D.R.R.R.

11
Disaster Response and Risk Reduction – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 12: Earthquake Hazards
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Michael John M. Lopez
Editor: Melvina S. Tarcena
Reviewers: Melvina S. Tarcena
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Micaelle Lauren V. Tenorio
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Revera, CESE
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta EdD
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
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Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division

of Pasig City
 D.R.R.R. 11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 12
Earthquake Hazards
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Disaster Response and Risk Reduction – Grade 11 and Self-
Learning Module on the different Types of Hazards.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st-century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Disaster Response and Risk Reduction Self-Learning Module

on the different Types of Hazards.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This new module presents you with the concept of the Fire Triangle.
At the end of this module, the following are the goals that are expected for you
to be achieved:
1. identify various potential Earthquake Hazards;
2. recognize possible hazards after an earthquake; and
3. appreciate the importance of familiarizing different potential hazards after
an earthquake.

PRETEST

Directions: Identify the following statements if it’s TRUE or FALSE based on the
underlined word/phrase. Encircle the word “TRUE” if the statement is correct. If
FALSE, encircle the word “FALSE” and change the underlined word/phrase to
make the statement correct. Write the word/phrase on the space provided for each
number.
1. Earthquake is a term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the
resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip
True False : _______________________
2. Ground shaking is the vibration that we feel when energy is built up by the
application of stress to the Lithosphere.
True False : _______________________
3. Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause major
damage during earthquakes.
True False : _______________________
4. A Tsunami is a catastrophic ocean wave, usually caused by a
submarine earthquake, an underwater or coastal landslide, or
a volcanic eruption.
True False : _______________________
5. Ground Rupture is the visible offset of the ground surface when an
earthquake rupture along a fault affects the Earth's surface.
True False : _______________________
 RECAP

Directions: Fill in the table below of the possible hazards according to the
following types based on our discussion of the previous module. List as many as you
can for each type.

Geologic Hydrologic Atmospheric Biologic Man-made

LESSON

The great Albert Einstein once said that the trouble with people’s memory is
that it is too short compared with the return periods of disasters like earthquakes.

Earthquakes strike suddenly anywhere like the proverbial thief in the night.
This module hopes to solve part of the problem these predicaments bring. Safety
from earthquakes requires constant preparedness, even long before potentially
disastrous events happen.

Earthquake hazards may be experienced depending on the strength of the

seismic activity. Factors such as local topographic and built features of
infrastructures, geologic subsurface, and groundwater, just to name a few, maybe
also a determinants of the severity of the effects of an earthquake.
 This module will specifically discuss different earthquake hazards namely; (1)
Ground Shaking; (2) Ground Rupture; (3) Liquefaction; (4) Earthquake-induced
landslide; and (5) Tsunami. Let us start!

Ground Shaking. Ground shaking is the vibration that we feel when the
energy built up by the application of stress to
the lithosphere is released by faulting during
an earthquake. Most natural earthquakes are
caused by sudden slippage along a fault is
hindered because there are irregularities on
the fault plane. If an earthquake generates a
large enough energy-giving enough shaking
intensity, infrastructures such as buildings,
bridges, and dams might experience severe
damage. Furthermore, ground shaking might
result in the destabilization of the slope of Source: Inquirer.net File Photo;
cliffs and the ground. Piled objects may fall “Baguio shares lessons on rising from
and might bring additional hazards to the disaster”; July 16, 2014
individuals nearby.

Ground shaking per se cannot harm you if you are in an open field. Harm to
individuals may cause by the inferior design of infrastructures such as poor
constructions, or weak foundations.

Ground Rupture. Ground rupture is another important effect of earthquakes

that occurs when the earthquake
movement along a fault breaks the
Earth's surface. The lithosphere breaks
when its strength is overcome by a large
amount of stress applied. This breaking
happens in much the same way a piece
of rock does when struck hard enough
with a hammer. When an earthquake is
strong enough, faulting initiated at
depths may breach the earth’s surface to
form a ground rupture. Faulting tends to Image: Strike-slip faulting along the ground
occur along zones of weakness such as rupture of the 1990 Luzon earthquake in Nueva
old or pre-existing faults, fractures (or Vizcaya. The rice paddy dikes (pilapil) were
displaced horizontally by a few meters.
rock breaks not involving slip), or along
bedding planes (contacts between Source: Nakata, T., Tsutsumi, H., Punongbayan,
R. S., Rimando, R. E., Daligdig, J. A., Daag, A. S.,
sedimentary rock layers and between and Besana, G. M., 1996
different types of rocks). Stresses acting
on broken rock masses need only to overcome frictional resistance along these old
planes of weakness.

