6/7/2022

gd:sf/

kbd/fh cfrfo{
pk;lrj -lzIff_

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 1 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 2

cled'vLs/0f ;];g
!@= lzIf0f l;sfOdf cg';Gwfg / k|of]u
-dfWolds # k|Zg / cfwf/e"t $ k|Zg_
!@=! cg';Gwfg M kl/ro, p2]Zo / k|sf/ tyf ljBfnodf lzIffdf
cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf
!@=@ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff, k|lqmof / k|of]u
!@=# sIffsf]7fleq ;DalGwt ljifo lzIf0fsf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
!@=$ k|fKt tYof+s tyf glthfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L
!@=% cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{x?sf] lzIf0f l;sfOdf pkof]u
!@=^ 36gf cWoog M kl/ro, k|lqmof / k|ltj]bg
!@=& sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg / 36gf cWooglar leGgtf

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 3 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 4

ljifoIf]q
• cg';Gwfg M kl/ro, cfjZostf / k|sf/
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
• 36gf jf dfdnf cWoog
!@=! cg';Gwfg M kl/ro, p2]Zo / k|sf/ tyf
ljBfnodf lzIffdf cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 5 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 6

1
 6/7/2022

cg';Gwfg
cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro
• e/kbf]{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ul/g] Jojl:yt cWoognfO{ cg';Gwfg elgG5 .
• s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf af/]df vf]h ug]{, gofF tYo kQf nufpg] tyf s'g} If]qdf
;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg' g} cg';Gwfg xf] .
• Carter V.Good M æz}lIfs cg';Gwfg lzIffsf] If]qsf] cWoog tyf vf]hL xf]
.Æ
• Munroe M æz}lIfs cg';Gwfgsf] clGtd nIo lzIffsf] If]qdf pkof]usf nflu
l;4fGtx¿ ;'lglZrt ug'{ / k4ltx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] .Æ
• W.M. Traverse M æz}lIfs cg';Gwfg z}lIfs cj:yfdf Jojxf/sf] lj1fgsf]
ljsf;sf nflu nlIft lqmofsnfk xf] .Æ
• CrawfordM æz}lIfs cg';Gwfg lrGtgsf] Ps of]hgfa4 tyf kl/:s[t k|ljlw
xf] h;n] ljz]if ;fwg k|of]u u/]/ s'g} ;d:ofsf] pko'Qm ;dfwfgsf] k|flKtsf
nflu sfo{ ub{5 .Æ
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 7 6/7/2022
cg';Gwfg
cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro
• klxn] ePsf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df k'gM gofF 1fg÷ljrf/sf] vf]hL ug]{,
1fgsf] ck'0f{tfnfO{ k"0f{ u/fpg / ;d:of klxrfg ug]{ sfo{ g}
cg';Gwfg xf] .
• ;"rgf ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{, tYo :yflkt ug]{ / gofF lgrf]8df
k'Ug ul/g] Jojl:yt cWoog
• 1fgdf :t/Ls/0f ug{, 1fg k|ltkfbg ug{, k"j{ k|ltkflbt 1fgsf]
k|df0fLs/0f ug{, l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug{, k|ltkflbt 1fgsf] k/LIf0f ug{
tyf lg/Gt/ ef]u]sf ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf pkfox¿
to ug{ cfjZos ;"rgfsf] k|flKt, ljZn]if0f / pkof]u ug]{ Jojl:yt
sfo{ g} cg'';Gwfg xf] .
PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 8

cg';Gwfg cg';Gwfg
cg';Gwfgsf] kl/ro cg';Gwfgsf ljz]iftf
• cg';Gwfgsf] d"n p2]Zo gofF ;fdfGoLs/0f tyf l;åfGtsf] ljsf; xf] . a]:6 / sfxgsf cg';f/ cg';Gwfgdf lgDg ljz]iftf x'g'kb{5 M
• cg';Gwfgsf] yfngL ;d:ofsf] klxrfgaf6 x'G5 . • ljz'4 cjnf]sg / JofVofdf cfwfl/t,
• kl/sNkgf eg]sf] o; ;DaGw af/]sf a'l4dtfk"0f{ cg'dfgx¿ x'g\ . o; • cjnf]sgof]Uo / cg'ejhGo k|df0fdf cfwfl/t,
cg'dfgsf] k'li6åf/f l;åfGtsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . • eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsg] -;fdfGoLs/0f / l;åfGtsf] ljsf;_
• tYof+ssf] k|s[lt / ljZn]if0fsf] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df cg';GwfgnfO{ u'0ffTds • k|fylds tYof+sdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5
/ kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfg u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . • ljz]if1tfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
• u'0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf tYof+sx¿ ljifout x'G5g\ / o;sf] vf]hL k|lqmof • j:t'ut / ts{k"0f{ x'G5 .
cfudg 9fFrfsf] x'G5 .
• klxn] xn gul/Psf ;d:ofx¿sf] cWoog ub{5 .
• kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfgsf tYof+sx¿ j:t'ut x'G5g\ / o;sf] vf]hL
k|lqmof lgudg 9fFrfsf] x'G5 . • Jojl:yt clen]vLs/0f / k|ltj]bgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 9 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 10

