Transformations

Rules :

- Inside parenthesis ( change the x-coordinate )

- Outside parenthesis ( change to y-coordinate)

2
y=x + x a & c are = 3 in below example

( x , y ) f ( x ) +a( x , y+ 3) Shift upward y=x 2 + x +3

( x , y ) f ( x )−a( x , y−3) Shift downward y=x 2 + x−3

Changes for

y-coordinates
( x , y ) −f ( x ) ( x ,− y) Reflection on x-axis y=−( x 2+ x ) =−x 2−x

( x , y ) cf ( x )( x , cy ) Vertical stretch(c>1) / vertical shrink (0<c<1)

y=3 ( x + x )=3 x +3 x
2 2

( x , y ) f ( x−a ) ( x−3 , y) Shift right y=(x +3)2+(x+ 3)

( x , y ) f ( x +a ) (x +3 , y ) Shift left y=(x−3)2 +(x−3)

Changes for

x-coordinates
( x , y ) f (−x ) (−x , y ) Reflection on y-axis y=(−x)2 +(−x)

( x , y ) f ( c x )( x /c , y) Horizontal stretch (0<c<1) / horiz. Shrink (c>1)

2
1 1
y=( x) +( x)
3 3