The ground rupture length depends on the magnitude of an earthquake.

Earthquakes with a magnitude 6.5 or greater are generally strong enough to produce
large-scale ground ruptures. The ground rupture of the 1990 Luzon earthquake is
120 km long.

Liquefaction. When the ground shakes, some areas especially those made of
wet fine sand are subjected to
liquefaction. Liquefaction is when
sediment grains are made to float in
groundwater, which causes the soil to
lose all its solidity. They can spray mud
and sand over an area a few meters
across. Liquefaction takes place when
loosely packed, water-logged sediments at
or near the ground surface lose their
strength in response to strong ground
shaking. Liquefaction occurring beneath
Image: Liquefaction caused buildings and
buildings and other structures can cause
bridges to sink, water to well-up with sand
major damage during earthquakes. boils all over in Dagupan City, Pangasinan
Liquefaction causes some of the most
Source: infocentraleph.blogspot.com., July
striking ground failures and damages to
16, 2015
man-made structures. Damage during
liquefaction results from the settlement of structures into the soil, flow landslides,
laterally spreading landslides, and the ejection of water and sediments at the surface
in the form of sand blows or sand boils, fountains, or even seepage of water that
leads to flooding.

To better understand how Liquefaction happens due to an earthquake, you

may access the given link for video presentation;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tW1iUAAMZZU

Earthquake-induced landslide. Ground shaking due to earthquakes

destabilizes cliffs and steep slopes, causing landslides and rockfalls as a significant
side-effect. Heavy rain and unconsolidated or fractured rock are exacerbating factors.
Landslides are caused by earthquakes both by direct rupture and by sustained
shaking of unstable slopes. They can easily destroy buildings in their path, or block
roads and railroad lines, or take hilltop homes with them as they tumble. Why
landslides occur? A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by several factors
acting together or alone. These factors include;

1. Removal of support. At the base of a slope which may be due to erosion

at the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves. That is why landslides may
occur even on a hot summer day.
2. Groundwater (pore water) pressure. During sudden changes in the water
level of bodies of water adjacent to a slope also acts to destabilize it.
3. Volcanic Eruptions. Bulging of slopes and the force of volcanic material
ejection or emission may also contribute to slope instability.
 4. Intense rainfall. Landslides may also be triggered due to the weakening
of slope material by water saturation.
5. Earthquakes. Slopes are prone to widespread failure during earthquakes
because of the sudden shaking of hilly and mountainous areas. What a
prolonged period of rainfall cannot do to slopes is accomplished by s strong
earthquake that may last only less than a minute.

Tsunami. Destructive waves that are generated by earthquakes and other

events had been given numerous misleading
names in the past. These types of waves are not
rare occurrences in Japan. It is no wonder then
that the Japanese term “tsunami”, which
means harbor waves, is widely used even if it is
also a misnomer. Perhaps a term that reflects
both the conceptual and operational sense of
the phenomenon would be preferred.
Regardless of origin, all tsunamis are triggered
by powerful events that cause sudden
Source: “What is a Tsunami? The giant
displacement of large volumes of water. wave can move at speeds of up to 500
Tsunamis are a series of water waves caused miles an hour and reach heights of
when the seafloor moves vertically in an hundreds of feet.”; Tom Metcalfe;
December 5, 2018.
earthquake. Tsunami speeds in the deep ocean
have been measured at more than 700 km/hr, comparable to some jet planes, and
when tsunamis reach shallow water near the coast, they can reach heights of more
than 27 meters. Remember that tsunamis are a series of waves, and may start with
a gentle withdrawal of water, followed by a very abrupt arriving wave, followed by
another withdrawal, etc. The safest thing to do if you hear a tsunami is coming is to
move to higher ground away from the beach as quickly as possible.