cg';Gwfg cg';Gwfg
cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo ljBfno lzIffdf cg';Gwfgsf] dxTj jf cfjZostf
• s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf af/]df vf]h ug]{, • gofF l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; u/]/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u ug{ .
• l;4fGtx¿sf] vf]hL u/]/ o;sf] j}1flgs :j¿ksf] ljsf; ug{ .
• gofF s'/f kQf nufpg] • lzIf0f snf cyf{t l;k kIfdf ;'wf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt ljsf; ug{ .
• s'g} If]qdf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg] • ljBdfg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] d"Nof+sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{ Pjd\ gofF gLlt /
• klxn] g} ePsf] 1fgsf] cfwf/df pQm 1fgsf] dfWodaf6 k'gM gofF sfo{qmd ljsf;sf nflu dfu{bz{g ug{ .
1fg, ljrf/sf] vf]hL ug]{ • lzIff / z}Ifl0fs sfo{x¿nfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg .
• ;fdflhs kl/jt{g cg'¿k lzIf0f ljlw, k|ljlw / /0fgLltx¿df kl/jt{g / ljsf; ug{ .
• s'g} If]qdf ePsf] 1fgsf] ck"0f{tfnfO{ k"0f{ u/fpg] • kf7\oqmd / d"Nof+sg If]qsf ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ .
• ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ to ug{] • 1fg / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] kl/jt{g cg'¿k lzIffnfO{ kl/jlt{t ug{ .
• 1fgdf :t/Ls/0f ug]{, • lzIf0f l;sfOsf] If]qsf ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L eljiodf ckgfpg'kg]{ /0fgLltsf] ljsf;
ug{ .
• 1fg k|ltkfbg tyf k"j{k|ltkflbt 1fgsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug{] .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 11 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 12

2
 6/7/2022

cg';Gwfg cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/

cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmof -& r/0f_ k|of]usf cfwf/df p2]Zosf cfwf/df vf]h ug]{ tl/sfsf
-!_ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg cfwf/df -tYof+ssf]
-@_ ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f k|s[ltsf cfwf/df_
-#_ cWoogsf] nIo lgwf{/0f • cfwf/e"t • j0f{gfTds cg';Gwfg • kl/df0ffTds cg';Gwfg
-$_ cWoogsf k|Zg tyf kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf{0f cg';Gwfg • cGj]if0ffTds cg';Gwfg • u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg
• k|of]ud"ns jf • ;x ;DaGw cg';Gwfg • ldl>t cg';Gwfg
-%_cWoogsf] ljlw lgwf{/0f M o; r/0fdf cWoogsf] 9fFrf, hg;+Vof /
Jofjxfl/s • JofVofTds cg';Gwfg
gd'gf, tYof+s ;+sngsf ;fwgx?, tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f ljlw
cg';Gwfg
;'lglZrt ul/G5 .
• sfo{d"ns
-^_tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0f cg';Gwfg
-&_ lgisif{ / k|ltj]bg
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 13 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 15

cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/ cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/

cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfg -Basic Research_ M cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfg -Basic Research_ M
• cf}krfl/s sfo{ Pjd\ l;4fGt lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ul/g] cg';Gwfg • dgf]lj1fgsf] If]qdf a9L k|of]u
• o; k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{x?nfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsg], • lj1 JolQm jf ;d"xaf6 ul/g]
• cg';Gwfgsf] ;d:of klxrfg, kl/sNkgfsf] lgdf{0f, tYof+ssf] ;+sng, • o; cg';Gwfgn] tTsfn} ;d:of ;dfwfg gu/L bL3{sfnLg pkof]udf
tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f, ljj]rgf Pjd\ lgisif{ cToGt} Jojl:yt / cf}krfl/s cfwfl/t x'G5 .
9+un] lgdf{0f ul/g], • cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfgsf p2]Zox? M l;4fGt jf lgodsf] lgdf{0f ug'{, 1fgsf]
• k|of]uzfnf tyf lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf ul/g] cg';Gwfg, ljsf; ug'{, l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ug{ cg'ejhGo tYof+s jf ;"rgfsf] k|flKt
• z}lIfs If]qdf of] cg';Gwfg kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g, kf7\oqmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf Pjd\ pkof]u ug'{
/ kf7\oqmd of]hgf agfpg pkof]u ul/g]

