradually increased as we had

our day planned around the screen with 8am to 2pm classes

sometimes even 3:30pm and we had homework till 6pm and hence

had to be in front of the screen but after wards we realised that we

have been sitting in one spot for over 10 hours, even though we’re

working but it affected us and we could not do anything about it.”

(Participant 3)

Table.2 highlights on how technology has advanced significantly within the past

decade and along with that has come the ability to use a variety of devices for multiple

purposes. Excessive screen time, too, has become a grave concern. While this can make

accessing information much easier and allow for new organizational methods, it can also

provide the opportunity for more problems. Screen time during COVID-19 has further

increased as a result of public health measures enforced by governments to curb the

pandemic. With the global societies under lockdown, the only medium to stay socio-

emotionally connected was the digital one. COVID-19 pandemic has imposed digital

platforms as the only means for people to maintain socio-emotional connection (Kanekar and

Sharma, 2020). The digital technology is influencing how people use digital devices to

maintain, or avoid social relations or how much time to spend for virtual social

connectedness (Antonucci et al., 2017). According to the participants, the COVID-

19 pandemic has caused a shift towards increased screen time as people have discovered that

many tasks that were previously done offline can be done online. While some participants

feel that increased screen time came naturally, others believe that it was forced upon

economically weaker sections of society who did not have access to offline alternatives. The

pandemic has also led to children being given more unfiltered access to information through

social media platforms, which can be harmful to their development. The participants noted

that online meetings and academic activities have become the norm, leading to prolonged

periods of screen time, which can have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Many participants noted that the shift towards increased screen time came naturally

because they discovered the convenience and efficiency of online tasks. With offline

alternatives being limited due to lockdowns and social distancing measures, online platforms

provided a way to them to continue essential activities such as work, education, and social

interactions. Some participants believed that increased screen time was forced upon

economically weaker sections of society who did not have access to offline alternatives. With

limited resources and options, they had to rely heavily on online platforms for various tasks,

such as remote work, online learning, and accessing information. This may have been driven

by financial constraints and lack of access to offline resources. The participants also

highlighted that the pandemic led to children being given more unfiltered access to

information through social media platforms, which can be harmful to their development. With
increased screen time, children may have been exposed to inappropriate content,

misinformation, and online risks, potentially impacting their mental and emotional well-

being. The participants also mentioned that online meetings and academic activities have

become the norm during the pandemic, leading to prolonged periods of screen time. With

social interactions and learning shifting predominantly to online platforms, individuals may

have felt compelled to participate in these activities, even if they were concerned about the

potential negative effects of prolonged screen time on their physical and mental health.

Overall, the rationale of the participants suggests that the increased screen time during the

COVID-19 pandemic was driven by a combination of convenience, economic constraints,

access to information, and societal norms. While some participants may have adapted to

online tasks willingly, others may have been forced to rely on online platforms due to limited

offline alternatives, potentially resulting in negative effects on physical and mental health,

particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and economically weaker sections of

society.

Various studies support these findings. Digital technology came as a blessing in

disguise, enabling individuals to remain emotionally connected despite the social distancing.

At the same time, prolonged screen time has caused concerns related to its impact on physical

and mental health. While mindful (and regulated) use of digital devices is linked with well-

being, excessive screen time is reported to be associated with a range of negative mental

health outcomes such as psychological problems, low emotional stability, and greater risk for

depression or anxiety (Allen et al., 2019; Aziz Rahman et al., 2020; Ministry of Human

Resource Development, 2020). Negative consequences often result when digital use is

impulsive, compulsive, unregulated or addictive (Kuss & Lopez-Fernandez, 2016). During

the pandemic induced lockdown, people turned to social media, messaging applications and

video conferencing platforms. These platforms provided people with an opportunity to stay
 connected (Kietzmann et al., 2011). Social connection and interaction is one of the strongest

predictors of well-being, thus potentially impacting the mental health of a person. Research

conducted to understand the impact of digital social interactions on well-being has shown

both positive and negative effects (Gurvich et al., 2020; Pandey and Pal, 2020). Overall,

people who spend some time using digital and social media are happier than those who do not

use internet at all, but those who spend the most time online tend to be the least happy (Qin et

al., 2020). Several research studies during the pandemic period (in countries like India,

China, United States, Canada, and Australia) have delineated the problem with increasing

screen time. As aforementioned, COVID-19 aggravated use of digital devices and

consequently its impact on health colossally (Bahkir & Grandee, 2020; Gupta, 2020; Ko &

Yen, 2020; Moore et al., 2020; Small et al., 2020; Ting et al., 2020). Overall digital device

usage increased by 5 h, giving a plunge to screen time up to 17.5 h per day for heavy users

and an average of 30 h per week for non-heavy users (Balhara et al., 2020; Dienlin &

Johannes, 2020; Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2020; Vanderloo et al., 2020;

Xiang et al., 2020)

Table.3

Presenting description of theme 3: Controlling and Managing Screen Time

Subthemes Quotes

3.1: Attempts to control and manage “Will power, if let’s assume a person wants to reduce his screen time
and he cannot it’s a will power issue but some people need a push that
screen time
they need to stop with excessive usage. While on social media you

can try to watch stuff that makes you healthy and is good for you.

Example I have started to watch Gym videos etc.” (Participant 8)

“If you search for something on the internet and after that open an app
 that shows ads alongside it, you will get ads about the thing that you

were searching for on the internet. So, basically, you decide the type

of algorithm that you want. If you filter out the things that you say in

front of your mobile phones, you might not see the things that will

draw your attention toward your mobile phone.” (Participant 3)

3.2: Challenges in managing screen “I used to be on my phone for at least 10 hours. So based on my
personal experience if I'm engaged in any other activity and I’ve been
time
away from my phone for about 1-2 hrs or so somehow, I end up using

my phone. For eg: If I am doing painting, I might look up something

from Pinterest.” (Participant 6)

“Despite having less screen time, people end up going back to their

mobile phones as it acts as a comfort zone for them.” (Participant 4)

“I try to stay away from my phone but I feel restless or have FOMO.”

(Participant 1)

“It feels like there will be some sort of emergency.” (Participant 6)

“This is something common about mobile phones but talking about

laptops, we keep doing random things and avoid being productive, we

haven’t done any sort of hustle or become a part of capitalism right? I

think it’s because our society is sort of revolving around the fact that

we have to do something and be productive and after covid we see

16-year-old kids reaching new heights and here we are doing

absolutely nothing.” (Participant 5)

Table.3 elaborates on how the study participants discussed various attempts to

manage and control their screen time. Some suggested that it was a matter of willpower, and
that finding ways to stay engaged with healthy content on social media could help reduce

excessive usage. Others emphasized the importance of filtering out certain search terms to

avoid being bombarded with ads for those products or topics. Despite these efforts, many

participants noted that managing screen time was a significant challenge. They described

feeling compelled to check their phones even when engaged in other activities, and some

found that their phones had become a comfort zone that was difficult to leave. Some

participants expressed feeling restless or having FOMO when away from their phones, while

others feared missing out on potential emergencies. The study also revealed concerns about

the negative effects of excessive screen time on productivity and a sense of achievement.

People are aware of the need to manage their screen time, doing so remains a challenge, and

may require more than just willpower and conscious effort. Despite the potential adverse

effects of screen time on health, it is impossible to abstain from screen time in modern times.

Oftentimes, the most successful tactics to minimize technology harm are not technical at all,

but behavioural such as self-imposed limitations on use of digital platforms, using non-digital

means when possible and using digital platforms for better health and well-being.

Unregulated amounts of screen time may lead to adverse effects on health.

