TABLE OF CONTENTS

PARTICULARS PAGE No.

Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
List of Abbreviations v
Table of Cases viii
Table of Contents xiv

Chapter – I Introduction 1-26

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Meaning of Food 3
1.2.1 Meaning of Food Security 4
1.2.2 Dimensions of Food Security 6
1.2.3 Meaning of Food Insecurity 6
1.2.4Meaning of Food Safety 7
1.2.5The Right to Food 7
1.3 Statement of the Research Problem 12
1.4 Research Questions 13
1.5 Objectives of the Study 13
1.6 Hypotheses 14
1.7 Significance of the Study 15
1.8 Scope and Limitation of the Study 15
1.9 Research Methodology 15
1.10 Sources of Data Collection 16
1.11 Review of Literature 16
1.12 Scheme of the Study 17
1.13 Conclusion 24

Chapter – II Historical Evolution and Conceptual Development of 27-63

Right to Food in India: An Assessment
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Importance of Food 29
2.3 References of Reverence to Food in Indian Scriptures 31
2.3.1 Dharma 31
2.3.2 Hindu Samskaras 31
2.3.3 Vedas 32
2.3.4 Upanishads 33
2.3.5 Bhagavad Geeta 36
2.3.6 Mahabharata 37
2.3.7 Manusmriti 39
2.3.8 Kautilya’s Arthashastra 39
2.4 Tradition of Providing Food for Others in Modern India 40
2.5 Historical Instances of British Denouncing the Tradition of 40
Providing Food
2.6 The Enactment of the National Food Security Act, 2013 44
(NFSA)
2.6.1The Objective of NFSA 46

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 2.6.2 The Salient Features of NFSA 46
2.6.3 Implementation Hiccups of NFSA 47
2.6.4 Challenges in the Implementation of NFSA 48
2.7 Live Instances of People Dying of Starvation Even After 52
NFSA
2.8 History of Emergence of Adulteration of Food and the Laws 53
Relating to it
2.8.1 Contribution of Smritikaras for the Growth of Anti – 56
Adulteration Laws
2.8.2 Kautilya’s Arthashastra’s Dictum on Adulteration of 57
Food
2.8.3 Laws Regulating Adulteration of Food in the Medieval 59
India
2.8.4Advent of Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 61
2.9 Conclusion 62

Chapter – III Constitutional Perspective and Judicial Dictum on Right 64-104

to Food in India – An Evaluation
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Jurisprudential Analysis of Right to Food 67
3.3 Nature of the Right to Food 68
3.3.1 Right to Food is a Natural Right 68
3.3.2 Right to Food is a Justiciable Right 68
3.3.3 Right to Food is a Socio – Economic Right 69
3.4 Provisions of the Constitution of India Dealing with Right to 71
Food
3.4.1 Values Enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian 72
Constitution
3.4.2 Article 14 of the Constitution of India 75
3.4.3 Article 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution of India 75
3.4.4 Article 21 of the Constitution of India 77
3.4.5 Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution of India 80
3.4.6 Articles 39 and 47 of the Constitution of India 80
3.4.7 Article 41 of the Constitution of India 82
3.4.8 Article 246 of the Constitution of India 83
3.4.9 Article 253 of the Constitution of India 84
3.5 Judicial Approach to Right to Food 85
Case Analysis of -
3.5.1 Kishen Pattanaik v. State of Orissa 90
3.5.2 PUCL v. Union of India 92
3.6 Limitations of Judicial Process 96
3.7 Law Commission Reports Supporting the Right to Food 97
3.7.1105th Report on ‘Quality Control and Inspection of 97
Consumer Goods’
3.7.2223rd Report on ‘Need for Ameliorating the Lot of the 98
Have – Nots – Supreme Court’s Judgements’
3.7.3 259th Report on ‘Early Childhood Development And 99
Legal Entitlements’
3.8 Conclusion 99

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Chapter – IV Legal Regulation of Food Safety and Standards in India – 105-183
An Overview
4.1 Introduction 105
4.2 Definition and Meaning of Adulteration 107
4.2.1 Reasons for Adulteration 108
4.3 History of Adulteration 109
4.3.1 England 109
4.3.2 India 110
4.4 Food Safety at the International Level 113
4.5 Genesis of Food Safety Laws in India 115
4.5.1 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (PFAA) 115
4.5.2 Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA) 129
4.6 Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSSA) 132
4.6.1 Objective of the Act 132
4.6.2 Salient Features of the Act 133
4.6.3 Definitions under the Act 134
4.6.4 Establishment of FSSAI 140
4.6.5 General Principles of Food Safety 144
4.6.6 General Provisions as to Articles of Food 147
4.6.7 Provision Relating to Import of Articles of Food 152
4.6.8 Special Responsibilities as to Food Safety 153
4.6.9 Enforcement of the Act 155
4.6.10 Analysis of Food 164
4.6.11 Offences and Penalties 167
4.6.12 Adjudication and Food Safety Appellate Tribunal 173
4.6.13 Miscellaneous 178
4.6.14 True Incidents that Depict the Implementational 178
Collapse of FSSA
4.6.15 Conclusion 181