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 16 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 17

cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/ cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/

cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfgsf r/0fx? Jofjxfl/s cg';Gwfg -Applied Research_ M
• ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
• ljleGg :jLs[t l;4fGtsf cfwf/df z}lIfs ;d:ofsf] sf/0f vf]Hg',
• ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{ g} Jofjxfl/s cg';Gwfg xf] .
• p2]Zosf] lgwf{/0f
• ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
• o;af6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{ tTsfn} pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M s'g} ;fdfg
pTkfbg ug'{eGbf cufl8 ul/g] cg';Gwfg, h;af6 pTkflbt ;fdu|Ln]
• kl/sNkgf
ahf/df s:tf] :yfg lng ;S5 eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5 .
• gd'gf 5gf]6
• ;fwgx?sf] lgdf{0f • lk=eL= of]ªsf cg';f/ Jojxfl/s cg';Gwfgsf] tfTko{ 1fgsf] Tof] ;d:of
• tYof+s ;+sng xf] h;nfO{ dfgjtfsf] enfOsf] sfo{df nufpg ;lsG5 .
• tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf
• lgisif{ / k|ltj]bg
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 18 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 19

3
 6/7/2022

cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/ cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/

Jofjxfl/s cg';Gwfg -Applied Research_ M Jojxfl/s cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zo
• PG8«]hsf cg';f/ olb s'g} cg';Gwfgstf{n] k|fKt tYof+ssf] ;xfotf4f/f • s'g} klg sfo{qmdsf] pTkfbg cyjf k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ ug'{,
s'g} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|oTg ub{5 eg] Tof] cg';Gwfg g} Jofjxfl/s • jf:tljs ;d:ofhgs cj:yfdf k|rngdf /x]sf ;}4flGts
cg';Gwfg xf] .
cjwf/0ffx?sf] k/LIf0f ug'{
• of] cg';Gwfgn] 1fgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpgsf nflu pkof]lutfjfbL k|lqmof
ckgfpFb5 . o; cg';Gwfgdf :yfgLo pkof]lutfnfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 t/ • lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof / lzIf0f ;fdu|L ;DaGwdf ;fdfGoLs/0fsf] ljsf;
ljZjJofkL j}wtf x'g' h?/L kb}{g . ug'{
• jf:tljs hLjgsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{, s'g} klg gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ • lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cj:yfdf ljBfyL{n] s;/L Jojxf/ u5{g eGg] ;DaGwdf
dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . gofF l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ug'{ / k'/fgf l;4fGtsf] k/LIf0f ug'{ .
• o; k|sf/sf] cg';GwfgnfO{ ;d:of pGd'v / sfo{lgb]{lzt cg';Gwfg ;d]t
dflgG5 .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 20 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 21

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg jf lj|mofTds cg';Gwfg jf sfo{ut cg';Gwfgsf]] ;'?cft
dgf]lj1fgj]Ttf s'6{ n]ljg (Kurt Lewin) n] ;g\ !($^ df -!*()–!($&_ n]
!@=@ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff, k|lqmof u/]sf x'g\ .
/ k|of]u • s'6{ n]ljgsf cg';f/– sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eg]sf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / gtLhfsf]
klxrfg ;lxtsf] rj|mLo k|lj|mof xf] .
• ;g\ !(&) df n/]G; :6]gxfp;n] cd]l/sfdf dfgljsL kf7\oqmd kl/of]hgfsf]
z'?jft u/]kl5 lzIff If]qdf o;sf] Jofks z'?jft x'g yfNof] .
• Stephen Corey (1953) sf cg';f/ æsfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg Tof] k|lqmof xf]
h;åf/f cEof;stf{n] cfˆgf] ;d:ofx?sf] j}1flgs tl/sfn] cWoog u5{ .
To;kl5 tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu dfu{lrq tof/ u/L ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5
/ d"Nof+sg u/L lg0f{o u/]/ tL lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjog ul/G5 .Æ
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 22 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 23