The rationale of the participants regarding managing and controlling screen time

can be attributed to their personal experiences and observations of the impact of excessive

screen time on their health and well-being. Some participants suggested that willpower and

finding engaging and healthy content on social media could help reduce excessive screen

time, indicating their belief that conscious effort is required to manage screen time

effectively. They likely arrived at this conclusion based on their own experiences of

struggling to limit their screen time and the positive effects they experienced from engaging

in healthier activities. Others emphasized the importance of filtering out certain search terms

to avoid being bombarded with ads for products or topics that could trigger excessive screen
time, indicating their understanding of the negative effects of digital advertising and their

desire to minimize their exposure to it. They likely arrived at this conclusion based on their

personal experiences of feeling overwhelmed or manipulated by digital advertising.

However, despite their best efforts to manage screen time, many participants noted

that it remained a significant challenge. They described feeling compelled to check their

phones even when engaged in other activities, and some found that their phones had become

a comfort zone that was difficult to leave. This likely led them to believe that managing

screen time requires more than just willpower and conscious effort, but also a fundamental

shift in behavior and mindset. Overall, the participants' rationale for managing screen time

can be attributed to their recognition of the potential adverse effects of excessive screen time

on health, personal experiences of struggling to limit screen time and the positive effects they

experienced from engaging in healthier activities.

Studies support these arguments, clearly indicating differences in the effects of

regulated, rational use and actively engaging with the digital devices than passively absorbing

what is on the screen (Bahkir & Grandee, 2020; Dienlin & Johannes, 2020; Ministry of

Human Resource Development, 2020; Pandey & Pal, 2020; Winther & Byrne, 2020). Digital

devices can be adapted for numerous positive activities such as online exercise classes,

mindfulness training, webinars on healthy lifestyles, and so on (Harvard Pilgrim HealthCare,

2021).

Table.4

Presenting description of theme 4: Strategies, Efforts and Rules/ Regulations related to

Screen Time

Subthemes Quotes
 “Scheduling more time for human interactions. Mindfulness practices
4.1: Individual level
like yoga, exercise, etc. Indulging in outdoor activities which require

less screen time e.g., painting, sports, etc. Screen time limiter which is

something I’ve used personally. Scheduling a timetable that includes a

certain time when you stay away from screens. I read research once

which talked about a no screen day though, a whole day would be a

long time for us so I suggest that one should have a set time in which

you do nothing. Doing nothing in itself is an art, it's part relaxation.”

(Participant 5)

“Locking your phone in a drawer or giving to parents or anyone who

wouldn’t tell you where your phone is.” (Participant 1)

“Blink and focus on something, 20 meters away every 20 minutes.

That is a rule I come across sometimes. It builds your focus. Beware

of the harmful effects and your feelings like… so if I’m trying to

reduce my screen time, there will be withdrawal signs such as “I want

this” so those are the feelings I am addressing to. But if we start

thinking ‘why am i like this?’ ‘Next time when i pick up my phone or

feel like using it, i would instead feel that ‘no this is wrong. I

shouldn’t be doing this.” (Participant 8)

“We should try taking handwritten notes more often because if we are

taking notes on a tablet or laptop, after going back home, we look at

the notes, study from it, adding more to our screen time again. If you

have a friend who lives nearby and you can visit them anytime, so

instead of talking with them online, go meet and talk to them.”

(Participant 6)
 “Remove microphone option from those apps which are genuinely not

needed in your phone like in Amazon, in YouTube you can write and

search instead. This is because the more the microphone of your

phone is open, the more recommendations you will get…this will

increase your screen time as you will look at the stuff which will

interest you more. If you want to change the algorithm, keep the

minimalist apps like contacts, notes and even you have apps for these.

So, this will result in making your phone use less. Rest is, fix a time

schedule. Lastly, I would like to say that if you have an addiction to

using social media, so just take a break from them, deactivate your

ids, and remove it from your phones.” (Participant 3)

“Indulge in hobbies which call for offline attention, again like sports,

journaling, writing, dancing and also about journaling. I think people

should do it at the end of the day so that they avoid screens and sleep
4.2 Community level peacefully. It will also help in remembering what happened in a day.”

(Participant 4)

“Alarms for reminding to stop scrolling and setting time when you

got out to scroll. We can sort of set time like study for 25 minutes and

then scroll for 5 minutes. We can use pomodoro technique,

Conditioning could be that I only take my phone after 25 minutes of

studying.” (Participant 7)

“One point I wanted to cover was education. So, like we’re doing this

focus group discussion right now and through it we’re thinking more

about it. People do think about it sometimes but mostly they’re not

aware of what they’re doing. This should be introduced in

curriculums or taught somehow and like actually putting it out there

that this is something that’s not going to work for you in the long

time. That is important and a way in which we can reduce the screen

time.” (Participant 2)

“Another thing that I saw on the Internet only is to create screen free

zones. Maybe in the household. Like it comes under parenting style

only. Kids learn from parents only.” “You should create specific times

like while you’re having tea, at evening together or set ground rules at

home.” (Participant 6)

“I’d suggest creating a different space for everything…in your room.

As in you don't do everything on your bed. Then that’s how you start

associating things. Like you’re going to sleep but you’re not able to

stop thinking about reels because we spend most of our time on bed

scrolling away.” (Participant 1)

“For example, you’re an employee who’s addicted to their mobiles

and under high work pressure. Then somewhere it’s also the duty of

the employer to create a work environment that is positive and puts

less burden. If stress levels are already so high then people will

automatically opt for escapism.” (Participant 5)

“To control news consumption, I’d suggest that we keep 2 or 3

specific news channels or apps that we can rely on. Even if we don't

trust the news on one app, we can cross check on the other.”

(Participant 3)
 Table.4 shows the findings from the focus group discussion suggest that young

people face various challenges and employ a range of strategies to reduce their screen time.

The strategies include scheduling more time for human interactions, practicing mindfulness

activities such as yoga and outdoor activities that require less screen time, using screen time

limiters, setting a timetable that includes time away from screens, taking handwritten notes,

and indulging in hobbies that require offline attention. Participants also suggested removing

unnecessary app features such as microphones, setting alarms for scrolling time, and creating

a separate space for activities. Moreover, they emphasized the importance of education on the

negative effects of excessive screen time, and suggested incorporating it into curricula.

Participants also pointed out the role of employers in reducing screen time by creating a work

environment that is less stressful. Lastly, participants recommended limiting news

consumption to a few specific channels or apps to avoid overuse.

There are several research studies that focus on strategies, efforts, and

rules/regulations related to screen time. One study conducted in 2015 analysed and

synthesized 15 qualitative studies on screen time among youth aged 11-18 years old. The

study found that parents play a critical role in regulating screen time and that they employ

various strategies, including setting rules, limiting the amount of time their children spend on

screens, and using parental monitoring software (Minges et al., 2015) Another study in 2021

reviewed the effects of regulated and rational use of digital devices. The study found that

actively engaging with digital devices has a more positive effect than passively using them.