Chapter – V Food Safety and Standards And the Consumer Laws in 184-214
India – A Study
5.1 Introduction 184
5.2 Development of Consumer Protection Laws in India 185
5.2.1 Consumer Protection in Ancient India 185
5.2.2 Consumer Protection in Medieval India 188
5.2.3 Consumer Protection in Modern India 189
5.3 United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection 190
5.4 Food and Agriculture Organisation – Voluntary Guideline 9 191
on Food Safety and Consumer Protection
5.5 Human Rights of Consumers 192
5.6 Constitution of India and Consumer Rights 193
5.7 Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA) 196
5.7.1 Definitions 198
5.8 Consumer Helpline 206
5.9 Jurisdiction of Consumer Courts 206
5.10 Section 72 of FSSA vis – a – vis Section 3 of CPA 207
5.11 Procedural Advantages of FSSA over CPA 209

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 5.12 Code of Ethics for Food Trade and Industry 210
5.13 Conclusion 211

Chapter – VI International Conventions and Declarations on Food 215-308

Safety and Standards: An Analysis
6.1 Introduction 215
6.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 (UDHR) 217
6.3 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural 221
Rights, 1966 (ICESCR)
6.3.1 The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural 222
Rights (CESCR)
6.3.2 Obligations of the State Parties under the Right to 224
Adequate Food
6.3.3 The Normative Content of Article 11 of ICESCR 226
6.4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 229
(ICCPR)
6.4.1 Human Rights Committee 230
6.5 UN Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943 and the Birth 232
of Food and Agriculture Organisation in 1945
6.5.1 Objectives 232
6.5.2 Outcome of the Conference 232
6.6 World Food Programme, 1961 (WFP) 234
6.6.1 Objectives 236
6.6.2 Working of WFP 236
6.7 First World Food Conference, 1974 238
6.7.1 Conference Resolutions 242
6.8 Plan of Action on World Food Security – 1979 244
6.8.1 Steps Taken to Implement the International Undertaking 245
6.8.2 Recommendations of the Committee 249
6.8.3 Future Programme of the Committee 250
6.9 The World Food Day Established – 1981 250
6.9.1 Value Underlined The World Food Day 252
6.9.2 Achievements Due to the Concerted Efforts of World 252
Food Day and Various Programmes Initiated by FAO
6.10 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990 253
6.11 First International Conference on Nutrition (ICN) – World 256
Declaration and Plan of Action for Nutrition: 1992
6.11.1 Preparatory Work for the Conference 257
6.11.2 Objectives of the Conference 257
6.11.3 Important Policy Guidelines 258
6.11.4 Strategy to Meet the Objectives 260
6.11.5 Implementation of the Recommendations of the 260
Conference
6.12 World Food Summit, 1996 – Rome Declaration on World 261
Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action: 1996
6.12.1 Objective of the Summit 262
6.12.2 World Food Summit Plan of Action 263
6.13 Millennium Summit of the United Nations, 2000 266
6.13.1 The Millennium Development Goals 267

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 6.14 World Food Summit, 1996: 5 Years Later 269
6.14.1 Objective of the Summit 270
6.15 The Right to Food, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the 272
Right to Food, Jean Ziegler, Mission to India (United Nations
Economic and Social Council, 2006)
6.16 High Level Task Force on Global Food and Nutritional 276
Security, 2008
6.16.1 The Impact of the High Level Task Force 278
6.16.2 Their Future Programme Included 278
6.17 Rome Declaration on World Food Security, 2009 280
6.17.1 Objectives 280
6.17.2 Round table Meetings 281
6.17.3 Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security 283
6.17.4 The Key Challenges 285
6.18 RIO+20 – Zero Hunger Challenge, 2012 286
6.19 Food Assistance Convention, 2012 287
6.20 The Second International Conference on Nutrition, 2014 289
(ICN) 291
6.20.1 The Key Objectives of ICN2 291
6.20.2 Scope of the Conference
6.21 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, 2014 292
6.22 Milan Declaration on Enhancing Food Security and Climate 295
Adaptation in Small Island Developing States, 2015
6.23 United Nations Sustainable Development Summit, Goal 2, 298
2015
6.23.1 Accomplishment of Goal 2 During 2017 300
6.24 High – Level Side Event on Pathways to Zero Hunger – 2016 302
6.24.1Pathways to Zero Hunger 302
6.25 Conclusion 305

Chapter – VII Conclusion and Suggestions 309-338

7.1 Conclusion 309
7.2 Testing of Hypotheses 314
7.3 Findings 317
7.4 Suggestions 326
BIBLIOGRAPHY 339

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