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg

• ljz]if u/L sIff sf]7fdf x'g] lzIf0f l;sfO{ lj|mofsnfkdf tTsfn ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] •cfkm\gf] sfo{ cEof;nfO{ bf]ifd'Qm ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
nflu ul/g] cg';GwfgnfO{ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg elgG5 . •sfo{If]qdf ef]us
] f tTsfnLg ;d:ofx?sf] sf/0f vf]Hb} ;'wf/sf
• sfo{d"ns cg'G' wfgdf lzIfs cfkm}+ cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
pkfox?sf] vf]hLdf lgb]{lzt x'G5 .
ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
•tTsfnLg sfo{df ;'wf/ / pkrf/fTds sfo{x?sf nflu ul/G5 .
• of] rj|mLo :j¿ksf] x'G5 .
• ;'wf/sf /0fgLlt to u/L pSt /0fgLltsf] pkof]u sIffsf]7fdf jf sIff lzIf0fdf jf
•sIffsf]7fdf sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eGgfn] lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf
tflnd jf cGo sfo{ynf]df ug{ o; k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfg ul/G5 . cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? kQfnufP/ To;nfO{
• of] cfˆgf] lj|mofsnfksf] :jk|Tofjt{g ug]{ / ;d:ofsf If]qdf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zosf k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug'{ xf] .
;fy ul/G5 . o;df k|of]ustf{ :jod\ cg';Gwfgstf{sf ¿kdf /xG5 .
• o;df Jojl:yt ljlw pkof]udf NofOG5 .
• sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo ;DaGw sfo{If]qsf tTsfnLg ;d:ofx?sf] sfo{ynf]df
g} ltgsf] ;dfwfg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 24 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 25

4
 6/7/2022

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
• of] cg';Gwfg sIfflzIf0f ubf{ cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/G5 .
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
• of] cg';Gwfgsf dfWodaf6 sIff lzIf0fdf g} ;'wf/ ug]{tkm{ pGd'v x'G5 . sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/ M
• of] cg';Gwfg cGo JolQm jf ljz]if1åf/f ul/Fb}g . cEof;stf{ -lzIfs_ :jod\ g} -s_ JolQmut sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg,
o; cg';Gwfgsf cg';Gwfgstf{ x'g\ .
• of] Pp6f lg/Gt/ k|lj|mof xf] h;n] sIff lzIf0fdf kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfd -v_ ;xsfof{Tds sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg /
ub{5 . -u_ ljBfnout÷;+:yfut sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg .
• of] cg';Gwfgsf nflu lzIfsåf/f ;d:of klxrfg ul/G5, lzIfs :jod\ g} o;
cg';Gwfgdf ;+nUg eO{ o;af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] glthfsf] cfwf/df lzIfsaf6 g}
sfof{Gjog u/L sIfflzIf0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{ ul/G5 .
• of] cg';Gwfgdf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{, ;d:ofsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{, ;d:ofsf
sf/0fx¿ klxNofpg], x:tIf]ksf/L ;'wf/fTds k|of;x¿ – of]hgf, sfof{Gjog,
cjnf]sg / :jk|Tofjt{g h:tf lgoldt k|lqmofx¿ cjnDag ul/G5 .
• ;d:ofsf] p7fgb]lv ;dfwfg geP;Dd cgj/t ¿kdf ul//xg] k|of;af6 g}
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 26 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 27

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfg / sfo{d"ns cg';GwfgaLr km/s
कार्यक्षेत्रमा उपर्ोग :
• पेशागत सुधारका लागग कार्यमुलक अनुसन्धान
cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfg sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg • अभ्र्ासमा पररवतयन वा सुधार गनय
• समस्र्ा समाधान गनय
;}4flGts Jofjxfl/s Pjd\ k|of]ufTds • नर्ा तररकाको मुलर्ाांकन गनय
;fdfGo ljlzi6 • प्रततबिम्िन प्रणालीलाई शशक्षणमा प्रर्ोग गनय
• गुणस्तर सुतनश्चित गराउन
lj1åf/f ul/g] cEof;stf{ jf lzIfsåf/f ul/g] कार्यमलू क अनुसन्धान प्रक्रिर्ा –आफ्नै लागग सध
ु ार
a[xt\ k|s[ltsf] ;"Id k|s[ltsf] • समस्याको पहिचान गने,
;'emfj lbg] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug{] • परिकल्पना वा पव ू व अनम ु ान,
• तथयाांक सांकलन,
c¿sf] ;'wf/sf nflu cfkm\gf] ;'wf/sf nflu
• तथयिरुको ववश्लेषण ि ननस्कषव,
k|dfl0ft ug{] ;'wf/ ug{] -AR is to improve not • सध ु ािका लागग योजना ननमावण
to PROVE_ • कायावन्वयन ि सध ु ाि (समस्या समाधान)
• प्रनतवेदन
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 28 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 29