The study also highlighted the importance of setting boundaries and taking breaks from

screen time to promote healthy digital habits (Pandya et al., 2021) A recent study done in

2023 examined the association between self-administered media regulation strategies and

children's screen time. The study found that none of the parental media regulation strategies

were associated with children's screen time. However, the study noted that other factors, such
as socioeconomic status and parents' own screen time habits, may influence children's screen

time (Poulain et al., 2023) A systematic review done in 2012 provides a promising start and

suggests that effective interventions would benefit from setting a specific target for reduced

screen time, and using screen time limiting devices, provide feedback or counseling, and

include high levels of parental involvement (Schmidt et al.,2012)

Smartphone apps or wearable technologies are promising intervention

methodologies for the future. Although this work is in its infancy, studies have shown they

have the capacity to reduce sedentary time. A researcher in 2015 developed a smartphone

application (NEAT!) that provided participants with noise or vibration prompts upon 20 min

of consecutive sitting time. Their pilot study (N = 7) found that participants decreased their

sedentary time (Pellegrini et al., 2015) In a study researchers combined motivational

counseling with individual SMS reminders to reduce sedentary time and found that the

intervention group decreased sitting time, whereas the control group increased it (Thomsen et

al., 2014). Similarly, some researchers used a mobile phone intervention that provided

prompts during self-reported sitting bouts to reduce sitting time and information on the

consequences of sedentary behavior. (Kendzor et al., 2016). The intervention resulted in

significantly fewer minutes of daily sedentary time (B = −22.09, P = 0.045) and significantly

greater minutes spent active (B = 23.01, P = 0.04). Ultimately, future work is needed to

identify how best to use new technologies to reduce sedentary behavior and the potential

health benefits of such interventions.

CONCLUSION

After conducting a focused group discussion (FGD) on the topic of screen time and its effects

on health, it can be concluded that excessive screen time can have negative impacts on both

physical and mental health. Participants in the FGD expressed concerns about the potential
effects of prolonged screen time, including eye strain, neck and back pain, and sleep

disturbances. Additionally, participants noted that excessive screen time can contribute to

sedentary behavior, which is a risk factor for obesity and other chronic diseases.

Participants also discussed the potential impacts of screen time on mental health. Many

reported feelings of stress, anxiety, and social isolation due to excessive screen time. They

noted that social media platforms can contribute to feelings of inadequacy and FOMO (fear

of missing out), which can have negative impacts on mental health.

In conclusion, the FGD highlighted the need for individuals to be mindful of their screen time

and to take steps to reduce excessive use of digital devices. This could include taking breaks

from screens throughout the day, engaging in physical activity, and finding alternative ways

to connect with others. It is also important for healthcare providers and policymakers to

address the potential negative impacts of screen time on health and to promote healthy habits

and behaviors.

Refrence

Taylor, S (2009), health psychology ,10th edition ,mac graw hill education , university of

California ,las Angeles .

Abraham ,C& Conner ,M & Jones ,F & Connor ,D (2008) ,health psychology :topics in

applied psychology ,hoddor education , great Britain

Brannon , L & Feist, J & Updegraff , J (2010), Health psychology :an introduction to

behaviour and health ,8th edition , cengage learning , wadsmorth

 Appendix A
Moderator Schedule

Total focus group time: 90 minutes – 1 hour + 30 minutes

1. Introduction (3 mins)
Welcome to this focus group discussion, please feel free to express your opinion and views
clearly and in detail one person at a time. There is no right or wrong answers; we are all here
to share. This session is being recorded by a video camera (direct group to where the camera
is), it would be much appreciated that all mobile devices are on silent or switched off. The
purpose of this focus group is to obtain information about a group’s belief and attitudes on
female cosmetic products. All information obtain will be kept confidential. The information
from this discussion would be used for analysis as a whole, your names will not be used for
the analysis of the discussion.
Would everybody please take turns to introduce themselves by giving your name, and briefly
share with the group when do you put on make-up?
2. Discussion (72 mins)
 1) Now that we know everyone’s average screen time, would you mind sharing what
apps or websites do you use most often and why?
2) Could you show us what is your overall opinion on the impact of screen time on
health through a gesture. Thumbs up for positive, thumbs down for negative and in
the middle for neutral.
3) I noticed you showed us a thumbs up, would you like to share what you think are the
positive aspects of screen time?
4) For everyone else who showed a thumbs down. What is your take on it please explain
a little further.
5) In the past few years do you see a shift in the time spent in front of the screen? Why?
6) In a research study, majority of the subjects agreed that they would be much happier
with less screen time. What do you think are the reasons that people still continue to
spend more time in front of the screen, despite having the awareness?
7) Have you ever tried to control and manage your screen time? Were you successful?
8) Would you be kind enough to list a few ways you think can help one to lessen their
screen time.
9) Let’s try reading them one by one and making a common list.

3. Conclusion (15 mins)

1) Before we end out discussion could each of you, describe your take away from this
discussion?
2) Let’s go on with the summary of the session which will be taken ahead by Vrinda &
Ayushi who are our Assistant Moderators.

Name Timestamp Transcript

Hitaishi 0 - 10:22 Moderator:
Good afternoon everyone welcome to this group discussion, my
name is Hitaishi Jain. And I am glad you all could make it today
despite all the weather conditions, we'll be discussing the impact of
screen time on health, and how to successfully manage the same,
we'll be looking at both positive and negative aspects of it. And a
more generalized pattern in public relating to the same. This
discussion aims to obtain a better understanding of the effects of
screen time on health, whether it's direct or indirect.
Vrinda and Ayushi right here, our assistant moderators, will be
helping us take notes and record our whole conversation so that we
don't miss out on anything.
Before starting, I would like to set some ground rules, I would request
you all to turn off your mobile phones if possible or put them on silent
mode just for this discussion, I know Yash it's difficult, I get it. For any
important calls, you can step outside and just join back as soon as
possible. this discussion is judgment free. So feel free to voice your
opinions. there is no right or wrong answer. And we might have
differing opinions but it's all okay all views are welcome. So let's just
go around the table by introducing ourselves.

So my name is Hitaishi as stated before I will be guiding our

conversation
Participant 2: Hi, my name is Saadhvi as you all must know and I'm
an avid screen user which is why I'm here today.

Participant 4: Hi guys, I am Vandana Krishnan.

Participant 6: Hello everyone, I am Harshita Bisht.

Participant 1: Hello, Purna this side.

Participant 5:Hi, this is Kritika Joshi and I too love my mobile phones
which is why I'm here today.

Participant 8:Hello, I am Yash Chauhan, I know you all are fans.

Participant 3: Hello, I am Vaibhav. The only reason I do not have my

mobile phone is that my phone is being used to record this
conversation.

Participant 9:Hello everyone, my name is Aman and I am the live

example of a screen time user

Participant 7:Hi guys, I am Swati and I just love my laptop.

Moderator: Just to start on an active note would you mind showing by

your fingers how many hours you spend on screen on average?

Saadhvi is 12 hours, Vandana is 4-5 hours, Harshita is 10+ hours,

Purna and Kritika 5 hours each, Yash is on his phone for about 10-14
hours, Vaibhav 8 hours, Aman and Swati 10+ hours each. Now that
we know everyone's average screen time, what all devices do you
use and maybe you could tell us why or for what purpose?

Participant 2: I use my laptop, my phone and my TV for leisure time,

calls plus work.

Participant 8: Laptop and phone for internships and lessons.

Participant 3:Phone for reels, Instagram. PC primarily for work. Game

side by side a little bit, TV for 1-2 episodes.

Participant 7: I use devices because it helps me not to think, sensory

overload, so that my mind focuses on one thing.

Moderator: That's a new perspective. Anyone else.

Participant 1:I have 2 phones, 1 for taking pictures and other for
Instagram. So I go back and forth between the two.

Participant 9: I mainly use phones and laptops. Laptop mostly at

night.

Moderator: Okay so if possible please mention the reasons as well,

like someone said leisure time, escapism etc.

Participant 5: I use my mobile for staying connected with people and

laptop for work.

Participant 1: I think it's escapism

Participant 6: Yes, plus phone has everything, we also reads books
on it.

Participant 3: Main source of information.

Participant 1: Studies also.

Participant 2: Yes, studying as well.

Participant 7: Are you sure, not really recently.

Participant 2: Haha, not right now but yes in general.

Participant 3: We didn't buy books so we rely on PDFs only.

Moderator: It's very expensive so it's okay.