Tsunamis are caused by events near the tsunami site of origin but may also
be caused by something that is not local to the tsunami source. The following are the
possible triggering mechanisms include:

1. Landslide. Occurring under the ocean and coastal landslides displacing

ocean water.
2. Volcanic eruption or explosion. Any submarine or coastal volcanic
activity and products that can trigger tsunami by displacing large volumes
of water.
 ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY #1:CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Directions: Answer the series of questions and put your answers inside the box
matching the question’s and answer’s location.

Down: Across:
1. Ejection or emission 4. Destructive waves that are generated by
of pyroclastic earthquakes.
materials.
5. Occurs when the earthquake movement along
2. When sediment a fault actually breaks the earth’s surface.
grains are literally
made to float in 6. A movement of rocks down a slope that may
groundwater. be caused by an earthquake.

3. A factor that may 7. A vibration that we feel when the energy built
cause landslide other up by the application of stress to the lithosphere.
than earthquake.
ACTIVITY#2: EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS CHECKLIST

Directions: Answer the 12-point checklist below to assess how prepared your house
in the hazards that may be brought by earthquakes.

Specific instructions: Encircle the letter that BEST describes your answer for each
number. After answering all the questions, tally the corresponding points for the
letters you chose and try to evaluate what range of score your allied score falls under.

QUESTIONS ITEMS POINT

Question #1 A. Built or designed by a licensed civil engr./architect. 1
Who builds or B. Not built by civil engineer/architect. 0
designed the
house?
C. This is not clear or unknown. 0
Question #2 A. Built-in or after 1992. 1
How old is my B. Built before 1992. 0
house? C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
Question #3 A. NO, or, YES but repaired. 1
Has my house been
damaged by past
B. YES but not yet repaired. 0
earthquakes or C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
other disasters?
Question #4 A. Regular (symmetrical, rectangular, box-type, simple) 1
What is the shape B.
Irregular/complicated. 0
of my house? C.
It is not clear or unknown. 0
Question #5 A.
NO, or, YES but supervised by a civil 1
Has my house Engr./architect
been extended or B. YES but not supervised by a civil engr./architect. 0
expanded?
C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
Question #6 A. YES, it is 6-inches. 1
Are the external
walls of my house B. NO, it is thinner than 6-inches. 0
6-inches thick C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
(hollow blocks)?
Question #7 A. YES (10mm diameter, tied and spaced correctly). 1
Are steel bars of
B. NO, fewer and smaller than 10mm. 0
standard size and
spacing used in C. None or unknown. 0
walls?
Question #8 A. NONE, all unsupported walls are less than 3m wide 1
Are there supported
walls more than 3
B. YES, at least 1 unsupported wall is more than 3m wide 0
meters wide? C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
Question #9 A. Light materials, properly anchored hollow blocks, 1
What is the no gable wall.
gable wall of my B. Not properly anchored hollow blocks, bricks, stone. 0
house made of?
C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
Question #10 A. Reinforced concrete. 1
 What is the B. Stones or unreinforced concrete.
foundation of
C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
my house?
Question #11 A. Hard (rock or stiff soil). 1
What is the soil B. Soft (muddy or reclaimed). 0
condition under
C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
my house?
Question #12 A. Good condition. 1
What is the
B. Poor condition. 0
overall condition
of my house? C. It is not clear or unknown. 0
TOTAL OF POINTS =
Source: Questions adapted from Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), “How Safe is my House? Self check for Earthquake
safety"

Total Evaluation and next steps

11 – 12 points Though this seems safe for now, please consult experts
SCORE for confirmation.
8 – 10 points This requires strengthening, please consult experts.
0 – 7 points This is disturbing, consult experts soon.

Guide Question:

1. Based on the total score you gained, what is the level of preparedness you
think you are in cases of earthquakes?

WRAP-UP

ESSAY WRITING

Directions: Read carefully and answer the following questions.

1. Identify and explain the different Earthquake hazards.

2. List and discuss various possible ways on how you can mitigate the
negative effects of these hazards.
 VALUING

DIRECTIONS: Read carefully and answer the question given.