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf कायवमल
ू क अनुसन्धानको समग्र प्रकृयाभित्र M (१) प्रस्तावना चिण (२)
• u'0ffTds / ;fGble{s कायव चिण ि (३) प्रनतवेदन चिण
• kl/jt{gd'vL
कायवमल
ू क अनुसन्धानको मख्
ु य चिण M कायव चिण
• cEof;stf{sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf
• lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|s[of sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] कायव चिण
• rqmLo $ r/0fx'g]
• ;xeflutfTds÷;xsfof{Tds
!_ of]hgf
• PsLs[t @_ sfof{Gjog -sfo{_
• :jk|Tofjt{g #_ cjnf]sg
• nrstf lj|mofl;ntf $_ k|ltlaDag
• ljlzi6 ljifodf s]lGb|t
• of]hgfab\w
• l;sfO
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 31 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 35

5
 6/7/2022

sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg cGt{ut sfo{ r/0fx? Cyclical

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 36 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 37

cg';Gwfgdf ;d:of klxrfg

;d:ofsf] klxrfg
!@=# sIffsf]7fleq ;DalGwt ljifo lzIf0fsf • cg';Gwfgsf ljleGg r/0fdWo] klxnf] r/0f ;d:ofsf] syg / ;d:of
;d:ofsf] klxrfg klxrfg xf] .
!@=$ k|fKt tYof+s tyf glthfsf] ljZn]if0f / • ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ pko'Qmtf, ;fGble{stf / k|fyldstfnfO{ cfwf/
agfOG5 .
k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L • ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ rfn' z}lIfs gLlt tyf sfo{qmd, ;d:ofsf] ulx/fO{,
!@=% cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{x?sf] lzIf0f ljifosf] ufDeLo{tf, pkof]lutf Pjd\ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] ?lr ;d]tnfO{ Vofn
ug'{k5{ . To:t} 5gf]6 ePsf] ;d:of cg';Gwfgof]Uo klg x'g'k5{ . pko'Qm
l;sfOdf pkof]u lsl;dsf ;d:of 5gf]6 ePdf dfq cg';Gwfgaf6 ck]lIft glthf k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .
• ;d:ofsf] lj:t[t If]q klxrfg kZrft bf];|f] r/0fdf vf; vf; ;d:ofsf]
klxrfg ug'{k5{ . k|To]s ljifoIf]qleq cg]sf} d'4f tyf ;d:of x'g ;S5g\ .
tL ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug'{ bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{ xf] .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 38 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 39

cg';Gwfgdf ;d:of klxrfg cg';Gwfgdf ;d:of klxrfg

sIffsf]7fleq ljifo lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf If]qx? sIffsf]7fleq ljifo lzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:of klxrfgsf tl/sfx?
• l;sfO pknlAw M sd k|fKtfÍ Nofpg', l;sfO pknlAw sdhf]/ x'g', p2]Zo k"/f • sIffsfo{, u[xsfo{
• pknlAw k/LIff
gx'g'
• cjnf]sg
• ljifosf] cjwf/0ff;DaGwL M s'g} ljifoIf]qsf] cjwf/0ff a'em\g g;Sg' • cGt/jftf{
• l;sf?sf] pTk|]/0ff tyf ?lr M l;sfOk|lt l;sf?sf] ?lr hfu[t ug{ g;Sg' • k|ZgfjnL
• z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] klxrfg / k|of]u • 36gfj[Q clen]v
• sIffsf]7f Joj:yfkg • ;l~rt clen]v
• d"Nof+sg • dfdnf cWoog
• ;d"x 5nkmn
• l;sfOdf ;dfj]zLtf
• cleefjs cGt/lqmof
• clgoldttf • lzIfs;Fu cGt/lqmof
• ;}4flGts sfo{nfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f;DaGwL cflb . • :jMk|ltlaDag cflb .