Participant 9: For chess also.

Participant 8: Oh, YES.

Participant 4: I play bubble shooter because it gives me peace.

Moderator: Okay so for gaming.

Participant 1: Stalking people and Bubble shooter as well.

Moderator: Haha my expertise, that's it? Any pro gamers?

Participant 8: Yes

Participant 9: Mainly on laptops. That includes everything rocket

league, etc

Participant 3: That is only on PCs.

Moderator: Yeah so we are including everything.

Participant 2: Every screen.

Participant 4: Like 15+ hours on a game.

Participant 3: That was once only. Otherwise it's 1 or 2 hours at max.

Moderator: Yeah we are including everything like mobile phones,

laptops, tablets anything.

Participant 9: Phones for puzzles and other games but laptops for
proper gaming.

Moderator: Okay so laptop for gaming. We also have PC users.

Participant 3: 1-2 hours max.

Moderator: So, what do you think is the overall impact of screen time
particularly on health? Like overall what do you think? If it's a positive
impact you can show it by a thumbs up, if it's a negative impact you
can show it by a thumbs down or if you think it's like a neutral
approach, then you can keep your thumbs in the middle. So for swati,
sadhvi, vandana, harshita, vaibhav and aman it's neutral. For purna
it's slightly towards the negative. For kritika and yash it's mainly
negative.
Okay, so let's just start first with the positive impact since a lot of you
think it has a neutral approach overall. So if you had to mention a few
positive impacts on health, so what would you include?
Yes harshita you can go first.

Participant 6: According to me, there's internet and social media, so

like there is a work life balance. So you can work from home in order
to spend more time with your family. So you spend equal time both
sides.

Participant 8: But how is that positive impact on health?

Participant 7: I would like to disagree on that.

Participant 6: See if you look at it, if you spend more time in the office
then you don't have time for your family. You might come late at
night.

Participant 8: But that's not about health. That's more about social
life.

Participant 6: So yes I believe health includes social life.

Participant 4: Mental health also.

Participant 9: It's kind of like relaxation.

Moderator: You wanted to say something Swati?

Participant 7: I would actually want to disagree with that point.

Because when we are engrossed in internships or work, we forget
that we have a family at home and we are busy just typing away on
the keyboard.

Participant 3: That is something regarding your priorities. So if we are

talking about the general aspect, positive aspect particularly, online
actually gives us more flexibility, more time for our social interactions
considering we have a good schedule or timetable, then we will be
able to give more priorities to our friends and family.

Participant 2: I feel like working on screen brings me some sort of

satisfaction. So I just know that yes, I'm getting some work done.
Even though my eyesight is getting affected, my posture is getting
affected. But then again, I know that at the end of the day, I just got
some work done.

Moderator: Progress mainly.

Participant 7: Because of social media and screen time we do get to

know a lot more information than a newspaper because like it is the
news of the day before but here we get to know about instant news
more.

Moderator: Focusing more on how it affects your health. So let's

discuss that. What do you think is the positive impact of screen time
 on health?
Participant 1: I think it's a loop. I think it helps me to regulate my
anxiety as well as it adds on to it. So it's a weird combination because
when I'm feeling anxious, I need some distraction. So I open my
phone for texting or instagram or whatever.

Moderator: Okay, Yash wants to add something.

Participant 8: It's a good source of dopamine.

Participant 5: Is it a good source of dopamine? Because it's giving

you a temporary shoot of dopamine, right? It's not giving you a proper
dosage.
Ayushi 10:23- 21:11 Moderator: So, Kritika said it’s a temporary source of dopamine, it’s
not a proper active source. What are your thoughts about it?

Participant 3: Almost all activities provide us with some sort of

dopamine. It all depends upon how we are prioritising it or how we
are controlling it. For instance, sports also provides you with some
source of dopamine. Any kind of activity that brings you happiness is
a source of dopamine.So, getting addicted to it all depends on you
and your time management. It can be positive if you have a good
schedule.and it can be negative if you are getting 8-10 hours of
screen time.

Participant 5:I think addiction is not always in your control. For

example, if you are someone who is depressed then your mobile will
give you more power to get depressed, get back into that loop of
depression and that will intensify your addiction. Like if someone is
consuming weed or is alcoholic and they shift to a different medium
so they are switching from one medium to another so I don’t think that
addiction is in your control but I do get your point.

Participant 2: But, we should remember one thing that the dopamine

released by any of the sources that we have been mentioning are all
endorphins. They are not bad as such, right. Because, at the end of
the day, it’s just a neurotransmitter: just a chemical in our body that’s
it. How do we agree that the dopamine released by phone is wrong
and the one released by sports is right?

Participant 5: No, no. We all want dopamine but at that very moment,
why do you want it?

Participant 2: Because it’s helping you better your health.

Participant 3: I guess you are talking about the tolerance level.

Participant 5:No. I am saying that we want pleasure but we want the

proper sources of pleasure.Like, we can get pleasure from cocaine
also but we won’t and endorse it, right. That’s what I’m saying-
dopamine is not wrong, the source is.

Moderator:So, would anyone like to add anything to it?

Participant 7:I agree with Kritika that if we’re not getting dopamine
from the right sources, we’ll ultimately go towards the negative ones.

Participant 5:I would like to add to some positive aspects although I

have been bringing out all the negative ones so far.
If you talk about its positive impacts on health, I think it gives us the
awareness you know Covid related awareness, about yoga and all
and I think the more people are aware, the more they will indulge into
it. So, they have the access to it, they have the resources, I think it
will mean a better addition to health.

Participant 1:I think the awareness is coming from the screen time
and the mental health worsening, too, is because of screen time.

Participant 5:Too much awareness.

Moderator:Anyone else? So contrary to the positive aspects, let’s talk

about the negative aspects. Anyone?

Participant 6:Sedentary lifestyle.

Participant 2:Of course!

Moderator: Could you explain it further?

Participant 6:I mean,you are using a screen for your work or to do

anything, you are sitting in one place for hours and it leads to obesity.

Participant 9: It impacts our eyesight.

Participant 2:We can clearly see that.

Participant 3:When we talk about how the screen affects our eyes,
people don’t usually think over how it actually does that. If you are
looking at the screen for  2 or 3 hours,usually what people do is that
they don’t blink even for a second throughout. They don’t pay heed to
the fact that they are just staring at the screen without even blinking
once and that their eyes’ fluid is getting dried up and this leads to
their damage. So, this is where the problem of screens adversely
affecting your eyes start and people still do that despite knowing
about it.

Moderator: Since we are talking about eyesight and obesity, let's talk
about the physical impacts of screen time. Anyone?

Participant 7:No matter what device you are using, your posture gets
compromised.

Participant 5: Like someone earlier said, it leads to lethargy and also

fries your brain.

Moderator: Anyone else would like to add anything?

Participant 3:One more thing. When we keep on sitting in front of the

screen for long, it not only affects our upper body like the eyes but
also our lower body. I remember this case about some gamer, from
probably some country which supports heavy gaming like China, kept
on playing games straight for two days and a blood clot had formed in
his lower body and  the moment he got up from his seat, it shot up to
his heart and he instantly died.

Moderator: I think it was on the news as well.

 Participant 3:We always think that the screen affects just the upper
body but forget that the lower body is getting equally impacted. There
is no mobility while one uses the screen sitting at one place for long
stretches.

Participant 6:There was also this news where a woman in her 30s
lost her eyesight because she kept on using her phone at night for
hours.

Moderator: So we’re talking about gaming and all and I think Yash,
Aman and Vaibhav here are experts in it. So would any of you like to
add anything to the discussion?

Participant 8:I’d say people get so distracted while gaming that they
don’t focus on eating or drinking. Hydration is essential.