Based on the result of your score in the checklist given in ACTIVITY #2,
answer the question below.
1. How are you going to assess your preparedness for earthquake hazards
when an earthquake happens?
2. How will you use this checklist to prepare for the possible occurrence of
an earthquake?

POSTTEST

DIRECTIONS: Please read each question carefully and look for the most correct
answer.
1. Which of the following BEST describes Liquefaction?
A. Liquefaction is when sediment grains are made to float in groundwater.
B. An event that causes the soil to lose all its solidity.
C. Both letters A and B are correct.
D. Neither of the above choices is correct.

2. The following are the factors that might cause landslides, EXCEPT?
A. Complex slides

B. Earthquakes

C. Groundwater pressure
D. Intense rainfall

3. Landslides are triggered due to the weakening of the slope material by water
saturation.
A. Complex slides

B. Earthquakes
 C. Groundwater pressure
D. Intense rainfall
4. Which of the following BEST describes Ground Rupture?
A. Destructive waves that are generated by earthquakes and other events.
B. Bulging of slopes and the force of volcanic material ejection or emission.
C. The lithosphere breaks when its strength is overcome by the large amount
of stress applied.
D. Slopes are prone to widespread failure during earthquakes because of the
sudden shaking of hilly and mountainous areas.
5. Which of the following BEST describes Ground shaking?
A. Destructive waves that are generated by earthquakes and other events.
B. Bulging of slopes and the force of volcanic material ejection or emission.
C. The lithosphere breaks when its strength is overcome by the large amount
of stress applied.
D. Slopes are prone to widespread failure during earthquakes because of the
sudden shaking of hilly and mountainous areas.

KEY TO CORRECTION

Activity #1 Activity #1 POST TEST

 RUBRIC FOR WRITTEN WORKS (Essay)
RAW
INDICATORS
SCORES
Write the essay nicely and it has appropriate content related to the
5 topic. Originally presents fresh ideas while displaying strong insights
and a clear understanding of the concept.
Correct and appropriate content but lack neatness. Presents an
4
effective idea while showing a clear understanding of the concept.
Wrong use of capitalization, punctuation marks, and indention.
3 Writing shows adequate understanding but may be too general or
superficial.
Incomplete work. Writing shows little or no understanding of the
2
concept.
Copied the work of others. Displays no independent thoughts or
1
personal insights.
0 Not submitting any work.

References:
Belen, Josefina G. and Rimando, Rolly E. (2016), Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction (first edition). Rex Book Store, Inc. Manila, Philippines.

“Earthquake Glossary.” U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed February 21, 2021.

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=earthquake.

Science, GNS. “Earthquake Hazards.” Earthquake Hazards / Earthquakes / Science Topics

/ Learning / Home - GNS Science. Accessed February 21, 2021.
https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquake-
Hazards.

Effects of Earthquakes. Accessed February 21, 2021.

https://topex.ucsd.edu/es10/es10.1997/lectures/lecture20/secs.with.pics/node10.html
.

Cabreza, Vincent. “Baguio Shares Lessons on Rising from Disaster.” INQUIRER.net,

July 16, 2014. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/620123/baguio-shares-lessons-on-rising-
from-disaster.

What is liquefaction? Accessed February 21, 2021. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-

liquefaction?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products.

Metcalfe, Tom. “What Is a Tsunami?” NBCNews.com. NBCUniversal News Group,

December 4, 2018. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-tsunami-
ncna943571.

“Views of the 1990 Luzon Killer Quake.” Philippine Central Info Negros. Accessed
February 21, 2021. https://infocentraleph.blogspot.com/2015/07/views-of-1990-
luzon-killer-quake.html.
References:

“Views of the 1990 Luzon Killer Quake.” Philippine Central Info Negros. Accessed
February 21, 2021. https://infocentraleph.blogspot.com/2015/07/views-of-1990-
luzon-killer-quake.html.

“How Safe Is YOUR House? Self-Check for Earthquake Safety - Philippines.”

ReliefWeb. Accessed February 21, 2021.
https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/how-safe-your-house-self-check-earthquake-
safety.