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 40 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 41

6
 6/7/2022

cg';Gwfgsf] glthf ljZn]if0f cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg

cg';Gwfgsf glthfsf] ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bgsf] cjwf/0ff
• glthfsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu ljleGg tYof+szf:qLo ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . • cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] pknlAw -Output_ sf] ?kdf k|ltj]bgnfO{ lnOG5 .
• k|ltj]bg cg';Gwfgsf sfo{dWo] Ps dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . cg';GwfgkZrft cg';Gwfgdf
• tYof+ssf] k|:t'tLs/0fsf nflu j[Qlrq, :tDe lrq, lx:6f]u|fd, /]vf lrq cflbsf] cjnDajg ul/Psf k|lqmofx?, k|fKt glthf / ;'emfjx? ;dfj]z u/L k|ltj]bg tof/L ug'{k5{ .
k|of]u ul/G5 . k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
• tYof+s k|:t'lts/0f M tflnsfdf, j[Qlrq, :tDelrq, /]vflrq cflbdf • k|ltj]bg j:t'lgi7 x'g'k5{ .
• cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg tYof+szf:qLo ljlwx?df cf};t, dlWosf, /Lt, • ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿ :ki6 ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{{ .
ljrng, ;x;DaGw, :t/Lo leGgtf cflbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . • cj:yfsf] k"0f{ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
• tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f M k|ltzt, cf};t, dlWosf, /Lt, ;x;DaGw, :t/Lo leGgtf, • ;+lIfKt x'g'k5{ .
• pko'Qm 9fFrfdf x'g'k5{ .
ljrng cflb .
• tYodf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{, tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ .
• tfls{s x'g'k5{ .
• k|flKt, ;'wf/fTds kIf Pjd\ ;'emfjx? pNn]v ug'{k5{ .
• lgisif{ ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 42 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 43

!@=^ 36gf cWoog M kl/ro, k|lqmof / k|ltj]bg

36gf jf dfdnf cWoog

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 44 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 45

36gf cWoog jf dfdnf cWoog

• dfdnf cWoogsf]] k|of]u ;j{k|yd Frederic Le play (1829) n]
;fdflhs lj1fg cGtu{t kfl/jfl/s ah]6sf] cWoogsf ;Gbe{df u/]sf]
dflgG5 .
• a}olQms cg';Gwfg -s'g} JolQm, ;+u7g, 36gf jf sfo{qmdsf af/]df_
/0fgLlt xf] .
• of]hgfa4 ?kdf ul/g] ulx/f] cWoog÷cg';Gwfg xf] .
• ;'Id ?kdf lj:t[t cWoog Pjd\ ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf
pkfox? k|:t't ug]{ sfo{ xf] .
• of] Ps lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs dfO{qmf];sf]kn] ulxl/P/ x]g]{ / h] b]lvG5 Tof]
• dfdnf cWoogsf] ;fdflhs lj1fgdf a9L k|of]u ul/G5 .
• o;n] P]ltxfl;s cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L u/fpF5 . eljiosf nflu ;'emfj
• u'0ffTds cWoog jf cg';Gwfg xf] .
• o;df cfkm\gf] af/]df cfkm}n] cWoog ul/b}g, csf]{sf] af/]df ul/G5 .
• dfdnf cWoogdf kl/df0ffTds kl/sNkgf ul/b}g .
• cWoog ul/g] OsfO{sf] ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf ulxl/P/ k"0f{ t:jL/ ptfb}{ s]
eO/x]sf] 5 / lsg To;f] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] k|Zgx¿sf] u'0ffTds syg /
JofVof ljZn]if0f g} dfdnf cWoog xf] .
•

l6kf]6 ug]{ sfo{ xf] .

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 46 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 47

7
 6/7/2022

dfdnf cWoogsf] cfjZostf÷dxTTj

• s'g} ljBfyL{, lzIfs, ljBfno, ;+:yf tyf lglZrt sfo{qmd 36gf – jf:tlas ;d:of klxrfg ug{
cWoogsf If]q x'g ;S5g gls s'g} Pp6f JolQmsf ljrf/ jf l;4fGt .
• 36gf cWoogaf6 k|fKt tYo / pknAwLnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;ls+b}g,
– s'g} klg ;F:yf÷If]qsf] ulx/f] cWoog ug{
t/ To:t} k|s[ltsf cGo 36gfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xof]u lng – k];fut Ifdtf ljsf; ug{
;lsG5 . – u'0ffTds cWoog ug{
• dfdnf cWoognfO{ cjf:tljs, a9L ;fdfGo / cg';Gwfgstf{sf]
k"jf{u|xsf] a9L k|efj kg]{ egL cfnf]rgf ug]{ ul/G5 . – b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L PsfO{ larsf] t'ngfTds cWoog
ug{
– cg';Gwfgd'vL hgzlQmsf] lasf; ug{
– ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;ksf] lasf; ug{
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 48 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 49

dfdnf cWoogsf] k|lqmof jf r/0f dfdnf cWoogsf r/0fx?