Moderator: That’s a very good point. Apart from gaming, how about
social media? Almost everyone uses some sort of social media
platform

Participant 1:We see a lot of inactivity amongst kids now. We don’t

see kids playing in the streets or parks outside anymore.

Participant 3: In our times, we used to play outside, get hurt and learn
too and parents also had no issues with it. But, I’ll tell you what I have
seen kids in my residential society come to the playground only to sit
on benches and play games on their phones. If parents are letting
kids have phones, they should also monitor what they see. Plus, the
advent of online payments like UPI has made it easy for kids to just
buy anything whenever they want and I think that is also a loss.

Participant 4:We all use platforms like Instagram and watch reels and
all and many of us get influenced by the way these celebrities look
and  it leads to body image issues.

Moderator: Body image issues right.

Participant 5:I was thinking about one more thing. I haven’t read any
research about it as such but Immunity and Internet usage seem
interlinked like  it was said that in our times, we used to play outside a
lot and got hurt and still played. Somewhere we were stronger since
we got exposure to everything but nowadays, kids don’t get to be
exposed to all of this and with Covid, it all lessened so I think they are
somehow weaker than us immunity wise.

Moderator: Since we are mentioning physical health and immunity,

what do you think about sleep patterns?

Everyone:It is affected very badly.

Participant 7:Because once you start scrolling, you just can’t stop and
keep on doing it even when you know that it’s in your hands and you
should stop now, you just aren’t able to do it.because you have fallen
in this loop and ultimately your sleep gets affected because if you
sleep at 3 and wake up at 12 it ruins our sleep schedule and also our
circadian rhythm that was discussed in class is affected.
Purnashree 21:12-30:06 Moderator: That is something even i'd like to mention, because there
have been studies which have proven that this is something that
affects our well being aspect as well.
Participant 4: Adding to that i think a lot of people scroll till the time
they get tired to an extent like to a limit. And that's how they stop
scrolling and that really affects our health in the longer run.

Participant 2: One more thing that we might have missed is that

screens emit a combination of lights for which we put blue light filters
on our phones- all of those things also affect our sleep patterns.
Humans are wired in such a way that towards the end of the day they
require some sort of warm lights..but what the screens emit are blue
lights which is not good for us as they don't allow us to sleep.

Moderator: Is there anybody else who'd like to add on to how screen

time affects our physical health? Okay so moving on lets discuss
mental and emotional impacts of screen time.

Participant 8: I'd like to add on to what participant 2 mentioned about

blue lights..it prevents us from having deep sleep which is necessary
for our body.

Participant 7: yes we don't get REM sleep.

Moderator: okay quality of sleep gets affected.

Participant 5: and if our quality of sleep gets affected then our mood
gets affected.

Participant 1: and also our cognitive abilities.

Participant 4: the more you watch the reels it takes up your mind so it
stops your thinking skills.

Participant 5: also our problem solving and decision making skills get
affected. And with google and all we have resources at our
fingertips..we are not searching for them in books. Its efficient but it
also reduces our critical thinking skills. Interestingly, I read a research
article about this. They were asking “do we need critical thinking skills
right now?” and “do we need proper memory right now?” because we
already have everything at our hands. Even chatgpt is there now..

All participants: oh yes chatgpt.

Participant 3: I'd like to add that because of the availability of

information..social media becomes our first source of information but
at the same time, we hardly ever test the reliability of the information.
We watch an aesthetic reel, we like the content and we straightaway
buy the information sold to us. We don’t confirm its reliability from a
professional.because of which we have even stopped going to places
and meeting people on a face to face basis.

Participant 1: I don't want to sound like a boomer but I think I agree

when my mom tells me that our generation has become very
impatient. Because we want everything in touch. We have stopped
putting effort into little things.

Participant 5: we have even become pretty reactive to things.

Someone puts up an opinion online and immediately we go ‘cancel
this person’-

Participant 2: That's where I was getting at. So there was a research

which mentioned our attention span reducing and because of which
you might have noticed reels have also been reduced to 30 seconds.
Now nobody wants to go and watch long youtube videos. We just go
and watch youtube shorts.

Participant 5: One of my seniors jokingly posted a story this morning

saying ‘he will understand everything about a war that went on for 30
years in a 30 second reel’.

Participant 7: So adding to that, we do get all the stuff online, for

example when we were kids our mom used to say ‘go bring sugar
from the market’. And we used to go. But now if she tells us to bring
groceries we simply order it online.  So we have stopped going out
and as she said, we have become impatient.

Moderator: okay, focussing more on how screen time affects our

mental and emotional health. As you mentioned, people often go
through body image issues..what are some other mental issues that
you think people have to go through because of screen time.

Participant 6: Identity crisis. You watch so many influencers. You like

their personalities. And you forget who you are.

Participant 9: As per my personal experience, I have a bit of anger

issues because of gaming.

All participants: oh yes that's a great point.

Participant 2: We even have research articles on that.

Moderator: there are news articles that people throw stuff in anger.

Participant 5: people feel connected as well…when they suffer from

isolation. As it's giving you a community.. For example, in India if we
talk about BPD, there is not much research done about it, so it's hard
to find a community. But you go online, ask for resources, and you
end up connecting with a BPD community. It also raises your self
esteem when you realise that there is a community of people that go
through the same difficulties.

Moderator: that might be included in positive aspects per say. But if

you have to relate it to social health..do you connect isolation in real
life?

All participants: i do

Participant 7: because it prevents isolation but prevention is more like

an online version..that  we have online friends, we don't have in real
life friends.

Participant 5: it's the two sides of the same coin. I have proper online
friends also and i have people who have been friends after meeting
online also.

Participant 7: we do. But I know people who have only online friends.
They are actually scared to go out and meet people because of social
anxiety.

Participant 1: I have social anxiety and I'd say that's not true. I
 actually find it more comfortable talking to people online.

Participant 7: haan i mean every case is different. I have a friend who

is always like ‘I don't want to come and meet you’.
Sadhvi 30:05 - 40:44 Participant 3: From a gaming perspective, there’s a disconnect from
reality because you focus on the game and then you start believing
that the reality is the same. To a limit you can say there are real life
aspects like game developers are trying to achieve but its only to an
extent and people who are addicted are not able to distinguish
between reality and game.

Participant 4: Same goes with KDrama and fantasies.

Participant 7: Yes it exceeds our expectations.

Participant 5: This raises an excellent point that social platforms

create an alternate reality hence causing identity conflicts between
the real life and online. Apart from that if you move according to these
social platforms like Instagram then your perception of reality also
gets distorted.

Moderator:It affects basically your expectations. So just to clear it out

has there been a shift in the time spent in front of the screen post
COVID era.

Participant 2: Post COVID you have now discovered that all the work
that was earlier done offline can also be done online. All meetings
that we could hold offline are now happening online. All the studies
and academics even can be one infront of a screen. For example
earlier I used to make my notes on a notebook now all my reference
materials and books are online versions.

Participant 7: Now kids have a reason to own their mobile phones.

Moderator: So easier access to kids

Participant 3:More often this is an unrealistic reason, now kids use it

as an excuse and not as a valid reason. For example a grade 6
student doesn’t really require a phone/laptop and social media-
during COVID the child was given the phone  and was exposed to it
and discovered a new life which personally was not required. Earlier
social media platforms had age restrictions 13 years, 18 years 15
years now those restrictions have become invisible and are not even
imposed.

Participant 7: Contradiction and adding, earlier when I was in school I

was not given access to gadgets till I passed my 12th boards, I used
phone for only 5 minutes literally. And during COVID I got access to
gadgets or in short screen and as the other participant mentioned, all
of our work is in this.So we cant stop using it.
Secondly, the now generation is using phones, they’ll make an
excuse like “I have an exam, prepping for which I would need the
gadget” and stay on the screen for long.