@=Dffdnf cWoogsf] nflu /0fgLlt to ug]{
!=cg';Gwfgsf] k|Zg tof/ ug]{
-dfdnfsf] ljifoj:t' 5gf]6_
;"
;"rgf ;+sng tyf Joj:yfkg -
$_
;" "
;rgfsf] d"Nof+sg tyf ljZn]if0f -
%_
Dffdnf cWoogsf] k|ltj]bg tof/L,k|jf]lws/0f
tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ k|sfzg -*_
– zLif{ssf] 5gf]6 -ljifoj:t' jf ;d:ofsf] 5gf]6_
– p4]Zosf] lgwf{/0f
{sf]
#=cg';Gwfgsf ;fwg,h:t} cGt{ jftf{ – cWoogsf] ljlw
nflu k|Zgx¿sftof/Ltof/L
– cWoogsf] If]qsf] lgSof]{n
l
ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df dfdnf jf\g fsf]
36gfsf]
n]vg jf syfsf] ?kdf k|:t't -^_
– ;fwg÷k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f
– ;"rgf÷tYofÍ ;Íng
36\gfnfO{ k'i6\ofO{ lbg ;lsg] – tYofÍsf] k|:t'tLs/0f tyf ljin]if0f
cfwf/x¿sf] Ps k6s k'g/fjnf]sg
ug]{ – lgisif{sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f / k|ltj]bg

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 50 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 51

dfdnf cWoogsf r/0fx?

University of Texas sf cg';f/ dfdnf cWoogsf
r/0fx? -^ r/0f_
• cg';Gwfg k|Zgsf] lgwf{/0f / JofVof !@=& sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg / 36gf cWooglar
• 36gfsf] 5gf]6 tyf tYof+s ;+sng ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] leGgtf
lgwf{/0f
• tYof+s ;+sng ljlw
• tYofÍ ;Íng tyf k|:t'tLs/0f
• tYofÍsf] ljZn]if0f
• k|ltj]bg tof/L

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 52 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 55

8
 6/7/2022

dfdnf cWoog / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfglar leGgtf

;d:of • sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgn] l;sfOsf j|mddf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf
nflu ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ g} lhDd]af/ agfpF5 eg] dfdnf cWoogdf
;d:ofsf sf/0fx? dfdnf b]lvPsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;'emfj dfqf lbOG5 .
cWoog • o;df ;DalGwt JolSt jf lzIfssf] ;+nUgtf geO cGo lgsfoaf6
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ul/G5 eg] sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug]{ JolStn] g} ub{5 .
sfo{d"ns
cg';Gwfg pkfox?sf] k/LIf0f

;d:of ;dfwfg

cEof;df kl/jt{g
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 56 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 57

dfdnf cWoog / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfglar leGgtf dfdnf cWoog / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfglar leGgtf
cfwf/ dfdnf cWoog sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg cfwf/ dfdnf cWoog sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg
of] Pp6f s'g} JolQmsf] syf of] Pp6f ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ of] s;n] ljz]ifu/L afx\o JolQm jf k];fsdL{ cfkm}+n] dfq ;~rfng
of] s] xf] < xf], ;fy} Pp6f 36gf jf k|ultlzn k|lqmof xf], h;n] pkfo, ;~rfng lzIfs :jo+n] klg ub{5g\, cyf{t\ lzIfs cfkm+}n]
JolQmsf] dfdnfsf] ulx/f] k|of]u tyf sfo{ jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'wf/ ub{5 <
k/LIf0f klg xf] . ub{5 . sIff s'g} 36gfnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt sIfflzIf0fdf cfOk/]sf ljljw
o;n] lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ b'j} o; k|lqmofdf ;DalGwt k];fsf lzIf0fdf tl/sfaf6 ljZn]if0f ug{, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu lzIfs cfkm}+
s;/L sfd ;lqmo ¿kdf efu lnG5g\ . JolQmn] cfkm\gf] k];f;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] kmfObf ;d:ofsf] r'/f] s'/f kQf ;Ifd eO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf /0fgLlt
u5{ < ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfkm+} nufpg tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfo to ug]{, sfof{Gjog ug]{ tyf cfPsf
cg';Gwfg u5{g\ / k|fKt glthf klg vf]hL ug{ ;xof]uL l;4 x'G5 . ;'wf/nfO{ :jk|Tofjt{g ub}{ ;'wf/
cfkm}+n] k|of]u u/L ;'wf/ geP;Dd gcfPsf] cj:yfdf k'gM of]hgf ug{
lg/Gt/ nflu/xG5g\ . t;y{ of] rs|Lo d2t k'Ub5 .
:j¿ksf] x'g] ub{5 .
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 58 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 59

dfdnf cWoog / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfglar leGgtf k|Zgx?