Moderator: Just to confirm, are we unanimously agreeing that our

screen time has increased post COVID breakout? Anyone who feels
that the screen time has decreased as well?

Participant 3: Yes it has increased for all of us.

Participant 5: Adding to this, Unfiltered access to information for kids.
The imposed restrictions don’t work and the algorithm is designed
such so that the population can easily get hooked, frying brains of
kids and kids at the end of the day are being exposed to stuff that the
shouldn’t.

Participant 4:From psychological aspect I think there are a lot of

videos that try to educate about psychological disorders and
problems so to a person who might think they have symptoms might
watch the video and think that even if its not right they get mentally
swayed that this is what is happening with themselves and  hence
affecting there mental health.

Participant 3: After watching ADHD related videos i felt that I also had
it.

Participant 7: ADHD/ADD are very common. There are also videos

onli ne that say if you do this then you are neurodivergent.

Participant 9: But don’t you think this is good for spreading

awareness?

Moderator: Along with awareness there are also a lot of assumptions.

Participant 3: But Increased screentime was not in our hands if you

look at it objectively. It wasn’t forced on us rather it became the need
of the hour during COVID and it came naturally. You can say that the
Economically weaker section, they might have felt forced for using
screens because not all of them had access but for others itcame
naturally and everyone went along with it. Our batch knew how to
deal with Google Classroom etc but not all teachers were handy with
the technology. We didn’t realise how our screen time gradually
increased as we had our day planned around the screen with 8am to
2pm classes sometimes even 3:30pm and we had homework till 6pm
and hence had to be infront of the screen but after wards we realised
that we have been sitting in one spot for over 10 hours, even though
we’re working but it affected us and we could not do anything about it.
I was in tech since the beginning so I knew that I have to use a filter
for my eyes like warm filter, reading mode in phones. So People
generally dont pay alot of attention about the filters.

Moderator: There was a recent study that concluded that the subjects
were much happier when they had a lesser screen time, why do you
think people still tend to spend a large amount of time infront of the
screen despite the awareness?

Participant 7:I’ll take a guess right now that the people who were a
part of the study may used to spend less time on the screen

Moderator: The research was that screen time users who spent 8-10
hours on the screen were asked who do they think is the ideal healthy
amount of time they should spend online and its correlation with
happiness. In that study the conclusion was derived that lesser time
spent on screens led to happier people.

Participant 5: It's the need of the hour.

Participant 3: The point that came up earlier about dopamine being a

 reason for people to get hooked they will happier. Adding to it, a
person can develop tolerance to dopamine, if you get addicted to any
of the substance then you develop a threshold be it alcohol, drugs,
coccaine.

Participant 5:Basically withdrawl symptoms start generating.

Participant 8:Will power, if lets assume a person wants to reduce his

screen time and he can not its a will power issue but some people
need a push that they need to stop with excessive usage.

Participant 5: I think here the question arises, how does that will
power develop and what are the underlying factors for developing
thet will power.

Participant 8:In response to that I’ll say that while on social media you
can try to change your algorithm like in reels watching stuff that
makes you healthy and is good for you. Example I have started to
watch Gym videos etc.
Vaibhav 40:40- 50:00
Participant 6: I used to be on my phone for at least 10 hours, So
based on my personal experience if I'm engaged in any other activity
and I’ve been away from my phone for about 1-2 hrs or so somehow I
end up using my phone. For eg if im doing painting, I might look up
something from Pinterest.

Participant 4: Adding to this, despite having less screen time, people

end up going back to their mobile phones because it acts as a
comfort zone for them.

Participant 2: Agreed, at the end of the day I need 2 hours alone with
my phone.

Moderator: Basically tuning out and getting self-care.

Participant 8: Escapism.

Moderator: Yes Escapism.

Participant 1: I try to stay away from my phone but I feel restless or

have FOMO.

Participant 6: It feels like there will be some sort of emergency.

Participant 1: Yes exactly, though I don’t know but it just makes me

feel restless.

Participant 5: This is something common about mobile phones but

talking about laptops, we keep doing random things and avoid being
productive, we haven’t done any sort of hustle or become a part of
capitalism right? I think it’s because our society is sort of revolving
around the fact that we have to do something and be productive and
after covid we see 16-year-old kids reaching new heights and here
we are doing absolutely nothing.

Moderator: Participant 3, yes?

Participant 3: Talking about algorithms, if you search for something

on the internet and after that open an app that shows ads alongside
 it, you will get ads about the thing that you were searching for on the
internet. So, basically, you decide the type of algorithm that you want.
If you filter out the things that you say in front of your mobile phones,
you might not see the things that will draw your attention toward your
mobile phone.

Participant 5: In relation to this, there was a video where a guy

bought things off the internet based on his Instagram suggestions. At
first, he didn’t like the things that came into his recommendations so
to change things up he started to say “Candies” constantly for some
time, and the next instant he got ads for candies.

Participant 2: Do you think your phone records your conversations? I

don’t think so because you don’t give permission for your mic

Participant 3: We actually do give permissions for our microphones.

The moment we give permission to use our microphones, it doesn’t
record any kind of conversation, it picks up the keywords in our
conversations like mentioned candies or electronic devices, etc.

Moderator: We are going a bit away from the topic so I’d like to bring
the discussion back to screen time and health. I would like to ask if
anyone has tried to reduce their screen time ?

Participant 9: Successful as well

Moderator: I guess everyone has tried it. So, we will be doing a small
activity now, a sheet is kept in front of you. You need to list down
ways that you think can reduce screen time. We will start from
Participant 5.

Participant 5: Scheduling more time for human interactions because I

don’t end up spending time with my family, though, it’s not a feasible
option for everyone. Mindfulness practices like yoga, exercise, etc.
We start indulging in these practices with high hopes but end up
leaving them halfway due to some reason, and it’s easier said than
done. Indulging in outdoor activities which require less screen time eg
painting, sports, etc. Screen time limiter which is something I’ve used
personally. Scheduling a timetable that includes a certain time when
you stay away from screens. I read a research once which talked
about a no screen day though, a whole day would be a long time for
us so I suggest that one should have a set time in which you do
nothing. Doing nothing in itself is an art, it's part relaxation.

Vandana 51:19 - Participant 1 - I think after covid, we missed this point that therapy is
1:00:11 also done online specially after covid. Hence this is also in front of the
screen which reduces human connection.

Moderator - anything else you want to add?

Participant 1 - locking your phone in a drawer or giving to parents or

anyone who wouldn’t tell you where your phone is.

Moderator - yes just give to the figure of authority.

Participant 5 - I think it is out of sight out of mind thing, which affects

me largely too.
Participant 1 - and whatever you do, continue it for 21 days so as to
form it as a habit.

Participant 8 - so first is to change the algorithm as I said , second is

to chase real or physical dopamine like I will share this with everyone.
No one in the gym workout without their earphones or headphones.
Nobody likes to do it without music and when they take off their
headphones, they are unable to hit the same PR (Personal Record).
So that affects them so we should try something like that. Third, blink
and focus on something, 20 meters away every 20 minutes. That is a
rule I come across sometimes. It builds your focus. Beware of the
harmful effects and your feelings like…i forgot the feeling part
actually. Ya so if i'm trying to reduce my screen time, there will be
withdrawal signs such as ‘i want this’ so those are the feelings i am
addressing to. But if we start thinking ‘why am i like this?’, next time
when i pick up my phone or feel like using it, i would instead feel that
‘no this is wrong. I shouldn’t be doing this.’

Moderator - next Participant 6 please.

Participant 6 - my first point is from a college perspective. We should

try taking handwritten notes more often because if we are taking
notes on a tablet or laptop, after going back home, we look at the
notes, study from it, adding more to our screen time again. And you
know the rest.

Moderator - and making handwritten notes also helps in improving

memory as we will remember what we wrote. Good one.

Participant 6 - exactly. Next is, if you have a friend who lives nearby
and you can visit them anytime, so instead of talking with them
online, go meet and talk to them.

Participant 5 - I would like to add my experience here, i have a friend

who lives literally in front of my house and still we share reels all the
time sitting at our house.

Participant 7 - ya actually i can relate. So I live on the 2nd floor and

my best friend lives on the 1st floor and I have not seen her in 8
months. It's not my fault but she is in 12th class so because of her
studies and other things, we haven’t seen each other for long.

Participant 6 - The next point is that we should not use phones for
small issues like if you want to buy ice cream, tomato or paneer, do
not order it from Blink It and rather go and buy it yourself.

Moderator - agreed. Physical exercise will also be done. Thank you.

Participant 3 your turn.

Participant 3 - the first thing i have written is that remove microphone

option from those apps which are genuinely not needed in your
phone like in Amazon, in youtube you can write and search instead.
This is because the more the microphone of your phone is open, the
more recommendations you will get. Adding my personal experience,
I have never searched for videos regarding badminton or anything but
still I started getting recommendations about it on Instagram, on
youtube and even on my google’s recent searches.
Moderator - this is more like a marketing perspective to be honest.
Participant 3 - no but this will increase your screen time as you will
look at the stuff which will interest you more.

Participant 8 - i would like to add that he said he never searched

about badminton and he still got recommendations about it so now if
he wants to search about it, he will search it on his phone instead of
going to a shop.

Participant 3 - yes and now i would not consult a professional or

anyone who plays better than me to teach. I would just search about
the tips and everything online. Second, it is somewhat related to the
previous point only that if you want to change the algorithm, keep the
minimalist apps like contacts, notes and even you have apps for
these. So this will result in making your phone use less. Rest is, fix a
time schedule. Yes i agree it is tough for all of us including me but
even if you fix 4-5 things like eating at this time, watching TV at this
time or going out for a walk or for doing physical activity at this time, it
would be good. Lastly, I would like to say that if you have an addiction
to using social media, so just take a break from them, deactivate your
ids, and remove it from your phones. Well if you have your photos
then you can let it go but yes deactivating is an option. And at least,
which was Participant 1’s point, stay away from social media for at
least 21 days so that your cycle does not break.

Participant 1 - I think from my experience, during covid when we got

to know that our boards won't be taking place, we had a lot of free
time in our hands and i actually got tired by watching too much on the
phone. So I started new hobbies, crochet and all. I even made 2
whole blankets. So i think it works, if we put our mind into it, it can
definitely work well.

Participant 7 - I agree with that. Even i started sewing.

Moderator - I heard that people even took up baking as a hobby.

Okay moving on to Participant 4.

Participant 4 - yeah so the same thing said, going for a walk or

exercise, and i would also like to add a recommendation to get a pet.
It really helps.

Participant 7 - you lend your pet please.

Participant 3 - you also need to take your pet for a walk and give it
food on your own, i'm just saying.

Participant 8 -  but about the pets, many people go on to make their

pets’ Instagram account, recording them all the time.

Participant 5 - i mean depends on the way you are influenced.

Participant 4 - but like you can go out even without your phones if you
are taking your pet for a walk. You know, have interaction with your
pets. And then making a proper schedule when necessary, indulge in
hobbies which call for offline attention, again like sports, journaling,
writing, dancing and also about journaling. I think people should do it
at the end of the day so that they avoid screens and sleep peacefully.
It will also help in remembering what happened in a day.
 Moderator - that’s a good point, keeping a journal sounds nice. What
about you Participant 9?

Participant 9 - there aren’t many. Indulge in physical activities,

socialize more like said before, go and meet your friends outside the
house, do not stay closed in the 4 walls. Lastly, try not to stay idle
and find hobbies.

Participant 5 - so about this physical activity, till now we have

mentioned outdoor, physical and gyming. I think it's a cycle right, if
our body is fit then somewhere eventually we will opt for things which
call for outdoor activities. And we will also be happy about socializing
like ‘today i will meet a lot of people!’.Basically we will be happy in our
social relationships as well. But I'm already in the state where my
sleep cycle is ruined, I am not eating properly all the time, being
grumpy, depressed and anxious, then I will find comfort in escapism
in online networks only
Kritika 60 Moderator: I think someone mentioned willpower and determination
so  that is something where a motivational factor is involved. Some
require it, some do not. But I think the point about willpower and
motivation is covered under individual differences only.

Participant 8: The thing about willpower is you have to take the first
step yourself.

Participant 5: Then it’s like a cycle. That screen time affects your
health but then your health will also affect your screen time.

Participant 2: I think everyone has covered everything. One point I

wanted to cover was education. So like we’re doing this focus group
discussion right now, through it we’re thinking more about it. People
do think about it sometimes but mostly they’re not aware of what
they’re doing. This should be introduced in curriculums or taught
somehow and like actually putting it out there that this is something
that’s not gonna work for you in the long time. That is important and a
way in which we can reduce the screen time.

Participant 3: Like my interventions were more like on screen only like

alarms for reminding to stop scrolling and setting time when you got
out to scroll. We can sort of set time like study for 25 minutes and
then scroll for 5 minutes. And they may actually make us want to
study, you know. Like ok I've studied for 30 minutes now I can scroll
and then come again. We can also download apps which don't let us
open other apps before a set time. Like we used instagram for half an
hour, it’ll remind us of the time and then wont let us open it until you
delete that app forcibly. So yeah, a stable time is important. And then
one more thing is that there’s an app related to the point that Purna
said, she mentioned that we are very engaged. So there's this app
which opens all the apps but it makes their working slower. So you
get really impatient using those.

Participant 6: There’s also this zen mode one, you can find it in
almost every cell phone. You can increase its time.

Participant 3: Yes, that’s different. With it, we can sort of play around
with the limits. This app would take 1 minute to just open an app and
you’ll get frustrated. You’d rather do something else. And when I tried
to use it, another interesting thing was, I use it only when exams are
near, so I would do something else or like study when it was opening.
Participant 5: We can also do conditioning.

Participant 3: Yes, exactly like we can use pomodoro technique,

Conditioning could be that I only take my phone after 25 minutes of
studying.

Participant 5: There are a lot of people whose main motive of working

the whole day is that they’ll get to use their phones at the end of the
day.

Participant 3:Yeah this was the same for me. I used to study the
whole day just to be on the phone for 5 minutes at night.

Moderator: So what do you think of muting your notifications?

Participant 8: This works for those people who pick up their phones
just at the notification’s sound. Not for others.

Participant 3: It doesn't work for me. My phone is always on silent.

But then I’m always on my phone and looking at who’s texting.

Participant 6: Another thingthat I saw on the interne only is to create

screen free zones. Maybe in the household. Like it comes under
parenting style only.Kids learn from parents only.

Participant 1: I’d suggest creating a different space for everything…in

your room. As in you don't do everything on your bed. Then that’s
how you start associating things. Like you’re going to sleep but you’re
not able to stop thinking about reels because we spend most of our
time on bed scrolling away.

Participant 6: You should create specific times like while you’re

having tea, at evening together or set ground rules at home..

Participant 3: I think what Purna’s saying is that if we’re studying then

use the study table for studying only. I was watching a video where
this person said that if you’re using your laptop on the study table to
watch netflix then it’s not your studying time that’s your entertainment
time.