cfwf/ dfdnf cWoog sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg -!_ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo k|of]hg s] xf] <
s'g If]qdf ljz]ifu/L lrlsT;fzf:q, of] vf;u/L lzIff If]q cyf{t\
a9L sfg'g tyf ;fdflhs cWoog sIffsf]7fdf ;'wf/ ug{ k|efjsf/L s_ tYosf] vf]hL ug]{ v_ ;d:ofsf sf/0fx?sf] klxrfg
k|efjsf/L h:tf ljifodf . dflgG5 . u_ ;d:ofsf] :jM ;dfwfg 3_ dflysf ;a}
x'G5 < @_ cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo k|of]hg s] xf] <
cWoog jf dfdnf 5gf]6, cg';Gwfgsf of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cjnf]sg tyf
cg';Gwfg k|Zg tof/L, cg';Gwfg k|ltljDag u/L rf/j6f d'Vo r/0f jf -s_ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{
ubf{sf] ;fwgx¿ ljsf;, ;"rgf sfo{ r/0fx¿ x'G5g\ . v_ l;4fGtsf] lgdf{0f ug'{
r/0fx¿ ;+sng, ;"rgfsf] d"Nof+sg
u_ l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:ofsf sf/0f klxrfg ug'{
tyf ljZn]if0f, k|ltj]bg
tof/L . 3_ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg'

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 60 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 61

9
 6/7/2022

k|Zgx? k|Zgx?
-%_ 36gf cWoogsf] ljz]iftf s'g xf]Og <
-#_ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf ;Gbe{df s'g egfO d]n vfFb}g < s_ ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lbOg]
s_ ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] x'g] v_ cEof;stf{4f/f ul/g] v_ kl/df0ffTds k|s[ltsf]
u_ j}olQms cg';Gwfg
u_ rqmLo :j?k 3_ ;'wf/ s]lGb|t
3_ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog ug{ pkof]uL
$_ Jojfxfl/s cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo k|of]hg s] xf] < ^_ b]xfosf dWo] s'g cfwf/e"t cg';Gwfgsf] ljz]iftf xf] <
-s_ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{ -s_ ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf]
v_ l;4fGtsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ v_ tfTsfnLs k|s[ltsf]
u_ l;4fGtsf] k|of]u u/L ;d:ofsf ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hL ug'{ u_ lgisif{sf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsg]
3_ cEof;stf{4f/f ul/g]
3_ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg'
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 62 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 63

k|Zgx? k|Zgx?
&=æsfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg eg]sf] of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / glthfsf] (=sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgsf] ljz]iftf s'g xf]Og <
klxrfg;lxtsf] rqmLo k|lqmof xf] .Æ of] s;sf] egfO{ xf] < -s_ bL3{sfnLgdf pkof]udf cfwfl/t
-v_ ;fdflhs cEof;df cfwfl/t
-s_ :6]e]G; -v_ s'6{ n]ljg -u_ k|ltlaDafTds
-u_ n/]G; :6]gxfp; -3_ hf]g SNofk/ -3_ k];fsdL{af6 lgwf{l/t
*=dfdnf cWoogsf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd s;n] u/]sf x'g\ < !)=k|of]usf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgsf k|sf/ s'g s'g x'g\ <
-s_ Jojxfl/s, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg / u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg
-s_ k|m]8l/s ln Kn] -v_ s'6{ n]ljg
-v_ j0f{gfTds, cGj]if0ffTds, ;x ;DaGw / JofVofTds cg';Gwfg
-u_ n/]G; :6]gxfp; -3_ hf]g SNofk/ -u_ kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg
-3_ cfwf/e"t, Jofjxfl/s / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg

6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 64 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 65

k|Zg g+= pQ/

pQ/s'l~hsf wGojfb
! u
@ v
# s
$ u
% v
^ u
& v
*= s
(= s
!) 3
6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 66 6/7/2022 PADAMRAJ ACHARYA 67

10