Moderator: Basically, allotting time…

Participant 3: and space for using devices.

Participant 1: If we don't scroll while in bed then maybe the sleep
pattern will also become better.

Participant 5: This association point is also good in the sense that the
hobbies we opt- the alternative activities…we have to associate them
with positive feelings as well. Not like I’ve put my phone away and
now will spend the whole day painting with discipline. Then you’ll
become anxious about not achieving that goal and that guilt zone will
start. It’s better to find smaller things which give us pleasure.

Moderator: Aman would you like to add? Anything related to gaming?

Participant 9: For gamers it’s mostly that the laptop is in front and
they often use it in bed only.
Participant 8: I’d say get those old school chairs…the ones that aren’t
comfy. In which you can work and actually not feel really comfortable.

Participant 9: I have my study table but it is like my personal space.

Then I noticed that I’d often just spend my time on laptop and not
study.

Participant 7: The point that you’re on bed and scrolling reels…we all
may have seen that meme that during exams the only thing you can
remember are memes and reels. So yeah there’s association there
as well. On top of it, it only comes when you’re doing something really
important.

Moderator: Any other interventions that we might not have mentioned

here?

Participant 4: So for me,what I do is that I either study or watch

something or paint during 6-9pm. So like if I’ve been watching
something for a few days in that slot then I’ll shift to painting. Or I’ll
follow an alternate schedule.

Participant 5: I just realised that we’re going in a very individualistic

mode. I think it has a community level as well. So like we’re saying
that the child should spend more time with the family but if family only
isn't understanding-

Moderators: Then it comes under individual differences?

Participant 5: Not apart from them. As in for example you’re an

employee who’s addicted to their mobiles and under high work
pressure. Then somewhere it’s also the duty of the employer to
create a work environment that is positive and puts less burden. If
stress levels are already so high then people will automatically opt for
escapism.

Moderator: One last point that I would like to bring up…I guess
someone mentioned news and access to it. So like there’s inshorts,
etc as in easy access is there. So what do you think about news
consumption because I don't think any of us read newspapers as
such.

Participant 8: I do.

Moderator - what can we do to control news consumption in our daily

life?

Participant 8 - I think it depends on the news channel we're receiving

the news from, because nowadays news channels are just platforms
where a bunch of people just fight , debate and create
controversies .No one is talking about facts or real news.

Participant 6 - they just exaggerate the events.

Participant 2- -yes, exactly the news isn't news anymore it's more like
a t.v show.

Participant 4  -yeah, they just include comedy skits and all.

 Participant 8  -they all just want TRP

Participant 3- To control news consumption I”d suggest that we keep

2 or 3 specific news channels or apps that we can rely on . Even if we
don't trust the news on one app we can cross check on the other.

Participant 5 -i think we should also discuss news.

(everyone agreeing)
Take this for example what if a person reads two pages of a
newspaper the other another two and then discusses it.then ,Reading
and discussing will motivate others too to do the same.

Participant 1  -I think reading the newspaper is gonna make a person

sad and then to hide the sadness the person will adopt escapism i.e
using more phones .

Harshita 71 minutes - Participant 7- yes ,this was mainly the case in covid times.
80 minutes
Participant 3 - but then again you're disconnecting from reality ,that
just loses the whole point.

Participant 5 -i think during covid there weren't even any other

resources to discuss our lives or news other than our phones or
laptops.
Moderator -so let's move towards concluding this discussion .Is there
anyone else who'd like to add anything towards discussion ? anything
that you missed previously and want to add now.

Participant 6 - I have one last thing to say …and it's advice from my
personal experience. That is, if there are any messages that could be
ignored or are less important  or are not necessary please ignore
them .don't fall under the assumption that your presence or your text
matter.

,,Participant 3 - i’ll suggest that one should just take that “one step “
don't overthink it “just do it”. I mean if you're thinking about starting a
new hobby, just start it. For me it was reading a novel .
(everyone clapping )

Participant 5  - we should have workshops or awareness

programmes for neurodivergence in colleges.

Moderator -so moving towards concluding the session. What is your

take away from this discussion?
participant 4 - the app that swati mentioned.
(everyone laughing)

Participant 2 - convincing my mom to get a pet.

Participant 5 - i really liked that algorithm thing.

Participant 7 - that algorithm thing is actually very scary like it knows

how our mind works ..god knows what all it can control.

Participant 1 - I think I really liked the human interaction that is taking

place. Like it was one of those events that forced us to think and not
constantly look at our phones for more than 1 hour.

Participant 8- I personally feel that phones or use of the internet

 cannot be reduced unless and until the environment at home is not
friendly or comfortable.
Moderator: Everyone’s ideas & their thoughts on this topic were really
unique, innovative, and refreshing to hear, however because some of
us do have classes to attend so let’s go on with the summary which
will be taken ahead by Vrinda & Ayushi who are our Assistant
Moderators.

Participant 6: This interaction has boosted my confidence!

Assistant Moderator 2: Alright, post introductions of all participants,

we started off with an ice-breaking session where everyone stated
their daily screen time. The  average screen time for all was about 7
hours a day.
We then began with the questions, of which the first one asked what
activities do all of you use phones/electronic devices for. We received
numerous answers for social media, watching/streaming shows and
movies, as a method of escape from reality, studying, gaming and as
a source of information.
Further, there was another short activity wherein everyone was asked
whether there was an impact of screen time on health, where the
majority signalled neutral while a minority signalled a negative impact.
We moved on to discuss the positive and negative impacts of screen
on health; wherein for positive ones, participants stated effects like
reception of instant news updates, as a means of relaxation, for
working, for studying and as a means of multiple resources etc.; for
the negative ones, we received answers like screen time affects
81 to 90 physical heath (participants cited multiple case studies) such as
minutes obesity, poor eyesight due to blue light, weakening of immunity etc.,
Swati
creating problems in posture, instigating body image issues and
Meher
lethargy, and creating problems in sleep schedules.
We further talked about mental impacts like induction of mood
swings, frustration, brain fogging, instant gratification, self esteem
issues and identity crises, anger issues etc. We further
Now, Ayushi will add to what we discussed in the other half of the
discussion.
Assistant Moderator 1: So the next we put forward was that of the
shift in the usage of screen time after COVID-19. We got many
answers for this saying there has definitely been a shift because most
of the work has been shifted online like meetings, work etc. There
were also mentions of using work as an excuse to move back to
using devices and the fact that even kids have phones and use it as
an excuse to hop on sites that might be inappropriate or unhealthy.
Since Information is unfiltered, someone mentioned, children are
growing too fast.
Participants also mentioned that since there is so much information
about healthcare online, people frequently refer to those sites rather
than actually consulting a medical professional with proper
knowledge. We later asked why people spend so much time on
screen even when they are aware of the consequences. We received
answers saying that it gives people a dopamine rush which brings
them back over and over, which eventually becomes an addiction.
There were also talks about the phenomena of “Fear Of Missing Out”
and why people love to hop on the latest trends and find inspiration.
Someone also mentioned that it is more of a willpower issue because
personally they have experienced that one can control of they really
wish to.
We asked for a poll later questioning how many people actively tried
to reduce their screen wherein a majority of all of you did actually try.
Moving on, we yet again conducted an activity where all of you noted
down strategies we could employ to reduce screen time. The
common themes we could find were increase in exercise and
physical activity, starting screen-free zones, using time management
apps and schedules, using techniques like pomodoro, changing
algorithms, using mobiles only when necessary, dedicating more time
to human interactions, and to be aware of the harmful effects.

Moderator: I think that summarises everything we discussed and

hence concludes our Focus Group Discussion.We had a very fruitful
and innovative discussion, thank you for being so proactive and
honest in your answers.